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References from Renal glycogen handling in diabetes: A narrative review of diabetic kidney disease pathogenesis. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Epidemiological research on diabetic nephropathy at global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2021: An analysis derived from the global burden of disease 2021 study
10.3389/fendo.2025.1647064 · 2025 · External reference
IDF diabetes atlas: Global, regional and country‐level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045
10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119 · 2022 · External reference
Pathophysiology of the diabetic kidney
10.1002/j.2040-4603.2011.tb00365.x · 2011 · External reference
Splanchnic regulation of glucose production
10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093806 · 2007 · External reference
Type 2 diabetes: Principles of pathogenesis and therapy
10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61032-x · 2005 · External reference
The pathology of Armanni‐Ebstein diabetic nephropathy
1957 · External reference
Glycogen accumulation in renal tubules, a key morphological change in the diabetic rat kidney
10.1007/s00592-005-0188-9 · 2005 · External reference
Influence of long‐term diabetes on renal glycogen metabolism in the rat
10.1159/000045884 · 2001 · External reference
The structure of cardiac glycogen in healthy mice
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.06.037 · 2012 · External reference
Glycogen metabolism in humans
10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.02.001 · 2016 · External reference
Glycogen synthesis and beyond, a comprehensive review of GSK3 as a key regulator of metabolic pathways and a therapeutic target for treating metabolic diseases
10.1002/med.21867 · 2022 · External reference
Genetic deficiency of glycogen synthase kinase‐3beta corrects diabetes in mouse models of insulin resistance
10.1371/journal.pbio.0060037 · 2008 · External reference
Some molecular structural features of glycogen in the kidneys of diabetic rats
10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115526 · 2020 · External reference
The effect of streptozotocin‐induced diabetes on glycogen metabolism in rat kidney and its relationship to the liver system
10.1016/0003-9861(79)90250-9 · 1979 · External reference
Structure and segmental localization of glycogen in the diabetic rat‐kidney
10.2337/diab.42.6.891 · 1993 · External reference
Normal and abnormal glycogen structure – A review
10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122195 · 2024 · External reference
Comparative structural analyses of purified glycogen particles from rat liver, human skeletal muscle, and commercial preparations
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.08.006 · 2009 · External reference
Molecular‐size dependence of glycogen enzymatic degradation and its importance for diabetes
10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.07.017 · 2016 · External reference
Interior of glycogen probed by pyrene excimer fluorescence
10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120205 · 2023 · External reference
A proteomic investigation of the binding agent between liver glycogen beta particles
10.1021/acsomega.8b00119 · 2018 · External reference
Hyperglycemia – A culprit of podocyte pathology in the context of glycogen metabolism
10.1016/j.abb.2024.109927 · 2024 · External reference
Renal glucose metabolism in normal physiological conditions and in diabetes
10.1016/j.diabres.2017.07.033 · 2017 · External reference
Role of hypoxia in the pathogenesis of renal disease
10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.09909.x · 2005 · External reference
Optimization of molecular design in the evolution of metabolism: The glycogen molecule
10.1042/bj2950477 · 1993 · External reference
The human skeletal muscle glycogenin gene: cDNA, tissue expression, and chromosomal localization
10.1006/bbrc.1996.0359 · 1996 · External reference
Glycogen accumulation in the renal tubular cells of spontaneously occurring diabetic WBN/KOB rats
10.1016/s0021-9975(08)80123-5 · 1990 · External reference
Glucose transporters: Cellular links to hyperglycemia in insulin resistance and diabetes
10.1093/nutrit/nuu012 · 2015 · External reference
Improved glycemic control in mice lacking Sglt1 and Sglt2
2013 · External reference
Role of the kidney in normal glucose homeostasis and in the hyperglycaemia of diabetes mellitus: Therapeutic implications
10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02894.x · 2010 · External reference
Glucose metabolism in the kidney: Neurohormonal activation and heart failure development
10.1161/jaha.120.018889 · 2020 · External reference
Four grams of glucose
10.1152/ajpendo.90563.2008 · 2009 · External reference
Renal glycogen content and hormonal control of enzymes involved in renal glycogen metabolism
10.1203/00006450-198309000-00017 · 1983 · External reference
Brain glycogen‐new perspectives on its metabolic function and regulation at the subcellular level
2012 · External reference
Glycogen in human peripheral blood leukocytes. I. Characteristics of the synthesis and turnover of glycogen in vitro
10.1172/jci105730 · 1968 · External reference
The role of the kidneys in glucose homeostasis: A new path towards normalizing glycaemia
10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01511.x · 2012 · External reference
Physiology of renal glucose handling via SGLT1, SGLT2 and GLUT2
10.1007/s00125-018-4656-5 · 2018 · External reference
Localizations of Na(+)‐D‐glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 in human kidney and of SGLT1 in human small intestine, liver, lung, and heart
10.1007/s00424-014-1619-7 · 2015 · External reference
Anatomical and developmental patterns of facilitative glucose transporter gene expression in the rat kidney
10.1172/jci116392 · 1993 · External reference
Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): Expanded families of sugar transport proteins
10.1079/bjn2002763 · 2003 · External reference
Hepatorenal glucose reciprocity in physiologic and pathologic conditions
2002 · External reference
