Research graph
References from A Systematic Literature Review of Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Trade-offs Across Green Steel Pathways. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Decarbonizing the iron and steel industry: A systematic review of sociotechnical systems, technological innovations, and policy options.
10.1016/j.erss.2022.102565 · 2022 · External reference
A review of CO2 emissions reduction technologies and low-carbon development in the iron and steel industry focusing on China.
10.1016/j.rser.2021.110846 · 2021 · External reference
Mapping product knowledge to life cycle inventory bounds: a case study of steel manufacturing.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.014 · 2016 · External reference
Technological roadmap towards optimal decarbonization development of China’s iron and steel industry.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157701 · 2022 · External reference
Assessing the environmental impact of an integrated steel mill with post-combustion CO2 capture and storage using the LCA methodology.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.256 · 2019 · External reference
Environmental impact evaluation of an iron and steel plant in China: Normalized data and direct/indirect contribution.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121697 · 2020 · External reference
Rapid implementation of mitigation measures can facilitate decarbonization of the global steel sector in 1.5°C-consistent pathways.
10.1016/j.oneear.2023.10.016 · 2023 · External reference
China’s pathway to carbon neutrality for the iron and steel industry.
10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102574 · 2022 · External reference
Prospective Life Cycle Assessment Suggests Direct Reduced Iron Is the Most Sustainable Pathway to Net-Zero Steelmaking.
10.1021/acs.iecr.4c03321 · 2025 · External reference
Prospective assessment of transformation pathways toward low-carbon steelmaking: Evaluating economic and climate impacts in Germany.
10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107434 · 2024 · External reference
Long-term model-based projections of energy use and CO2 emissions from the global steel and cement industries.
10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.04.016 · 2016 · External reference
Cost and Life Cycle Analysis for Deep CO2 Emissions Reduction for Steel Making: Direct Reduced Iron Technologies.
10.1002/srin.202200297 · 2023 · External reference
Cost and life cycle analysis for deep CO2 emissions reduction of steelmaking: Blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace technologies.
10.1016/j.ijggc.2023.103958 · 2023 · External reference
Two alternative fuels for the reduction of GHG emissions in the steel industry: biocarbon and hydrogen.
10.46855/energy-proceedings-8621 · 2022 · External reference
Substitution of coke with pelletized biocarbon in the European and Chinese steel industries: An LCA analysis.
10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117644 · 2021 · External reference
Towards lower CO2 emissions in iron and steel production: Life cycle energy demand-LEAP based multi-stage and multi-technique simulation.
10.1016/j.spc.2022.04.028 · 2022 · External reference
Towards fossil-free steel: Life cycle assessment of biosyngas-based direct reduced iron (DRI) production process.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136262 · 2023 · External reference
10.18154/rwth-2023-07732
10.18154/rwth-2023-07732 · 2023 · External reference
Revealing cradle-to-gate CO2 emissions for steel product producing by different technological pathways based on material flow analysis.
10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107416 · 2024 · External reference
Comparative life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of electric arc furnace steelmaking processes integrated with solar energy system.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138868 · 2023 · External reference
Low-carbon production of iron and steel: Technology options, economic assessment, and policy.
10.1016/j.joule.2021.02.018 · 2021 · External reference
Toward a standardized and comparable life cycle dataset system for steel production in China.
10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108715 · 2026 · External reference
Pioneering Green Steel in MENA: Hydrogen Pilot Project for Industrial Decarbonization.
10.2118/229052-ms · 2025 · External reference
10.62422/978-81-981865-7-7-004
10.62422/978-81-981865-7-7-004 · 2025 · External reference
Reuse and Recycling of By-Products in the Steel Sector: Recent Achievements Paving the Way to Circular Economy and Industrial Symbiosis in Europe.
10.3390/met10030345 · 2020 · External reference
Optimizing Circular Economy in Electric Arc Furnace Steel Production: A Comprehensive 4Rs Approach.
