Research graph
References from Covariate Selection in Physical Activity Epidemiology: Too Little, Too Much, or Just Right?. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Design aspects of variance, bias, and lack of fit
2007 · External reference
The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach
10.1093/ije/26.1.224 · 1997 · External reference
Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies
10.1097/ede.0b013e3181a819a1 · 2009 · External reference
Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology
2002 · External reference
Toward a clearer definition of confounding
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116591 · 1993 · External reference
Use of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to identify confounders in applied health research: review and recommendations
10.1093/ije/dyaa213 · 2021 · External reference
A descriptive review of variable selection methods in four epidemiologic journals: there is still room for improvement
10.1007/s10654-019-00529-y · 2019 · External reference
Variable selection methods for descriptive modeling
10.1371/journal.pone.0321601 · 2025 · External reference
Covariate selection strategies and estimands - a review of current practice of risk factor analysis from a causal perspective
10.1186/s12874-025-02704-0 · 2025 · External reference
Avoiding overadjustment bias in social epidemiology through appropriate covariate selection: a primer
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.05.021 · 2022 · External reference
World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour
10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955 · 2020 · External reference
Effects of regular physical activity on the cognitive performance of type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review
10.1089/met.2017.0120 · 2017 · External reference
Associations between device-measured physical activity and performance-based physical function outcomes in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1136/bmjph-2023-100000 · 2023 · External reference
Exercise and metabolic health: beyond skeletal muscle
10.1007/s00125-020-05177-6 · 2020 · External reference
A systematic review on the clustering and co-occurrence of multiple risk behaviours
10.1186/s12889-016-3373-6 · 2016 · External reference
Multiple health behaviours: overview and implications
10.1093/pubmed/fdr111 · 2012 · External reference
Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of The Lancet Commission
10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30367-6 · 2020 · External reference
The Global Burden of Disease attributable to low physical activity and its trends from 1990 to 2019: an analysis of the global burden of disease study
2022 · External reference
Burden of 375 diseases and injuries, risk-attributable burden of 88 risk factors, and healthy life expectancy in 204 countries and territories, including 660 subnational locations, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01637-x · 2025 · External reference
Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy
10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61031-9 · 2012 · External reference
A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · 2012 · External reference
Annual deaths attributable to physical inactivity: whither the missing 2 million? - Authors’ reply
10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60706-0 · 2013 · External reference
Annual deaths attributable to physical inactivity: whither the missing 2 million?
10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60705-9 · 2013 · External reference
Confounding: what it is and how to deal with it
10.1038/sj.ki.5002650 · 2008 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2014 · External reference
Challenges in interpreting results from ‘multiple regression’ when there is interaction between covariates
10.1136/bmjebm-2019-111225 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2008 · External reference
Revisiting overadjustment bias
10.1097/ede.0000000000001377 · 2021 · External reference
Direct and indirect effects
2001 · External reference
Semantics of causal DAG models and the identification of direct and indirect effects
2003 · External reference
Commentary: incorporating concepts and methods from causal inference into life course epidemiology
10.1093/ije/dyw103 · 2016 · External reference
Causal inference in physical activity epidemiology research: an opportunity for better evidence
10.1136/bjsports-2024-109102 · 2025 · External reference
Using a two-sample mendelian randomization analysis to explore the relationship between physical activity and Alzheimer’s disease
2022 · External reference
Variable selection—a review and recommendations for the practicing statistician
10.1002/bimj.201700067 · 2018 · External reference
Variable selection: current practice in epidemiological studies
10.1007/s10654-009-9411-2 · 2009 · External reference
Approaches to confounder selection in observational studies investigating associations between physical activity and health-related outcomes: a review
2026 · External reference
