Research graph
References from Sex-Biased Immunity: The Hidden Variable in Immuno-oncology. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Sex differences in immunity to viral infections
10.3389/fimmu.2021.720952 · 2021 · External reference
Sex bias in infectious disease epidemiology: patterns and processes
10.1371/journal.pone.0062390 · 2013 · External reference
A role for sex chromosome complement in the female bias in autoimmune disease
10.1084/jem.20070850 · 2008 · External reference
The effects of hormones on sex differences in infection: from genes to behavior
10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00027-0 · 2000 · External reference
Sex, immunity, and cancer
10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188647 · 2022 · External reference
Estrogen receptors regulate innate immune cells and signaling pathways
10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.01.018 · 2015 · External reference
High gene expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors is associated with decreased T cell infiltration in patients with NSCLC
10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100317 · 2021 · External reference
X-chromosome complement and estrogen receptor signaling independently contribute to the enhanced TLR7-mediated IFN-α production of plasmacytoid dendritic cells from women
10.4049/jimmunol.1303400 · 2014 · External reference
Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes
10.1038/s41586-020-2700-3 · 2020 · External reference
US immigration westernizes the human gut microbiome
10.1016/j.cell.2018.10.029 · 2018 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2018 · External reference
Inclusion, analysis, and reporting of sex and race/ethnicity in clinical trials: have we made progress?
10.1089/jwh.2010.2469 · 2011 · External reference
Women in clinical trials of new drugs. A change in Food and Drug Administration policy. The Working Group on Women in Clinical Trials
10.1056/nejm199307223290429 · 1993 · External reference
Sex representation in clinical trials associated with FDA cancer drug approvals differs between solid and hematologic malignancies
10.1002/onco.13534 · 2021 · External reference
Factors affecting sex-related reporting in medical research: a cross-disciplinary bibliometric analysis
10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32995-7 · 2019 · External reference
Bias in the reporting of sex and age in biomedical research on mouse models
10.7554/elife.13615 · 2016 · External reference
Age-associated changes in the impact of sex steroids on influenza vaccine responses in males and females
10.1038/s41541-019-0124-6 · 2019 · External reference
Sex differences in immune responses
10.1038/nri.2016.90 · 2016 · External reference
Biological sex affects vaccine efficacy and protection against influenza in mice
10.1073/pnas.1805268115 · 2018 · External reference
Sex-related differences in innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2
10.3389/fimmu.2021.739757 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2002 · External reference
Half- vs full-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (2004–2005): age, dose, and sex effects on immune responses
10.1001/archinternmed.2008.513 · 2008 · External reference
Antibody responses and cross protection against lethal influenza A viruses differ between the sexes in C57BL/6 mice
10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.110 · 2011 · External reference
Long-term efficacy of BCG vaccine in American Indians and Alaska Natives: a 60-year follow-up study
10.1001/jama.291.17.2086 · 2004 · External reference
Sex differences orchestrated by androgens at single-cell resolution
10.1038/s41586-024-07291-6 · 2024 · External reference
Estradiol inhibits Th17 cell differentiation through inhibition of RORγT transcription by recruiting the ERα/REA complex to estrogen response elements of the RORγT promoter
10.4049/jimmunol.1400806 · 2015 · External reference
Estradiol mediates greater germinal center responses to influenzavaccination in female than male mice
10.1128/mbio.00326-24 · 2024 · External reference
Systems analysis of sex differences reveals an immunosuppressive role for testosterone in the response to influenza vaccination
10.1073/pnas.1321060111 · 2014 · External reference
Immune system adaptation during gender-affirming testosterone treatment
10.1038/s41586-024-07789-z · 2024 · External reference
Evidence that androgens modulate human thymic T cell output
10.2310/jim.0b013e318200dc98 · 2011 · External reference
Nonrandom inactivation of the X chromosome in early lineage hematopoietic cells in carriers of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
10.1182/blood.v85.9.2471.bloodjournal8592471 · 1995 · External reference
Heterogeneous escape from X chromosome inactivation results in sex differences in type I IFN responses at the single human pDC level
10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108485 · 2020 · External reference
B cell stimulation changes the structure and higher-order organization of the inactive X chromosome
10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115351 · 2025 · External reference
Maintenance of X chromosome inactivation after T cell activation requires NF-κB signaling
10.1126/sciimmunol.ado0398 · 2024 · External reference
Cancer statistics, 2022
10.3322/caac.21708 · 2022 · External reference
Sex differences in lung cancer
10.3390/cancers15123111 · 2023 · External reference
Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries
10.3322/caac.21660 · 2021 · External reference
Sex disparities in cancer mortality and survival
10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0246 · 2011 · External reference
Sex differences in papillary thyroid cancer
