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References from Gender Inequities in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Workforce: A Narrative Review. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Geographic Comparison of Women in Academic Obstetrics and Gynecology Department‐Based Leadership Roles
10.1097/aog.0000000000002265 · 2017 · External reference
Sexism in Obstetrics and Gynecology: Not Just a “Women's Issue”
10.1016/j.ajog.2018.07.006 · 2018 · External reference
Gender Differences in Faculty Rank Among Academic Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050322 · 2021 · External reference
Gender Disparity in Full Professor Rank Among Academic Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
10.1097/acm.0000000000005695 · 2024 · External reference
Changes in the Numbers of Male and Female Obstetricians‐Gynecologists and Their Implications
10.1016/j.ogc.2025.07.014 · 2025 · External reference
Has a Critical Mass of Women Resulted in Gender Equity in Gynecologic Surgery?
10.1016/j.ajog.2020.06.038 · 2020 · External reference
Narrative Reviews: Flexible, Rigorous, and Practical
10.4300/jgme-d-22-00480.1 · 2022 · External reference
Subspecialty and Gender of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty in Department‐Based Leadership Roles
10.1097/aog.0000000000000628 · 2015 · External reference
Racial and Ethnic Diversity Among Obstetrics and Gynecology, Surgical, and Nonsurgical Residents in the US From 2014 to 2019
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.9219 · 2021 · External reference
The Leadership Landscape: The Role of Gender in Current Leadership Positions in Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments
10.1016/j.jmig.2022.03.013 · 2022 · External reference
Gender Inequity in Institutional Leadership Roles in US Academic Medical Centers: A Systematic Scoping Review
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.2829 · 2025 · External reference
The Working Status of Japanese Female Physicians by Area of Practice: Cohort Analysis of Taking Leave, Returning to Work, and Changing Specialties From 1984 to 2004
10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.07.012 · 2012 · External reference
Gender and Racial Diversity Among Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments and Gynecologic Oncology Divisions in Canada: Are we There Yet?
10.1016/j.jogc.2024.102350 · 2024 · External reference
Advancing Gender Equity in Gynecology and Obstetrics: Perspectives From the German Workforce
10.1007/s00404-025-08167-4 · 2025 · External reference
Gender Inequality in Leadership and Academic Rank in Academic Reproductive Endocrinology Programs
10.1007/s10815-020-01866-8 · 2020 · External reference
Gender Leadership in Gynecologic Oncology Professional Societies Worldwide
10.1002/ijgo.14890 · 2023 · External reference
Gender Disparities in Research Productivity Among 9952 Academic Physicians
10.1002/lary.24039 · 2013 · External reference
Women in Academic Surgery: Why Is the Playing Field Still Not Level?
10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.08.036 · 2016 · External reference
Gender Differences in Academic Productivity and Leadership Appointments of Physicians Throughout Academic Careers
10.1097/acm.0b013e3181ff9ff2 · 2011 · External reference
Impact of Mentoring on Academic Career Success for Women in Medicine: A Systematic Review
10.1097/acm.0000000000004563 · 2022 · External reference
Scholarly Activity Following National Institutes of Health Women's Reproductive Health Research K12 Training‐a Cohort Study
10.1016/j.ajog.2023.06.050 · 2023 · External reference
Gender Differences in Academic Rank and NIH Funding Among Academic Maternal‐Fetal Medicine Physicians in the United States
10.1055/s-0038-1675332 · 2019 · External reference
Gender Differences of Endowed Professorship in Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments at Top Academic Institutions
10.1089/jwh.2022.0060 · 2023 · External reference
Gender Disparity in Authorship of Peer‐Reviewed Medical Publications
10.1016/j.amjms.2019.11.005 · 2020 · External reference
Gender Distribution & Rank of Authorship in Surgical Literature
10.1177/00031348221121536 · 2023 · External reference