10.1007/s43615-025-00593-5 · 2025 · External reference
Future Scenarios for Reducing Emissions and Consumption in the Italian Steelmaking Industry.
10.1002/srin.202100631 · 2022 · External reference
10.1007/978-3-031-80688-9_5
10.1007/978-3-031-80688-9_5 · 2025 · External reference
Investigating the economic and environmental impacts of a technological shift towards hydrogen-based solutions for steel manufacture in high-renewable electricity mix scenarios for Italy.
10.1088/1755-1315/1106/1/012008 · 2022 · External reference
In-house green hydrogen production for steelmaking decarbonization using steel slag as thermal energy storage material: A life cycle assessment.
10.1016/j.energy.2024.133966 · 2024 · External reference
Opportunities and roadblocks in the decarbonisation of the global steel sector: A demand and production modelling approach.
10.1016/j.egycc.2023.100121 · 2024 · External reference
Multidimensional sustainability implications of alternative iron and steel industry decarbonization strategies in China.
10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108136 · 2025 · External reference
Review of Life Cycle Assessments for Steel and Environmental Analysis of Future Steel Production Scenarios.
10.3390/su142114131 · 2022 · External reference
Prospective Assessment of Steel Manufacturing Relative to Planetary Boundaries: Calling for Life Cycle Solution.
10.1016/j.procir.2017.11.021 · 2018 · External reference
10.1007/978-3-032-13909-2_21
10.1007/978-3-032-13909-2_21 · 2026 · External reference
Pathways for decarbonizing the sponge iron industries: Effect of energy balance and impact assessment.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141962 · 2024 · External reference
Renewable hydrogen based direct iron ore reduction and steel making with grid assistance.
10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117544 · 2023 · External reference
Meta-analysis of climate impact reduction potential of hydrogen usage in 9 Power-to-X pathways.
10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122772 · 2024 · External reference
A life-cycle view of carbon emissions in mixed-feedstock electric arc furnace steelmaking.
10.1016/j.fuel.2025.137690 · 2026 · External reference
Life cycle assessment of gas-based EAF steel production: environmental impacts and strategies for footprint reduction.
10.1007/s11367-023-02230-5 · 2023 · External reference
Sustainable transition of the primary steel production: Carbon footprint studies of hot-rolled coil according to ISO 14067.
10.1051/e3sconf/202234907004 · 2022 · External reference
Towards green steel-energy and CO2 assessment of low carbon steelmaking via hydrogen based shaft furnace direct reduction process.
10.1016/j.energy.2024.133080 · 2024 · External reference
The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.
10.1136/bmj.n71 · External reference
Decarbonization of the Iron and Steel Industry with Direct Reduction of Iron Ore with Green Hydrogen.
10.3390/en13030758 · 2020 · External reference
Can methane pyrolysis based hydrogen production lead to the decarbonisation of iron and steel industry?.
10.1016/j.ecmx.2021.100079 · 2021 · External reference
Direct reduction of iron to facilitate net zero emissions in the steel industry: A review of research progress at different scales.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140933 · 2024 · External reference
Prospective environmental and economic assessment of green steel production in the Middle East.
10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108277 · 2025 · External reference
10.4018/979-8-3693-0618-5.ch003
10.4018/979-8-3693-0618-5.ch003 · 2024 · External reference
Green Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction for Low-Carbon Steelmaking.
10.1002/srin.202000110 · 2020 · External reference
Technical and environmental assessment of new green iron production strategies using hydrogen.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.146970 · 2025 · External reference
Green steel at its crossroads: Hybrid hydrogen-based reduction of iron ores.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130805 · 2022 · External reference
Toward green steel: Modeling and environmental economic analysis of iron direct reduction with different reducing gases.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139081 · 2023 · External reference
Thermodynamic performance analysis and environmental impact assessment of an integrated system for hydrogen generation and steelmaking.