Physiology of glucose homeostasis
10.1046/j.1463-1326.2000.00085.x · 2006 · External reference
Active sugar transport in health and disease
10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01746.x · 2007 · External reference
Glycophagy: Molecular mechanisms, regulatory signals, and disease associations
10.1080/27694127.2025.2595375 · 2026 · External reference
Decoding the molecular mechanism of selective autophagy of glycogen mediated by autophagy receptor STBD1
10.1073/pnas.2402817121 · 2024 · External reference
L‐type glycogen synthase. Tissue distribution and electrophoretic mobility
10.1016/s0021-9258(17)39192-5 · 1985 · External reference
Isozymes of glycogen synthase
10.1016/0014-5793(84)81144-8 · 1984 · External reference
Over‐expression of muscle glycogen synthase in human diabetic nephropathy
10.1007/s00418-014-1290-2 · 2015 · External reference
Attenuation of Armanni‐Ebstein lesions in a rat model of diabetes by a new anti‐fibrotic, anti‐inflammatory agent, FT011
10.1007/s00125-012-2805-9 · 2013 · External reference
Histological changes of the kidney in diabetic nephropathy
2015 · External reference
Intrarenal and urinary glycogen synthase Kinase‐3 Beta levels in diabetic and nondiabetic chronic kidney disease
10.1159/000530210 · 2023 · External reference
GSK‐3β inhibitor induces expression of the TLR4/MyD88/NF‐κB signaling pathway to protect against renal ischemia‐reperfusion injury during rat kidney transplantation
10.1007/s10753-019-01074-2 · 2019 · External reference
The glomerular filtration barrier: A structural target for novel kidney therapies
10.1038/s41573-021-00242-0 · 2021 · External reference
High glucose concentration affects the oxidant‐antioxidant balance in cultured mouse podocytes
10.1002/jcb.23088 · 2011 · External reference
Advanced glycation end‐products induce podocyte injury and contribute to proteinuria
10.3389/fmed.2021.685447 · 2021 · External reference
Insulin resistance in glomerular podocytes: Potential mechanisms of induction
10.1016/j.abb.2021.109005 · 2021 · External reference
Renal podocyte apoptosis in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: Involvement of methylglyoxal‐induced oxidative DNA damage
10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.04.008 · 2011 · External reference
The role of metabolic and haemodynamic factors in podocyte injury in diabetes
10.1002/dmrr.1164 · 2011 · External reference
SIRT1‐AMPK crosstalk is involved in high glucose‐dependent impairment of insulin responsiveness in primary rat podocytes
10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.11.005 · 2016 · External reference
Role of L‐lactate as an energy substrate in primary rat podocytes under physiological and glucose deprivation conditions
10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151298 · 2023 · External reference
Oxidative and glycolytic metabolism: Their reciprocal regulation and dysregulation in cancer
10.3390/cells14151177 · 2025 · External reference
Epigenetic regulation of the thioredoxin‐interacting protein (TXNIP) gene by hyperglycemia in kidney
10.1016/j.kint.2015.12.018 · 2016 · External reference
Key connexions in progression of diabetic nephropathy
10.1016/j.pharep.2017.12.008 · 2018 · External reference
Mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming in diabetic kidney disease
10.1038/s41419-024-06833-0 · 2024 · External reference
Podocyte bioenergetics in the development of diabetic nephropathy: The role of mitochondria
10.1210/endocr/bqab234 · 2022 · External reference
Silencing of PFKFB3 protects podocytes against high glucose‐induced injury by inducing autophagy
10.3892/mmr.2021.12405 · 2021 · External reference
High glucose repatterns human podocyte energy metabolism during differentiation and diabetic nephropathy
10.1096/fj.201600293r · 2017 · External reference
Activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β ameliorates diabetes‐induced kidney injury
10.1074/jbc.m114.587840 · 2014 · External reference
An update on renal tubular injury as related to glycolipid metabolism in diabetic kidney disease
10.3389/fphar.2025.1559026 · 2025 · External reference
Glycogen in the diabetic kidney: the hero or the villain?
2018 · External reference
Glycogen synthase kinase 3β dictates podocyte motility and focal adhesion turnover by modulating paxillin activity: Implications for the protective effect of low‐dose lithium in podocytopathy
10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.06.027 · 2014 · External reference
The β isoform of GSK3 mediates podocyte autonomous injury in proteinuric glomerulopathy
10.1002/path.4692 · 2016 · External reference
The redox‐sensitive glycogen synthase kinase 3β suppresses the self‐protective antioxidant response in podocytes upon oxidative glomerular injury
10.18632/oncotarget.6303 · 2015 · External reference
Smad4 promotes diabetic nephropathy by modulating glycolysis and OXPHOS
2020 · External reference
The long‐term effects of metformin on patients with type 2 diabetic kidney disease
10.2337/dc19-0936 · 2020 · External reference
9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: Standards of medical care in diabetes‐2020
10.2337/dc20-s009 · 2020 · External reference
Enhanced release of glucose into the intraluminal space of the intestine associated with metformin treatment as revealed by [(18)F] Fluorodeoxyglucose PET‐MRI
10.2337/dc20-0093 · 2020 · External reference
Metformin: The updated protective property in kidney disease
10.18632/aging.103095 · 2020 · External reference
Low‐dose metformin targets the lysosomal AMPK pathway through PEN2
10.1038/s41586-022-04431-8 · 2022 · External reference
The antidiabetic drug metformin activates the AMP‐activated protein kinase Cascade via an adenine nucleotide‐independent mechanism
10.2337/diabetes.51.8.2420 · 2002 · External reference
The impact of metformin on kidney disease progression and mortality in diabetic patients using SGLT2 inhibitors: A real‐world cohort study
10.1186/s12933-025-02643-6 · 2025 · External reference
Metabolic effects of SGLT2i and metformin on 3‐hydroxybutyric acid and lactate in db/db mice
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130962 · 2024 · External reference