Systematic Review of Women Leading and Participating in Nephrology Randomized Clinical Trials
10.1016/j.ekir.2024.01.031 · 2024 · External reference
Gender Differences in Authorship of Critical Care Literature
10.1164/rccm.201910-1957oc · 2020 · External reference
Gender Disparity in Citations in High‐Impact Journal Articles
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14509 · 2021 · External reference
Shifting Landscapes of Gender Equity in Oncology Journals: A Decade of Authorship Trends
10.1186/s12943-025-02286-x · 2025 · External reference
Trends in Proportion of Women as Authors of Medical Journal Articles, 2008‐2018
10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0907 · 2019 · External reference
Expanding the Workforce of Clinical Trial Investigators Committed to Gynecologic Cancer Research: The GOG Foundation, Inc's Scholar Career Development Award and New Investigator Program
10.1016/j.ijgc.2025.101982 · 2025 · External reference
Why so Few, Still? Challenges to Attracting, Advancing, and Keeping Women Faculty of Color in Academia
10.3389/fsoc.2021.792198 · 2021 · External reference
Gender Differences in Scholarly Productivity Within Academic Gynecologic Oncology Departments
10.1097/aog.0000000000001133 · 2015 · External reference
Challenges in Academic Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments
10.1097/aog.0b013e3182a9c24f · 2013 · External reference
Six Practical Strategies to Mentor and Sponsor Women in Academic Medicine
10.2196/47799 · 2023 · External reference
Racial and Gender Representation Trends Among National Obstetrics and Gynecology Society Leadership
10.1016/j.jmig.2023.08.002 · 2023 · External reference
Gender Inequity in the Medical Profession: The Women Doctors in Spain (WOMEDS) Study
10.1186/s12960-023-00860-2 · 2023 · External reference
Women's Experiences of Promotion and Tenure in Academic Medicine and Potential Implications for Gender Disparities in Career Advancement: A Qualitative Analysis
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25843 · 2021 · External reference
Gender Representation on Editorial Boards of Leading Oncology Journals
10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100590 · 2022 · External reference
The Representation of Women on Australian Clinical Practice Guideline Panels, 2010‐2020
10.5694/mja2.51831 · 2023 · External reference
Gender Inequalities in the Workplace: The Effects of Organizational Structures, Processes, Practices, and Decision Makers' Sexism
10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01400 · 2015 · External reference
Implicit Gender‐Career Bias in Postgraduate Medical Training Still Exists, Mainly in Residents and in Females
10.1186/s12909-021-02694-9 · 2021 · External reference
Role of Physician Gender in the Modern Practice of Obstetrics and Gynecology: Do Obstetrician‐Gynecologists Perceive Discrimination From Their Sex?
10.14423/smj.0000000000001034 · 2019 · External reference
Gender Gaps in Income and Productivity of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
10.1097/01.aog.0000260385.65689.68 · 2007 · External reference
Gender Differences in Salary in a Recent Cohort of Early‐Career Physician‐Researchers
10.1097/acm.0b013e3182a71519 · 2013 · External reference
Assessment of Medical Industry Compensation to US Physicians by Gender
10.1001/jamasurg.2022.4301 · 2022 · External reference
Networking Practices and Gender Inequities in Academic Medicine: Women's and Men's Perspectives
10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101338 · 2022 · External reference
Social Capital as a Catalyst for Gender Inequality: A Scoping Review of Networking Disparities in Academic Medicine
10.1002/cncr.35667 · 2025 · External reference
Gender Differences in Physician Use of Social Media for Professional Advancement
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.9834 · 2021 · External reference
Long Working Hours Among Hospital‐Employed Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Associated Factors: A Comparative Study Based on a Nationwide Survey
10.1539/eohp.2024-0018 · 2025 · External reference
Gender Differences in the Health Workforce in China: An Analysis of National Data
2025 · External reference
The Productivity of Washington State's Obstetrician‐Gynecologist Workforce: Does Gender Make a Difference?