10.1016/j.energy.2021.122922 · 2022 · External reference
Uneven renewable energy supply constrains the decarbonization effects of excessively deployed hydrogen-based DRI technology.
10.1038/s41467-025-59730-1 · 2025 · External reference
Development and Application of Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction Iron Process.
10.3390/pr12091829 · 2024 · External reference
Comparing the decarbonization benefit provided by waste-based hydrogen routes to green steel production process: an analytical model.
10.1016/j.procs.2024.02.092 · 2024 · External reference
The role of hydrogen in iron and steel production: Development trends, decarbonization potentials, and economic impacts.
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.368 · 2024 · External reference
Assessment of hydrogen direct reduction for fossil-free steelmaking.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.279 · 2018 · External reference
Analysis of Technological Pathways and Development Suggestions for Blast Furnace Low-Carbon Ironmaking.
10.3390/met14111276 · 2024 · External reference
10.1007/978-3-319-39529-6_22
10.1007/978-3-319-39529-6_22 · 2016 · External reference
Mathematical simulation and life cycle assessment of blast furnace operation with hydrogen injection under constant pulverized coal injection.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123191 · 2021 · External reference
An Econometric Analysis of CO2 Emission Intensity in Poland’s Blast Furnace–Basic Oxygen Furnace Steelmaking Process.
10.3390/su17094045 · 2025 · External reference
The Decarbonizing Strategies of China’s Iron and Steelmaking Industry: A Comprehensive Perspective.
10.3390/su162411268 · 2024 · External reference
Decarbonization pathways analysis and recommendations in the green steel supply chain of a typical steel end user-automotive industry.
10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124711 · 2025 · External reference
Minimum Emissions Configuration of a Green Energy–Steel System: An Analytical Model.
10.3390/en15093324 · 2022 · External reference
Decarbonisation of steel production by the low-carbon DRI-EAF route.
10.1002/cepa.2687 · 2023 · External reference
Quantitative analysis of carbon footprints and mitigation potential in sustainable electric arc furnace steelmaking routes: A life cycle assessment perspective.
10.1016/j.psep.2025.106936 · 2025 · External reference
Life cycle assessment of natural gas based steelmaking via the direct reduction – Electric Arc Furnace route.
10.1007/s11367-026-02645-w · 2026 · External reference
Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of conventional and alternative steel production methods in countries dependent on energy import: A South Korean case study.
10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100865 · 2025 · External reference
Substituting natural gas with hydrogen: A case study on mass, energy, and emissions in electric arc furnace steelmaking.
10.1177/03019233241258095 · 2024 · External reference
Carbon Footprint and Energy Transformation Analysis of Steel Produced via a Direct Reduction Plant with an Integrated Electric Melting Unit.
10.1007/s40831-022-00585-x · 2022 · External reference
Carbon Footprint Assessment of Hydrogen and Steel.
10.3390/en15249468 · 2022 · External reference
Corporate Carbon Footprint and Scope 3 Emissions in Stainless Steel Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking: A Step To Tackle Climate Change.
10.1021/acssusresmgt.5c00588 · 2026 · External reference
Analysis of energy consumption and carbon emissions of electric arc furnace steelmaking using hydrogen-based direct reduced iron.
10.1016/j.psep.2025.107617 · 2025 · External reference
Low-carbon economic schedule of the H2DRI-EAF steel plant integrated with a power-to-hydrogen system driven by blue hydrogen and green hydrogen.
10.1049/rpg2.13064 · 2024 · External reference
Evaluation of biomass-based production of below zero emission reducing gas for the iron and steel industry.
10.1007/s13399-020-00939-z · 2021 · External reference
Hydrogen and biomass-based carbon source integration for iron and steel manufacturing: A systematic review of Life Cycle Assessment studies.
10.12688/openreseurope.20725.2 · 2026 · External reference
The Bio Steel Cycle: 7 Steps to Net-Zero CO2 Emissions Steel Production.