Lost without a cause: time to embrace causal thinking using Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs)
10.1186/s12966-023-01545-8 · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2009 · External reference
Impact of inactivity and exercise on the vasculature in humans
10.1007/s00421-009-1260-x · 2010 · External reference
Physical activity, health benefits, and mortality risk
10.5402/2012/718789 · 2012 · External reference
The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease
10.1038/nri3041 · 2011 · External reference
Physical activity over the lifecourse and cardiovascular disease
10.1161/circresaha.123.322121 · 2023 · External reference
Physical activity and reduced risk of cardiovascular events: potential mediating mechanisms
10.1161/circulationaha.107.729939 · 2007 · External reference
The effect of physical activity on mediators of inflammation
10.1111/dom.12156 · 2013 · External reference
Contributions of physical inactivity and sedentary behavior to metabolic and endocrine diseases
10.1016/j.tem.2022.09.002 · 2022 · External reference
Bidirectional associations of accelerometer-derived physical activity and stationary behavior with self-reported mental and physical health during midlife
10.1186/s12966-021-01145-4 · 2021 · External reference
The bidirectional associations between leisure time physical activity change and body mass index gain. The Tromsø Study 1974-2016
10.1038/s41366-021-00853-y · 2021 · External reference
Mendelian randomization suggests a bidirectional, causal relationship between physical inactivity and adiposity
10.7554/elife.70386 · 2022 · External reference
Physical activity of UK adults with chronic disease: cross-sectional analysis of accelerometer-measured physical activity in 96 706 UK Biobank participants
2019 · External reference
Smoking and physical activity: a systematic review
10.5993/ajhb.32.1.9 · 2008 · External reference
The impact of physical activity on food reward: review and conceptual synthesis of evidence from observational, acute, and chronic exercise training studies
10.1007/s13679-020-00372-3 · 2020 · External reference
The association between different types of physical activity and smoking behavior
2023 · External reference
Co-occurrence of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours in middle-aged adults: findings from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS)
10.1038/s41598-024-71092-0 · 2024 · External reference
Comparing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality in four lifestyles with a combination of high/low physical activity and healthy/unhealthy diet: a prospective cohort study
10.1186/s12966-022-01374-1 · 2022 · External reference
Combined impact of health behaviours and mortality in men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study
10.1371/journal.pmed.0050012 · 2008 · External reference
Co-occurrence of behavioural risk factors for non-communicable diseases and mortality risk in Spain: a population-based cohort study
10.1136/bmjopen-2024-093037 · 2025 · External reference
Combined effects of time spent in physical activity, sedentary behaviors and sleep on obesity and cardio-metabolic health markers: a novel compositional data analysis approach
10.1371/journal.pone.0139984 · 2015 · External reference
NutriNet-Brasil, a web-based prospective study on dietary patterns and risk of chronic diseases: cohort profile
10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095683 · 2025 · External reference
Cohort profile: 1958 British birth cohort (National Child Development Study)
10.1093/ije/dyi183 · 2006 · External reference
Validity and repeatability of the EPIC-Norfolk physical activity questionnaire
10.1093/ije/31.1.168 · 2002 · External reference
Estimated activity patterns in British 45 year olds: cross-sectional findings from the 1958 British birth cohort
10.1038/ejcn.2009.6 · 2009 · External reference
Dose–response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis
2019 · External reference
Time- vs step-based physical activity metrics for health
10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.0892 · 2024 · External reference
Principles of confounder selection
10.1007/s10654-019-00494-6 · 2019 · External reference
Illustrating bias due to conditioning on a collider
10.1093/ije/dyp334 · 2010 · External reference
Joint associations of accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time with all-cause mortality: a harmonised meta-analysis in more than 44 000 middle-aged and older individuals
10.1136/bjsports-2020-103270 · 2020 · External reference
Minimum combined sleep, physical activity, and nutrition variations associated with lifeSPAN and healthSPAN improvements: a population cohort study
10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103741 · 2026 · External reference
Minimum and optimal combined variations in sleep, physical activity, and nutrition in relation to all-cause mortality risk
10.1186/s12916-024-03833-x · 2025 · External reference
How and when to use causal and associational language
10.1136/bmj-2025-085749 · 2026 · External reference
Science and statistics
10.1080/01621459.1976.10480949 · 1976 · External reference