10.1097/01.aog.0000113617.94134.fd · 2004 · External reference
Inequalities in the Geographical Distribution and Workload of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Specialists by Gender in Turkey
10.26719/emhj.22.037 · 2022 · External reference
The Impact of Gender on the Self‐Confidence of Practical and Surgical Skills Among OBGYN Residents: A Trinational Survey
10.1007/s00404-023-07202-6 · 2024 · External reference
Heavier Workload, Less Personal Control: Impact of Delivery on Obstetrician/Gynecologists' Career Satisfaction
10.1016/j.ajog.2003.10.695 · 2004 · External reference
The Effect of an Intervention to Break the Gender Bias Habit for Faculty at One Institution: A Cluster Randomized, Controlled Trial
10.1097/acm.0000000000000552 · 2015 · External reference
Greater Risk of Pregnancy Complications for Female Surgeons: A Cross‐Sectional Electronic Survey
10.3390/ijerph20010125 · 2022 · External reference
Long Working Hours and Pregnancy Complications: Women Physicians Survey in Japan
10.1186/1471-2393-14-245 · 2014 · External reference
The Impact of Occupational Shift Work and Working Hours During Pregnancy on Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
10.1016/j.ajog.2019.06.051 · 2019 · External reference
Long Working Hours and Obstetric Complications: A Cross‐Sectional Study Among Female Doctors
10.1016/j.eurox.2024.100302 · 2024 · External reference
The Motherhood Penalty in Obstetrics and Gynecology Training
10.1097/aog.0000000000004633 · 2022 · External reference
Predictors of Physician Career Satisfaction, Work‐Life Balance, and Burnout
10.1097/01.aog.0000258299.45979.37 · 2007 · External reference
Women Surgeons: Are They Better?: Narrative Review
10.1016/j.ejso.2025.110421 · 2025 · External reference
Why Women Go to Medical College but Fail to Practise Medicine: Perspectives From the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
10.1111/medu.13545 · 2018 · External reference
Gender Gap in Parental Leave Among Physicians in Japan
10.1089/whr.2023.0126 · 2024 · External reference
Motherhood Penalty for Female Physicians in Japan: Evidence From a Medical School's Alumni Data
10.1186/s12913-024-11622-8 · 2024 · External reference
Professional Identity Formation of Female Doctors in Japan—Gap Between the Married and Unmarried
10.1186/s12909-019-1479-0 · 2019 · External reference
Difference in Time and Risk Preferences: Physicians and General Population Across Genders
10.1186/s13561-025-00653-4 · 2025 · External reference
Childbearing, Infertility, and Career Trajectories Among Women in Medicine
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.26192 · 2023 · External reference
Fertility and Childbearing Among American Female Physicians
10.1089/jwh.2015.5638 · 2016 · External reference
Trends and Evolution in Women's Health Workforce in the First Quarter of the 21(st) Century
2022 · External reference
Sex Differences in Academic Rank in US Medical Schools in 2014
10.1001/jama.2015.10680 · 2015 · External reference
Factors Associated With Residency and Career Dissatisfaction in Childbearing Surgical Residents
10.1001/jamasurg.2018.2571 · 2018 · External reference
Female Trainees Believe That Having Children Will Negatively Impact Their Careers: Results of a Quantitative Survey of Trainees at an Academic Medical Center
10.1186/s12909-018-1373-1 · 2018 · External reference
Gender Disparities in Work and Parental Status Among Early Career Physicians
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.8340 · 2019 · External reference
Too Many Female Doctors Are Part‐Time or Stop Working!?