10.3390/en15238880 · 2022 · External reference
Sustainable Production of Steel–Carbon Neutrality and Low Life Cycle Emission.
10.1007/s41745-021-00285-7 · 2022 · External reference
Achieving carbon-neutral iron and steelmaking in Europe through the deployment of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.247 · 2019 · External reference
Towards Carbon-Neutral Ironmaking: Stepwise Integration of Biocarbon in PCI with Combustion Behavior Characterization and Injection Limit Evaluation.
10.1016/j.eng.2025.12.004 · 2026 · External reference
Biocarbon Suitability Evaluation for Direct Injection in Blast Furnace Ironmaking.
10.1002/srin.202500726 · 2026 · External reference
Natural gas as a relatively clean substitute for coal in the MIDREX process for producing direct reduced iron.
10.1016/j.esd.2023.101356 · 2024 · External reference
10.1142/9789811275661_0015
10.1142/9789811275661_0015 · 2023 · External reference
Deriving Economic Potential and GHG Emissions of Steel Mill Gas for Chemical Industry.
10.3389/fenrg.2021.642162 · 2021 · External reference
Towards the co-benefits of carbon capture, utilization and sequestration: A life cycle assessment study for steel slag disposal.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141166 · 2024 · External reference
Carbon Dioxide Capture in the Iron and Steel Industry: Thermodynamic Analysis, Process Simulation, and Life Cycle Assessment.
10.15255/cabeq.2022.2123 · 2023 · External reference
Life Cycle Assessment of SEWGS Technology Applied to Integrated Steel Plants.
10.3390/su11071825 · 2019 · External reference
Inherent potential of steelmaking to contribute to decarbonisation targets via industrial carbon capture and storage.
10.1038/s41467-018-06886-8 · 2018 · External reference
Preliminary Environmental and Economic Assessment of Mineral Carbonation of Steel Slags as a Carbon Capture.
10.1016/j.procir.2024.01.047 · 2024 · External reference
Carbon2Chem®-CCU as a Step Toward a Circular Economy.
10.3389/fenrg.2019.00162 · 2020 · External reference
The Contribution of Carbon Capture and Storage to the Decarbonization of India’s Steel Industry.
10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c08088 · 2024 · External reference
Getting ready for carbon capture and storage in the iron and steel sector in China: Assessing the value of capture readiness.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118953 · 2020 · External reference
CO2 abatement feasibility for blast furnace CCUS retrofits in BF-BOF steel plants in China.
10.1016/j.energy.2024.130756 · 2024 · External reference
Heterogeneous operations and opportunities to reduce CO2 emissions in global blast furnace ironmaking.
10.1088/1748-9326/ae2699 · 2026 · External reference
Environmental and economic evaluation of decarbonization strategies for the Indian steel industry.
10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117511 · 2023 · External reference
Low-Carbon Production in China’s Iron and Steel Industry: Technology Choices, Economic Assessment, and Policy.
10.3390/atmos16030252 · 2025 · External reference
Plant-level mitigation strategies could enable carbon neutrality by 2060 and reduce non-CO2 emissions in China’s iron and steel sector.
10.1016/j.oneear.2022.07.006 · 2022 · External reference
The challenge of addressing the impact of China’s crude steel production on climate change.
2023 · External reference
Co-abatement of carbon and air pollutants emissions in China’s iron and steel industry under carbon neutrality scenarios.
10.1016/j.rser.2023.114140 · 2024 · External reference
Decarbonization Pathways for the Italian Steel Sector: Environmental, Economic and Social Implications, Chemical.
10.3303/cet25117055 · 2025 · External reference
Carbon reduction cost of hydrogen steelmaking technology in China.
10.1016/j.energy.2025.135177 · 2025 · External reference
Assessing environmental and market implications of steel decarbonisation strategies: a hybrid input-output model for the European union.