10.1016/j.jss.2021.11.004 · 2022 · External reference
Comprehensive characterization of molecular differences in cancer between male and female patients
10.1016/j.ccell.2016.04.001 · 2016 · External reference
A new era of testosterone and prostate cancer: from physiology to clinical implications
10.1016/j.eururo.2013.08.015 · 2014 · External reference
The androgen metabolite 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol (3betaAdiol) induces breast cancer growth via estrogen receptor: implications for aromatase inhibitor resistance
10.1007/s10549-008-0080-8 · 2009 · External reference
Gene expression profiling of breast cancer in relation to estrogen receptor status and estrogen-metabolizing enzymes: clinical implications
10.1158/1078-0432.878s.11.2 · 2005 · External reference
Estrogen regulation and physiopathologic significance of alternative promoters in breast cancer
10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3988 · 2010 · External reference
Studies on prostatic cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate
10.3322/canjclin.22.4.232 · 1972 · External reference
Estrogen receptors in urogenital schistosomiasis and bladder cancer: estrogen receptor alpha-mediated cell proliferation
10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.04.022 · 2020 · External reference
Suppression of ERβ signaling via ERβ knockout or antagonist protects against bladder cancer development
10.1093/carcin/bgt348 · 2014 · External reference
Sex disparities in cancer
10.1016/j.canlet.2019.08.017 · 2019 · External reference
Influence of sex in the molecular characteristics and outcomes of malignant tumors
10.3389/fonc.2021.752918 · 2021 · External reference
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: immune-suppressive cells that impair antitumor immunity and are sculpted by their environment
10.4049/jimmunol.1701019 · 2018 · External reference
Estrogen-induced SDF-1α production promotes the progression of ER-negative breast cancer via the accumulation of MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment
10.1038/srep39541 · 2016 · External reference
Tumor cell–independent estrogen signaling drives disease progression through mobilization of myeloid-derived suppressor cells
10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0502 · 2017 · External reference
IFN-gamma-inducing transcription factor, T-bet is upregulated by estrogen in murine splenocytes: role of IL-27 but not IL-12
10.1016/j.molimm.2006.08.005 · 2007 · External reference
Effect of estrogens on the interferon-γ producing cell population of mouse splenocytes
10.1271/bbb.70.47 · 2006 · External reference
Interferon-γ levels are upregulated by 17-β-estradiol and diethylstilbestrol
10.1016/s0165-0378(01)00117-6 · 2001 · External reference
Estrogen regulates the IFN-gamma promoter
10.4049/jimmunol.146.12.4362 · 1991 · External reference
Estrogen modulates in vitro T cell responses in a concentration- and receptor-dependent manner: effects on intracellular molecular targets and antioxidant enzymes
10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.226 · 2013 · External reference
DLL1-responsive PD-L1+ tumor-associated macrophages promote endocrine resistance in breast cancer
10.1126/scitranslmed.adr6207 · 2025 · External reference
Progesterone receptor in non-small cell lung cancer - a potent prognostic factor and possible target for endocrine therapy
10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3087 · 2005 · External reference
The prognostic role of progesterone receptor expression in non-small cell lung cancer patients: gender-related impacts and correlation with disease-specific survival
10.1016/j.steroids.2015.01.020 · 2015 · External reference
Sex differences in the aging murine urinary bladder and influence on the tumor immune microenvironment of a carcinogen-induced model of bladder cancer
10.1186/s13293-022-00428-0 · 2022 · External reference
Androgen receptor activity in T cells limits checkpoint blockade efficacy
10.1038/s41586-022-04522-6 · 2022 · External reference
Androgen receptor blockade promotes response to BRAF/MEK-targeted therapy
10.1038/s41586-022-04833-8 · 2022 · External reference
Androgen receptor-mediated CD8+ T cell stemness programs drive sex differences in antitumor immunity
10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.016 · 2022 · External reference
Testosterone acts directly on CD4+ T lymphocytes to increase IL-10 production
10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.2060 · 2001 · External reference
Reduced tumor control in males can result from impaired CD4+ T-cell help through the CD40L–CD40 pathway
10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-1115 · 2026 · External reference
IL-1β is an androgen-responsive target in macrophages for immunotherapy of prostate cancer
10.1002/advs.202206889 · 2023 · External reference
Sexual dimorphism in skin immunity is mediated by an androgen-ILC2-dendritic cell axis
10.1126/science.adk6200 · 2024 · External reference
Androgen receptors in thymic epithelium modulate thymus size and thymocyte development
10.1210/endo.142.3.8032 · 2001 · External reference
Sexual-dimorphism in human immune system aging
10.1038/s41467-020-14396-9 · 2020 · External reference
Dynamics of individual T cell repertoires: from cord blood to centenarians
10.4049/jimmunol.1600005 · 2016 · External reference
NOTCH1 drives sexually dimorphic immune responses in hepatocellular carcinoma
10.1158/2159-8290.cd-24-1215 · 2025 · External reference
A model system for study of sex chromosome effects on sexually dimorphic neural and behavioral traits
10.1523/jneurosci.22-20-09005.2002 · 2002 · External reference
Abnormal X chromosome inactivation and tumor development
