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References from Comparing apples and oranges (and pinecones): understanding patterns of reproductive disparity across seed plants. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Origins of flower morphology
10.1002/jez.1063 · 2001 · External reference
Pollination syndromes and floral specialization
10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132347 · 2004 · External reference
Molecular mechanisms underlying origin and diversification of the angiosperm flower
10.1093/aob/mcm143 · 2007 · External reference
Flower evolution: the origin and subsequent diversification of the angiosperm flower
10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120203 · 2009 · External reference
Understanding plant reproductive diversity
10.1098/rstb.2009.0199 · 2010 · External reference
Evolution of floral diversity: genomics, genes and gamma
10.1098/rstb.2015.0509 · 2017 · External reference
Morphogenesis of fruits and types of fruit of angiosperms
10.1080/23818107.2019.1663448 · 2019 · External reference
A brief history of seed size
10.1126/science.1104863 · 2005 · External reference
Major shifts in embryo size occurred early in the evolutionary history of angiosperms
10.1111/nph.20445 · 2025 · External reference
Three-dimensional geometric morphometrics for studying floral shape variation
10.1016/j.tplants.2010.05.005 · 2010 · External reference
Geometric morphometrics of corolla shape: dissecting components of symmetric and asymmetric variation in Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae)
10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04312.x · 2012 · External reference
The evolution of morphological diversity
10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.129 · 1997 · External reference
Disparity: morphological pattern and developmental context
10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00614.x · 2007 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2017 · External reference
Evolution of metazoan morphological disparity
10.1073/pnas.1810575115 · 2018 · External reference
The concept of morphospaces in evolutionary and developmental biology: mathematics and metaphors
10.1162/biot.2009.4.1.54 · 2009 · External reference
The floral morphospace–a modern comparative approach to study angiosperm evolution
10.1111/nph.12969 · 2014 · External reference
Morphospace
10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.040 · 2021 · External reference
Natural selection and the differentiation of angiosperm families
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1951.tb02789.x · 1951 · External reference
Discordant morphological disparity and taxonomic diversity during the cretaceous angiosperm radiation: North American pollen record
10.1666/0094-8373(1999)025<0001:dmdatd>2.3.co;2 · 1999 · External reference
Patterns of segregation and convergence in the evolution of fern and seed plant leaf morphologies
10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031<0117:posaci>2.0.co;2 · 2005 · External reference
Evolution of phenotypic disparity in the plant kingdom
10.1038/s41477-023-01513-x · 2023 · External reference
Angiosperm flowers reached their highest morphological diversity early in their evolutionary history
10.1111/nph.19389 · 2023 · External reference
The seed morphospace, a new contribution towards the multidimensional study of angiosperm sexual reproductive biology
10.1093/aob/mcae099 · 2024 · External reference
How (much) do flowers vary? Unbalanced disparity among flower functional modules and a mosaic pattern of morphospace occupation in the order Ericales
10.1098/rspb.2017.0066 · 2017 · External reference
Profile of a flower: how rates of morphological evolution drive floral diversification in Ericales and angiosperms
10.1002/ajb2.16213 · 2023 · External reference
Discordance and concordance between morphological and taxonomic diversity
10.1017/s0094837300015864 · 1993 · External reference
Disparity: morphological pattern and developmental context
10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00614.x · 2007 · External reference
Graptoloid diversity and disparity became decoupled during the Ordovician mass extinction
10.1073/pnas.1113870109 · 2012 · External reference
Decoupling of taxonomic diversity and morphological disparity during decline of the Cambrian trilobite family Pterocephaliidae
10.1111/jeb.12164 · 2013 · External reference
Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta
10.2307/25065864 · 2007 · External reference
Cutting the long branches: consilience as a path to unearth the evolutionary history of Gnetales
10.3389/fevo.2022.1082639 · 2022 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2009 · External reference
Darwin's beautiful contrivances: evolutionary and functional evidence for floral adaptation
10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02914.x · 2009 · External reference
Darwin's legacy: the forms, function and sexual diversity of flowers
10.1098/rstb.2009.0212 · 2010 · External reference
Evolutionary diversification of the flowers in angiosperms
10.3732/ajb.1000299 · 2011 · External reference
10.1017/cbo9780511980206
10.1017/cbo9780511980206 · 2011 · External reference
An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record
10.1002/ajb2.1143 · 2018 · External reference
Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms
10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4 · 2021 · External reference
Seed ferns and the origin of angiosperms
10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[169:sfatoo]2.0.co;2 · 2006 · External reference
Mesozoic cupules and the origin of the angiosperm second integument
