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References from Cross-sectional evaluation of anthropometric measures vs MRI-measured visceral and hepatic fat in a Canadian cohort. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Body mass index classification misses subjects with increased cardiometabolic risk factors related to elevated adiposity
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Different indicators of adiposity and fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes
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Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease
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Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a disastrous human health challenge
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Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women
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Quantification of adipose tissue by MRI: relationship with anthropometric variables
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Is it possible to derive a reliable estimate of human visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue from simple anthropometric measurements?
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Sex-specific associations of magnetic resonance imaging-derived intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat areas with conventional anthropometric indices: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study
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Body mass index and waist circumference independently contribute to the prediction of nonabdominal, abdominal subcutaneous, and visceral fat
10.1093/ajcn/75.4.683 · 2002 · External reference
Influence of body fat content and distribution on variation in metabolic risk
10.1210/jc.2006-0814 · 2006 · External reference
Anthropometric indices as surrogates for estimating abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue: a meta-analysis with 16,129 participants
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Comparison of waist circumference with body mass index for predicting abdominal adipose tissue
10.1016/j.diabres.2008.10.001 · 2009 · External reference
Assessment of correlation between conventional anthropometric and imaging-derived measures of body fat composition: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of observational studies
10.1186/s12880-023-01063-w · 2023 · External reference
Visceral and ectopic fat, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic disease: a position statement
10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30084-1 · 2019 · External reference
Obesity phenotypes, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases
10.1161/circresaha.120.316101 · 2020 · External reference
Liver fat content, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and ischaemic heart disease: Mendelian randomization and meta-analysis of 279013 individuals
10.1093/eurheartj/ehx662 · 2018 · External reference
Fatty liver, abdominal visceral fat and cardiometabolic risk factors: the Jackson heart study
10.1161/atvbaha.111.234062 · 2011 · External reference
Rationale, design, and methods for Canadian alliance for healthy hearts and minds cohort study (CAHHM) - a pan Canadian cohort study
10.1186/s12889-016-3310-8 · 2016 · External reference
The STROBE guidelines
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2021 · External reference
Cardiovascular risk scoring and magnetic resonance imaging detected subclinical cerebrovascular disease
10.1093/ehjci/jez226 · 2020 · External reference
Visceral adipose tissue and hepatic fat as determinants of carotid atherosclerosis
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Dysfunctional adiposity and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese adults
10.1001/2012.jama.11132 · 2012 · External reference
The association between the visceral obesity indices and the future diabetes mellitus risk: a prospective cohort study
10.1111/dom.16492 · 2025 · External reference
Change in visceral adiposity independently predicts a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes over 10 years in Japanese Americans
10.2337/dc12-0198 · 2013 · External reference
Long-term effects of the changes in hepatic steatosis status on the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 15-year community-based prospective cohort study
10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109208 · 2022 · External reference
Association between the fatty liver Index and risk of type 2 diabetes in the EPIC-Potsdam study
10.1371/journal.pone.0124749 · 2015 · External reference
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 501 022 adult individuals
10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322572 · 2021 · External reference
Association between visceral adiposity index and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104216 · 2025 · External reference
Visceral adiposity index and the risk of heart failure, late-life cardiac structure, and function in ARIC study
10.1093/eurjpc/zwad099 · 2023 · External reference
Association between regional adipose tissue distribution and risk of heart failure among blacks
10.1161/circheartfailure.118.005629 · 2018 · External reference
A comparative evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as indicators of cardiovascular risk factors. The Canadian heart health surveys
10.1038/sj.ijo.0801582 · 2001 · External reference
Weighing in on the body mass Index: addressing criticisms and embracing purpose
10.7326/m23-3391 · 2024 · External reference
Subphenotypes of body composition and their association with cardiometabolic risk - magnetic resonance imaging in a population-based sample
10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156130 · 2025 · External reference
Body fat distribution, incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality
10.1016/j.jacc.2013.06.027 · 2013 · External reference
Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27 000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study
10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67663-5 · 2005 · External reference
What aspects of body fat are particularly hazardous and how do we measure them?
10.1093/ije/dyi253 · 2006 · External reference
Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk
10.1093/ajcn/79.3.379 · 2004 · External reference
Abdominal adiposity and coronary heart disease in women
10.1001/jama.280.21.1843 · 1998 · External reference
Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current national institutes of health guidelines
10.1001/archinte.162.18.2074 · 2002 · External reference
Discrimination of health risk by combined body mass index and waist circumference
10.1038/oby.2003.22 · 2003 · External reference
Determinants of body fat distribution in humans may provide insight about obesity-related health risks
10.1194/jlr.r086975 · 2019 · External reference
Sex- and menopause-associated changes in body-fat distribution
10.1093/ajcn/55.5.950 · 1992 · External reference
Intersection between gonadal function and vascular aging in women
10.1152/japplphysiol.00117.2018 · 2018 · External reference
Waist and hip circumferences have independent and opposite effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Quebec Family Study
10.1093/ajcn/74.3.315 · 2001 · External reference
Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease—meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes
10.1002/hep.28431 · 2016 · External reference
Dual-echo, chemical shift gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging to quantify hepatic steatosis: implications for living liver donation
10.1053/jlts.2003.50153 · 2003 · External reference
Imaging-based quantification of hepatic fat: methods and clinical applications
10.1148/rg.295085186 · 2009 · External reference