10.1088/1748-9326/ad5bf1 · 2024 · External reference
Towards a Low-Carbon Steel Industry in India: Decarbonization Strategies and Environmental Impact Assessment.
10.1007/s40033-025-00923-9 · 2025 · External reference
Decarbonizing the steel industry: a case study in Brazil utilizing nuclear-renewable hybrid energy systems for electricity and hydrogen supply.
10.1007/s10098-025-03286-7 · 2025 · External reference
Do steel industrial policies make a difference? LCA-based quantification of environmental impacts and cost benefits from steel production in China.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.146736 · 2025 · External reference
Decarbonization pathways of China’s iron and steel industry toward carbon neutrality.
10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.106994 · 2023 · External reference
Comparative analysis of process selection and carbon emissions assessment of innovative steelmaking routes.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142102 · 2024 · External reference
Green steel: The future path towards sustainable automotive manufacturing.
10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107319 · 2024 · External reference
Which countries are prepared to green their coal-based steel industry with electricity? - Reviewing climate and energy policy as well as the implementation of renewable electricity.
10.1016/j.rser.2021.110938 · 2021 · External reference
Regional disparities in steel production and restrictions to progress on global decarbonization: A cross-national analysis.
10.1016/j.rser.2022.112367 · 2022 · External reference
Transition Pathways for Low-Carbon Steel Manufacture in East Asia: The Role of Renewable Energy and Technological Collaboration.
10.3390/su17104280 · 2025 · External reference
Decarbonizing China’s iron and steel industry from the supply and demand sides for carbon neutrality.
10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117209 · 2021 · External reference
Green transformation in the iron and steel industry in India: Rethinking patterns of innovation.
10.1016/j.esr.2022.100968 · 2022 · External reference
Decarbonization pathways and layout evolution in China’s steel sector.
10.1016/j.rser.2025.115588 · 2025 · External reference
Optimizing the transition pathway of a steel plant towards hydrogen-based steelmaking.
10.1177/03019233241293492 · 2025 · External reference
Process intensification and comparison of electrolytic hydrogen green steel plants for industrial decarbonization.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.144812 · 2025 · External reference
Towards green steel from hydrogen-based direct reduction of low-grade iron ores: Techno-economic and greenhouse gas emissions assessment.
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.155073 · 2026 · External reference
Green steel: design and cost analysis of hydrogen-based direct iron reduction.
10.1039/d3ee01077e · 2023 · External reference
Hybrid Grid-Renewable Strategies for Green Steel Production under Electricity Market Uncertainty.
10.1021/acs.iecr.5c03878 · 2026 · External reference
Assessment of Green Steel Production Technologies: Feasibility, Scalability, and Economic Viability.
10.24857/rgsa.v19n3-043 · 2025 · External reference
ADVANCING GREEN STEEL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE AND LOW-CARBON STEEL PRODUCTION.
10.26668/businessreview/2025.v10i10.5666 · 2025 · External reference
Synergistic integration of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction and oxygen-enriched blast furnace: A technoeconomic pathway toward carbon–neutral steel production.
10.1016/j.enconman.2025.120348 · 2025 · External reference
Direct reuse of the end-of-use structural steel: Assessing the economic and carbon reduction effects.
10.1111/jiec.70044 · 2025 · External reference
Future environmental impacts of global iron and steel production.
10.1039/d5ee01356a · 2025 · External reference
Dynamic prospective life cycle assessment of transition paths for the Austrian steel industry.
10.1186/s13705-025-00561-9 · 2026 · External reference
Life cycle assessment of a process integrating supercritical water gasification with direct reduced iron production.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144250 · 2024 · External reference
Life cycle environmental trade-off of decarbonising UK industrial clusters — A cradle to gate approach.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176101 · 2024 · External reference
Life Cycle Carbon Emission Accounting and Emission Reduction Potential Assessment of Steel Industry.