10.1038/s41586-021-03598-w · 2021 · External reference
A novel cupulate seed plant, Xadzigacalix quatsinoensis gen. et sp. nov., provides new insight into the Mesozoic radiation of gymnosperms
10.1002/ajb2.1853 · 2022 · External reference
Floral organ identity: 20 years of ABCs
10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.10.005 · 2010 · External reference
The ABC model and the diversification of floral organ identity
10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.019 · 2010 · External reference
Testing the plateau: a reexamination of disparity and morphologic constraints in early Paleozoic crinoids
10.1666/09063.1 · 2011 · External reference
A new family of dissimilarity metrics for discrete character matrices that include inapplicable characters and its importance for disparity studies
10.1098/rspb.2018.1784 · 2018 · External reference
Reproductive innovations and pulsed rise in plant complexity
10.1126/science.abi6984 · 2021 · External reference
Quantifying the complexity of plant reproductive structures reveals a history of morphological and functional integration
10.1098/rspb.2023.1810 · 2023 · External reference
Phylogenomics and the rise of the angiosperms
10.1038/s41586-024-07324-0 · 2024 · External reference
Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms
10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2026 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2026 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Syncarpy and alternative modes of escaping disadvantages of apocarpy in primitive angiosperms
10.2307/1220588 · 1982 · External reference
Evolution of syncarpy in angiosperms: theoretical and phylogenetic analyses of the effects of carpel fusion on offspring quantity and quality
10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00414.x · 2002 · External reference
Bridging the gaps: evolution and development of perianth fusion
10.1111/nph.13517 · 2015 · External reference
Revisiting floral fusion: the evolution and molecular basis of a developmental innovation
10.1093/jxb/eraa125 · 2020 · External reference
Fruit evolution and diversification in campanulid angiosperms
10.1111/evo.12180 · 2013 · External reference
Developmental mechanisms of fruit diversification in angiosperms and the evolutionary implications
10.1111/pce.15453 · 2025 · External reference
Shifting functional roles and the evolution of conifer pollen-producing and seed-producing cones
10.1666/10049.1 · 2011 · External reference
A quantitative review of pollination syndromes: do floral traits predict effective pollinators?
10.1111/ele.12224 · 2014 · External reference
Pollination syndromes in the 21st century: where do we stand and where may we go?
10.1111/nph.16793 · 2020 · External reference
Pollination biology of Gnetum (Gnetaceae) in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in Sarawak
10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb15702.x · 1995 · External reference
Moonlight pollination in the gymnosperm Ephedra (Gnetales)
10.1098/rsbl.2014.0993 · 2015 · External reference
An ancient push-pull pollination mechanism in cycads
10.1126/sciadv.aay6169 · 2020 · External reference
Insect pollination in deep time
10.1016/j.tree.2023.03.008 · 2023 · External reference
Contrasting rates of molecular evolution and patterns of selection among gymnosperms and flowering plants
10.1093/molbev/msx069 · 2017 · External reference
Whole genome duplication in coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and its implications for explaining the rarity of polyploidy in conifers
10.1111/nph.13930 · 2016 · External reference
Polyploidy in gymnosperms–insights into the genomic and evolutionary consequences of polyploidy in Ephedra
10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106786 · 2020 · External reference
Polyploidy and angiosperm diversification
10.3732/ajb.0800079 · 2009 · External reference
Size is not everything: rates of genome size evolution, not C-value, correlate with speciation in angiosperms
10.1098/rspb.2015.2289 · 2015 · External reference
Ancient WGD events as drivers of key innovations in angiosperms
10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.015 · 2016 · External reference
Nested whole-genome duplications coincide with diversification and high morphological disparity in Brassicaceae
10.1038/s41467-020-17605-7 · 2020 · External reference
The Gnetales: recent insights on their morphology, reproductive biology, chromosome numbers, biogeography, and divergence times
10.1111/jse.12190 · 2016 · External reference
The Welwitschia genome reveals a unique biology underpinning extreme longevity in deserts
10.1038/s41467-021-24528-4 · 2021 · External reference
Drewria potomacensis gen. et sp. nov., an Early Cretaceous member of Gnetales from the Potomac Group of Virginia
10.1002/j.1537-2197.1987.tb08774.x · 1987 · External reference
A new Early Cretaceous relative of Gnetales: Siphonospermum simplex gen. et sp. nov. from the Yixian Formation of Northeast China
10.1186/1471-2148-10-183 · 2010 · External reference
An algorithm for morphological phylogenetic analysis with inapplicable data
10.1093/sysbio/syy083 · 2019 · External reference
The fossil record of plant physiology and development—what leaves can tell us
10.1017/s1089332600001650 · 2008 · External reference
Challenging the paradigms of leaf evolution: class III HD-zips in ferns and lycophytes
10.1111/nph.14075 · 2016 · External reference
Stepwise and independent origins of roots among land plants
10.1038/s41586-018-0445-z · 2018 · External reference
Supplementary material from: Comparing apples and oranges (and pinecones): understanding patterns of reproductive disparity across seed plants
2026 · External reference