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References from Sex-Based Variation in Neurosurgical Practice Patterns and Patient Characteristics. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Sex differences in Medicare practice and payments to neurosurgeons
10.1001/jamasurg.2023.4988 · 2024 · External reference
Gender disparities in academic rank achievement in neurosurgery: a critical assessment
10.3171/2019.8.jns191219 · 2019 · External reference
Sex disparity in neurosurgery: a multinational survey on sex-related career satisfaction
10.1016/j.bas.2022.100890 · 2022 · External reference
The future of neurosurgery: a white paper on the recruitment and retention of women in neurosurgery
10.3171/jns/2008/109/9/0378 · 2008 · External reference
Sex diversity in United States neurosurgery training programs
10.3171/2020.7.jns192647 · 2021 · External reference
Spine disease clinical trial representation: an analysis of racial, ethnic, and gender diversity
10.1227/neu.0000000000003530 · 2025 · External reference
Demographic reporting and representation among neurosurgical clinical trials in the United States
10.1016/j.wneu.2026.124973 · 2026 · External reference
Differences in Medicare payment and practice characteristics for orthopedic surgery subspecialties
2025 · External reference
Medicare volume growth and shift in payments from physicians to non-physician practitioners under statutory budget neutrality
10.1177/00469580241249076 · 2024 · External reference
Geographic variation in expenditures for physicians' services in the United States
10.1056/nejm199303043280906 · 1993 · External reference
Assessing the impact of payment method and practice setting on German physicians' practice patterns
10.1097/00004479-200104000-00003 · 2001 · External reference
Regional differences in reimbursement rates from Medicare, Medicaid, and FAIR Health across common procedures for neurological surgeons
10.3171/2024.6.jns24515 · 2025 · External reference
Association of neurosurgical work relative value units with objective markers of operative complexity
10.1016/j.wneu.2020.10.077 · 2021 · External reference
Cost transparency in neurosurgery: a single-institution analysis of patient out-of-pocket spending in 13,673 consecutive neurosurgery cases
10.1093/neuros/nyy185 · 2019 · External reference
Challenges of using medical insurance claims data for utilization analysis
10.1177/1062860606288774 · 2006 · External reference
Neurosurgical utilization, charges, and reimbursement after the affordable care act: trends from 2011 to 2019
10.1227/neu.0000000000002306 · 2023 · External reference
Gender Differences in the Salaries of Physician Researchers
2012 · External reference
The $16,819 pay gap for newly trained physicians: the unexplained trend of men earning more than women
10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0597 · 2011 · External reference
Gender-based variations in Medicare reimbursements among different surgical subspecialties
10.1001/jamasurg.2024.2298 · 2024 · External reference
Effects of compensation methods and physician group structure on physicians’ perceived incentives to alter services to patients
2006 · External reference
Estimating physicians’ work for a resource-based relative-value scale
10.1056/nejm198809293191305 · 1988 · External reference
The potential for cost savings through bundled episode payments
10.1056/nejmp1113361 · 2012 · External reference
Medicare fees and physicians’ medicare service volume: Beneficiaries treated and services per beneficiary
10.1007/s10754-006-8143-z · 2006 · External reference
Evaluating access to care for medicare beneficiaries 50-64
10.37765/ajmc.2025.89732 · 2025 · External reference
Multiple chronic conditions among US adults: a 2012 update
10.5888/pcd11.130389 · 2014 · External reference
Physician gender effects in medical communication: a meta-analytic review
10.1001/jama.288.6.756 · 2002 · External reference
Physician work hours and the gender pay gap—evidence from primary care
10.1056/nejmsa2013804 · 2020 · External reference
Physician burnout through the female lens: a silent crisis
10.3389/fpubh.2022.880061 · 2022 · External reference
Citizenship tasks and women physicians: additional woman tax in academic medicine?
10.1089/jwh.2020.8482 · 2021 · External reference
Association of domestic responsibilities with career satisfaction for physician mothers in procedural vs nonprocedural fields
10.1001/jamasurg.2019.0529 · 2019 · External reference
Administrative work consumes one-sixth of U.S. physicians' working hours and lowers their career satisfaction
10.2190/hs.44.4.a · 2014 · External reference
Gender disparities in academic neurosurgery
2019 · External reference
Gender differences in work-life balance of European neurosurgeons
10.1016/j.bas.2022.101100 · 2022 · External reference
Differential time-to-promotion trajectories among female and male neurosurgeons contribute to gender disparities in academic rank achievement
10.1016/j.wneu.2023.12.081 · 2024 · External reference
Increases in female academic productivity and female mentorship highlight sustained progress in previously identified neurosurgical gender disparities
10.3171/2020.12.focus20939 · 2021 · External reference
Progress of women in neurosurgery
10.4103/1793-5482.85627 · 2011 · External reference
Tracking career paths of women in neurosurgery
10.1093/neuros/nyx251 · 2018 · External reference
Gender differences in physician service provision using Medicare claims data
10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.02.017 · 2017 · External reference
Sex differences in the pattern of patient referrals to male and female surgeons
10.1001/jamasurg.2021.5784 · 2022 · External reference
Underemployment of female surgeons?
10.1097/sla.0000000000004497 · 2021 · External reference
Contribution of unequal new patient referrals to female surgeon underemployment
10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.02.028 · 2021 · External reference
After hospitalizations: a Dartmouth Atlas report on post-acute care for Medicare beneficiaries
2010 · External reference
United States trends and regional variations in lumbar spine surgery: 1992–2003
10.1097/01.brs.0000248132.15231.fe · 2006 · External reference
Medicare physician payment reform
10.1377/hlthaff.9.1.178 · 1990 · External reference
Postoperative complications in the seriously mentally ill: a systematic review of the literature
10.1097/sla.0b013e3181724f25 · 2008 · External reference
Gender equality in science, medicine, and global health: where are we at and why does it matter?
10.1016/s0140-6736(18)33135-0 · 2019 · External reference
Surgeon sex and health care costs for patients undergoing common surgical procedures
10.1001/jamasurg.2023.6031 · 2024 · External reference
Comparison of postoperative outcomes among patients treated by male and female surgeons: a population based matched cohort study
10.1136/bmj.j4366 · 2017 · External reference
Surgeon sex and long-term postoperative outcomes among patients undergoing common surgeries
10.1001/jamasurg.2023.3744 · 2023 · External reference
Women surgeons: are they better?: narrative review
10.1016/j.ejso.2025.110421 · 2026 · External reference
Variations in academic neurosurgery physician compensation in the United States
10.1016/j.wneu.2025.124007 · 2025 · External reference
Sex differences in physician salary in US public medical schools
10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.3284 · 2016 · External reference
Gender-based salary differences among academic surgeons from 2014 to 2024
10.1016/j.amjsurg.2026.116826 · 2026 · External reference