10.1016/j.ijwd.2019.08.010 · 2020 · External reference
Marriage, Children, and Sex‐Based Differences in Physician Hours and Income
10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.0136 · 2023 · External reference
The Impact of Gender and Parenthood on Physicians' Careers—Professional and Personal Situation Seven Years After Graduation
10.1186/1472-6963-10-40 · 2010 · External reference
Formal Parental Leave Policies and Trainee Well‐Being in US Graduate Medical Education: A Systematic Review
10.4300/jgme-d-24-00018.1 · 2024 · External reference
Pregnancy and Infertility in Orthopedics: A Review of the Current State
10.1002/wjs.12179 · 2024 · External reference
Factors Affecting Academic Promotion in Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Canada
10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30488-1 · 2004 · External reference
Women Physicians and Promotion in Academic Medicine
10.1056/nejmsa1916935 · 2020 · External reference
Promotion of Women Physicians in Academic Medicine
10.1089/jwh.2019.7992 · 2021 · External reference
Female Physicians and the Future of Endocrinology
10.1210/jc.2015-3436 · 2016 · External reference
Why Do Women Choose or Reject Careers in Academic Medicine? A Narrative Review of Empirical Evidence
10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01091-0 · 2016 · External reference
A Qualitative Analysis of Career Advice Given to Women Leaders in an Academic Medical Center
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.11292 · 2020 · External reference
The Rights of Physicians and Future Physicians Who Are Lactating, Breastfeeding, or Chestfeeding: An American Medical Women's Association Position Article
10.1089/bfm.2024.0073 · 2024 · External reference
European Training Requirements for Gynecological Oncology: The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology Curriculum
10.1016/j.ijgc.2025.102754 · 2025 · External reference
Speaker Introductions at Internal Medicine Grand Rounds: Forms of Address Reveal Gender Bias
10.1089/jwh.2016.6044 · 2017 · External reference
Are Gender Gaps due to Evaluations of the Applicant or the Science? A Natural Experiment at a National Funding Agency
10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32611-4 · 2019 · External reference
Determinants of Life Expectancy: Evidence From World Bank Income Groups Using a Panel Dummy Interaction Approach
10.1108/ijhcqa-03-2025-0026 · 2025 · External reference
Gender‐Related Data Missingness, Imbalance and Bias in Global Health Surveys
10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007405 · 2021 · External reference
The Hidden Curriculum: Examining Gender Disparities in Career Trajectories of Female Medical Graduates From Nepal
10.1186/s12889-025-22700-9 · 2025 · External reference
Feminisation of the Health Workforce and Wage Conditions of Health Professions: An Exploratory Analysis
10.1186/s12960-019-0406-0 · 2019 · External reference
Exploring Gender Disparity in Medicine: Perceptions of Female Physicians in Lebanon
10.1186/s12909-024-06131-5 · 2024 · External reference
Gender and Physician Specialization and Practice Settings in Ecuador: A Qualitative Study
10.1186/s12913-016-1917-1 · 2016 · External reference
The Global Health Workforce Stock and Distribution in 2020 and 2030: A Threat to Equity and ‘Universal’ Health Coverage?
10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009316 · 2022 · External reference
Feminization of the Medical Workforce in Low‐Income Settings; Findings From Surveys in Three African Capital Cities
10.1186/s12960-015-0064-9 · 2015 · External reference
Healthcare Workers and the Brain Drain
10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.03.035 · 2009 · External reference
Women as a Driver to Address Gaps in the Global Surgical Workforce
10.1186/s12960-023-00808-6 · 2023 · External reference
Advancing Gender Equality in Healthcare Leadership: Protocol to co‐Design and Evaluate a Leadership and Mentoring Intervention in Tanzania
10.5334/aogh.4374 · 2024 · External reference
Health Research Mentorship in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: A Scoping Review
10.11124/jbies-22-00260 · 2023 · External reference
Gender Equality Among Medical and Dental Academic Researchers in West Africa: A Theoretical Analysis of a Compendium of Research
10.3389/froh.2025.1373404 · 2025 · External reference