10.1007/s00018-020-03469-z · 2020 · External reference
Sex-biased T-cell exhaustion drives differential immune responses in glioblastoma
10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0869 · 2023 · External reference
Epigenetic developmental mechanisms underlying sex differences in cancer
10.1172/jci180071 · 2024 · External reference
Tumor-suppressor genes that escape from X-inactivation contribute to cancer sex bias
10.1038/ng.3726 · 2017 · External reference
Concurrent loss of the Y chromosome in cancer and T cells impacts outcome
10.1038/s41586-025-09071-2 · 2025 · External reference
AACR cancer progress report 2023: advancing the frontiers of cancer science and medicine
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2591 · 2023 · External reference
B7-H1–dependent sex-related differences in tumor immunity and immunotherapy responses
10.4049/jimmunol.1000496 · 2010 · External reference
Cancer immunotherapy efficacy and patients’ sex: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30261-4 · 2018 · External reference
Association of patient sex with efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and overall survival in advanced cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.5904 · 2019 · External reference
The predictive power of tumor mutational burden in lung cancer immunotherapy response is influenced by patients’ sex
10.1002/ijc.32327 · 2019 · External reference
Strength of immune selection in tumors varies with sex and age
10.1038/s41467-020-17981-0 · 2020 · External reference
Sex-related differences in metastatic melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibition
10.3390/cancers14205145 · 2022 · External reference
Sex-associated molecular differences for cancer immunotherapy
10.1038/s41467-020-15679-x · 2020 · External reference
Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant ipilimumab plus nivolumab in macroscopic stage III melanoma
10.1038/s41591-018-0198-0 · 2018 · External reference
Clinical and translational attributes of immune-related adverse events
10.1038/s43018-024-00730-3 · 2024 · External reference
Tumour- and class-specific patterns of immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review
10.1093/annonc/mdx286 · 2017 · External reference
Sex differences in autoimmune disease from a pathological perspective
10.2353/ajpath.2008.071008 · 2008 · External reference
Association between sex and immune-related adverse events during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
10.1093/jnci/djab035 · 2021 · External reference
Sex differences in risk of severe adverse events in patients receiving immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or chemotherapy in cancer clinical trials
10.1200/jco.21.02377 · 2022 · External reference
1795P Gender difference in side effects of immunotherapy: a possible clue to optimize cancer treatment
10.1016/j.annonc.2021.08.1737 · 2021 · External reference
Sex-related differences in immunotherapy outcomes of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer
10.3390/curroncol31110544 · 2024 · External reference
Clinicopathological characteristics and management of colitis with anti-PD1 immunotherapy alone or in combination with ipilimumab
10.1136/jitc-2020-001488 · 2020 · External reference
The risk factors associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis
10.1159/000512633 · 2021 · External reference
Pre-existing interstitial lung disease is associated with onset of nivolumab-induced pneumonitis in patients with solid tumors: a retrospective analysis
10.1186/s12885-021-08661-3 · 2021 · External reference
Factors associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor-related myocarditis
10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.3113 · 2019 · External reference
Gender differences in cardiotoxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in cancer patients
10.4103/jcpc.jcpc_29_20 · 2020 · External reference
Hormonal therapies up-regulate MANF and overcome female susceptibility to immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis
10.1126/scitranslmed.abo1981 · 2022 · External reference
Nephrotoxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a disproportionality analysis from 2013 to 2020
10.1620/tjem.254.275 · 2021 · External reference
Defining D-irAEs: consensus-based disease definitions for the diagnosis of dermatologic adverse events from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
10.1136/jitc-2023-007675 · 2024 · External reference
Female sex is associated with higher rates of dermatologic adverse events among patients with melanoma receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a retrospective cohort study
10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.885 · 2022 · External reference
Cutaneous immune-related adverse events are associated with longer overall survival in advanced cancer patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors: a multi-institutional cohort study
10.1016/j.jaad.2022.12.048 · 2023 · External reference
Outcome differences by sex in oncology clinical trials
10.1038/s41467-024-46945-x · 2024 · External reference
Novel mechanisms of cancer emerge when accounting for sex as a biological variable
10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2634 · 2020 · External reference
Inclusive oncological trials and targeted treatments cannot ignore sex and gender
10.1136/bmjonc-2023-000051 · 2023 · External reference
Sex as a biological variable in early-phase oncology clinical trials: enhancing the path to personalised medicine
10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32597 · 2024 · External reference
Sex as a biological variable: a contemporary perspective
10.1016/j.ahj.2025.03.012 · 2025 · External reference