10.13227/j.hjkx.202301074 · 2023 · External reference
Carbon footprint characteristics and reduction strategies of the iron and steel industry: an LCA-based study of source, process, end-use and cleaner production applications.
10.1016/j.envres.2026.123769 · 2026 · External reference
Comparative life cycle assessment of natural gas and coal-based directly reduced iron (DRI) production: A case study for India.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131196 · 2022 · External reference
Mitigating emissions in the global steel industry: Representing CCS and hydrogen technologies in integrated assessment modeling.
10.1016/j.ijggc.2023.103963 · 2024 · External reference
Conflicts Between GHG Accounting Methodologies in the Steel Industry.
2022 · External reference
Decarbonization Pathways, Strategies, and Use Cases to Achieve Net-Zero CO2 Emissions in the Steelmaking Industry.
10.3390/en16217360 · 2023 · External reference
Impact of hydrogen metallurgy on the current iron and steel industry: A comprehensive material-exergy-emission flow analysis.
10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122452 · 2024 · External reference
10.5151/5463-5463-35057
10.5151/5463-5463-35057 · 2022 · External reference
Recent progress in iron and steel industry decarbonization strategies: industrial advancements and challenges.
10.1007/s11356-025-36038-7 · 2025 · External reference
Opportunities and challenges for decarbonizing steel production by creating markets for ‘green steel’ products.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128127 · 2021 · External reference
Barriers to Steel Decarbonization.
10.1002/srin.202501317 · External reference
Decarbonizing the global steel industry in a resource-constrained future—a systems perspective.
10.1098/rsta.2023.0233 · 2024 · External reference
Enabling the transition to a fossil-free steel sector: The conditions for technology transfer for hydrogen-based steelmaking in Europe.
10.1016/j.erss.2021.102384 · 2022 · External reference
Reducing CO2 Emissions from U.S. Steel Consumption by 70% by 2050.
10.1021/acs.est.0c04321 · 2020 · External reference
Energy and Environmental Savings by and for Steel Lightweight.
10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2023-230 · 2024 · External reference
Mixed-unit hybrid life cycle assessment applied to the recycling of construction materials.
10.1186/s40008-018-0112-4 · 2018 · External reference
Efficiency stagnation in global steel production urges joint supply- and demand-side mitigation efforts.
10.1038/s41467-021-22245-6 · 2021 · External reference
Weighing regional scrap availability in global pathways for steel production processes.
10.1007/s12053-017-9583-7 · 2018 · External reference
LCA-emergy and carbon footprint analysis in a steel industry reporting system: A case study of a Chinese steel company.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177901 · 2025 · External reference
Code: Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Raw Steel Production Plants in the U.S.
10.5281/zenodo.18134592 · 2026 · External reference
Carbon Footprint Analysis in Global Steel Production: Navigating Global Decarbonization Complexities through a Case Study of Baowu Group and Salzgitter AG.
10.13140/rg.2.2.13720.66560 · 2024 · External reference
Greenhouse gas control in steel manufacturing: inventory, assurance, and strategic reduction review.
10.1007/s44246-024-00118-z · 2024 · External reference
Life Cycle Assessment of the transition of steelmaking towards hydrogen-based operation.
2024 · External reference
Decarbonisation and hydrogen integration of steel industries: Recent development, challenges and technoeconomic analysis.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136391 · 2023 · External reference
A Review of the Life Cycle Assessment of the Carbon–Water–Energy Nexus of Hydrogen Production Pathways.
10.3390/hydrogen6020034 · 2025 · External reference
A General Vision for Reduction of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions from the Steel Industry.
10.3390/met10091117 · 2020 · External reference
The perspective of hydrogen direct reduction of iron.
10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139585 · 2023 · External reference
Systematic Review Dataset on Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Trade-offs Across Green Steel Pathways.
10.17632/d6vcds2dj5.1 · 2026 · External reference