Reaching the Women With the Greatest Needs: Two Models for Initiation and Scale‐Up of Gynecologic Oncology Fellowship Trainings in Low‐Resource Settings
10.1002/ijgo.13869 · 2021 · External reference
Association of Literature Metrics in Gynecologic Oncology With Country Classification by Income Level
10.1136/ijgc-2023-004380 · 2023 · External reference
Poor Representation of Developing Countries in Editorial Boards of Leading Obstetrics and Gynaecology Journals
10.1007/s41649-023-00241-w · 2023 · External reference
Participation of Women in the Health Workforce in the Fragile and Conflict‐Affected Countries: A Scoping Review
10.1186/s12960-021-00635-7 · 2021 · External reference
Distribution and Retention Trends of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in Japan: A Longitudinal Study
10.31662/jmaj.2020-0125 · 2021 · External reference
Evaluating the Impact of a 1‐Year Internship Program on Professional Competence, Self‐Efficacy, and Perceived Health Among Saudi Arabian Newly Graduated Nurses
10.1177/10436596251382487 · 2026 · External reference
Fostering Participation Motivation and Multidisciplinary Teamwork Collaboration Through Hospital Culture and Team Leadership in Chinese Tertiary Public Hospitals‐A Cross‐Sectional Study
10.1371/journal.pone.0334831 · 2025 · External reference
Experiences of Organizational Practices That Advance Women in Health Care Leadership
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.3532 · 2023 · External reference
Improving the Quality of Maternity Services in Nepal Through Accelerated Implementation of Essential Interventions by Healthcare Professional Associations
10.1002/ijgo.12678 · 2018 · External reference
Uncovering Women's Healthcare Access Challenges in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries Using Mixed Effects Modelling Approach: Insights for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
10.1371/journal.pone.0314309 · 2025 · External reference
Stereotyped Beliefs About Male and Female OB‐GYNS: Relationship to Provider Choice and Patient Satisfaction
10.3109/0167482x.2013.866646 · 2014 · External reference
Physicians' Gender Influence on the Patients' Choice of Their Treating Obstetrician‐Gynecologist in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia
2022 · External reference
Gender Preferences in Healthcare: A Study of Saudi Patients' Physician Preferences
10.2147/ppa.s494766 · 2025 · External reference
Physician Gender Preference Amongst Females Attending Obstetrics/Gynecology Clinics
2021 · External reference
Gender Gap‐Gender‐Specific Development in the Field of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Germany in the Last 20 Years
10.3389/fmed.2023.1207388 · 2023 · External reference
Increase in the Number of Female Doctors and the Challenges That Japan's Medical System Must Face
10.35772/ghm.2024.01067 · 2024 · External reference
Qualitative Evaluations of Women's Leadership Programs: A Global, Multi‐Sector Systematic Review
10.1080/00049530.2023.2213781 · 2023 · External reference
Women's Leadership in Academic Medicine: A Systematic Review of Extent, Condition and Interventions
10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032232 · 2020 · External reference
Gender Issues in Academic Hospital Medicine: A National Survey of Hospitalist Leaders
10.1007/s11606-019-05527-0 · 2020 · External reference
Is Medical School Culture Conducive to Women's Academic Success? A Survey on Faculty Perceptions and Experiences of Gender Equity
10.1186/s12909-024-06470-3 · 2024 · External reference
Integrating Immigrant Health Professionals Into the U.S. Healthcare Workforce: Barriers and Solutions
10.1007/s10903-023-01472-7 · 2023 · External reference
African Female Physicians and Nurses in the Global Care Chain: Qualitative Explorations From Five Destination Countries
10.1371/journal.pone.0129464 · 2015 · External reference
Perspectives of Female Medical Faculty in Ethiopia on a Leadership Fellowship Program
10.5116/ijme.5985.f644 · 2017 · External reference
Gender Representation in Obstetrics and Gynaecology Leadership
10.1111/ajo.13878 · 2024 · External reference
Key Barriers to the Provision and Utilization of Maternal Health Services in Low‐ and Lower‐Middle‐Income Countries; a Scoping Review
10.1186/s12905-024-03177-x · 2024 · External reference
The Impact of Paid Family Leave on Employers: Evidence From New York
10.1080/13668803.2023.2168516 · 2025 · External reference
National Policies on Parental Leave and Breastfeeding Breaks: Racial, Ethnic, Gender, and Age Disparities in Access and Implications for Infant and Child Health
10.1177/00333549231151661 · 2024 · External reference
The Impact of COSECSA in Developing the Surgical Workforce in East Central and Southern Africa
10.1016/j.surge.2021.11.003 · 2022 · External reference
Addressing Inequities in Research for Early to Mid‐Career Women Scientists in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: “Supporting Women in Science” Programme
10.3389/fgwh.2024.1386809 · 2024 · External reference
Advancing Gender Equity in Medicine
10.1503/cmaj.200951 · 2021 · External reference
Advancing Women in Healthcare Leadership: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Synthesis of Multi‐Sector Evidence on Organisational Interventions
10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101084 · 2021 · External reference
A Scoping Review on the Impact of Women's Global Leadership: Evidence to Inform Health Leadership
10.1136/bmjgh-2024-015982 · 2025 · External reference
Does Sponsorship Promote Equity in Career Advancement in Academic Medicine? A Scoping Review
10.1007/s11606-023-08542-4 · 2024 · External reference
Barriers to Family Building Among Physicians and Medical Students
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.49937 · 2023 · External reference
The Role of Gender in Careers in Medicine: A Systematic Review and Thematic Synthesis of Qualitative Literature
10.1007/s11606-021-06836-z · 2021 · External reference
What Are the Challenges Related to Family Planning, Pregnancy, and Parenthood Faced by Women in Orthopaedic Surgery? A Systematic Review
10.1097/corr.0000000000002564 · 2023 · External reference
Decreased Fertility Awareness Amongst Surgeons and Surgical Trainees and Potential Role of Formal Fertility Education
10.1016/j.jsurg.2024.03.011 · 2024 · External reference
Disparities in Physician Compensation‐A Call to Action
10.1001/jamasurg.2022.4302 · 2022 · External reference
Gender Inequality in Salaries Among Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Subspecialists in the United States
10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.02.004 · 2019 · External reference
How Is Gender Bias From the Trainees' Ground Addressed?
10.1016/j.ajog.2020.11.016 · 2021 · External reference
Contemporary Parental Leave Policies and Practice Among Obstetrics and Gynecology Trainees and Faculty
10.1097/grf.0000000000000876 · 2024 · External reference
The Effect of House Staff Working Hours on the Quality of Obstetric and Gynecologic Care
10.1097/01.aog.0000119225.57285.c1 · 2004 · External reference
Sexual Harassment, Abuse, and Discrimination in Obstetrics and Gynecology: A Systematic Review
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.10706 · 2024 · External reference
Improving Gender Equity in Critical Care Medicine: A Protocol to Establish Priorities and Strategies for Implementation
10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037090 · 2020 · External reference
Gendered Health Systems: Evidence From Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
10.1186/s12961-018-0338-5 · 2018 · External reference
INSPIRED but Tired: How Medical Faculty's Job Demands and Resources Lead to Engagement, Work‐Life Conflict, and Burnout
10.3389/fpsyg.2021.609639 · 2021 · External reference
Promotion of Gender Equity in Obstetrics and Gynecology: Principles and Practices for Academic Leaders
10.1016/j.ajog.2021.09.035 · 2022 · External reference
Reasons and Remedies for Under‐Representation of Women in Medical Leadership Roles: A Qualitative Study From Australia
10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009384 · 2015 · External reference
The Economic Consequences of a Childless World
10.1016/j.fertnstert.2025.06.012 · 2025 · External reference
Courageous Providers, Principled Institutions, and Threats to Gender‐Affirming Care
10.1080/15265161.2025.2504275 · 2025 · External reference
Assessing LGBTQ+ Stigma Among Healthcare Professionals: An Application of the Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework in a Qualitative, Community‐Based Participatory Research Study
10.1177/13591053211027652 · 2022 · External reference
