Contact and support
Need help, have a question, or want to contact the ResearchHub team?
© 2026 ResearchHub. Built for responsible scholarly connection.
Privacy-aware community infrastructureResearch graph
References from Mammalian antiviral proteins ZAP and KHNYN can independently restrict CpG-enriched avian viruses. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Global epidemiology of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans, 1997-2015: a systematic review of individual case data
2016 · External reference
Influenza: the once and future pandemic
10.1177/00333549101250s305 · 2010 · External reference
1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics
10.3201/eid1209.05-0979 · 2006 · External reference
Host and viral determinants of influenza A virus species specificity
10.1038/s41579-018-0115-z · 2019 · External reference
Enabling the “host jump”: structural determinants of receptor-binding specificity in influenza A viruses
10.1038/nrmicro3362 · 2014 · External reference
Glycomic analysis of human respiratory tract tissues and correlation with influenza virus infection
10.1371/journal.ppat.1003223 · 2013 · External reference
Influenza HA subtypes demonstrate divergent phenotypes for cleavage activation and pH of fusion: implications for host range and adaptation
10.1371/journal.ppat.1003151 · 2013 · External reference
Species difference in ANP32A underlies influenza A virus polymerase host restriction
10.1038/nature16474 · 2016 · External reference
A new evolutionary law
1973 · External reference
RNA structure-a neglected puppet master for the evolution of virus and host immunity
10.3389/fimmu.2018.02097 · 2018 · External reference
A balancing act: the viral-host battle over RNA binding proteins
10.3390/v16030474 · 2024 · External reference
Why is CpG suppressed in the genomes of virtually all small eukaryotic viruses but not in those of large eukaryotic viruses?
10.1128/jvi.68.5.2889-2897.1994 · 1994 · External reference
Heterogeneity of genomes: measures and values
10.1073/pnas.91.26.12837 · 1994 · External reference
Patterns of evolution and host gene mimicry in influenza and other RNA viruses
10.1371/journal.ppat.1000079 · 2008 · External reference
DNA methylation and CpG suppression
10.1016/0045-6039(85)90488-9 · 1985 · External reference
Modelling mutational and selection pressures on dinucleotides in eukaryotic phyla—selection against CpG and UpA in cytoplasmically expressed RNA and in RNA viruses
10.1186/1471-2164-14-610 · 2013 · External reference
The antiviral state has shaped the CpG composition of the vertebrate interferome to avoid self-targeting
2021 · External reference
The influence of CpG and UpA dinucleotide frequencies on RNA virus replication and characterization of the innate cellular pathways underlying virus attenuation and enhanced replication
10.1093/nar/gku075 · 2014 · External reference
Dinucleotide evolutionary dynamics in influenza A virus
2019 · External reference
CG dinucleotide suppression enables antiviral defence targeting non-self RNA
10.1038/nature24039 · 2017 · External reference
KHNYN is essential for the zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) to restrict HIV-1 containing clustered CpG dinucleotides
10.7554/elife.46767 · 2019 · External reference
Characterization of Novel splice variants of zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP)
2019 · External reference
RNA-binding protein isoforms ZAP-S and ZAP-L have distinct antiviral and immune resolution functions
10.1038/s41590-019-0527-6 · 2019 · External reference
Positive selection and increased antiviral activity associated with the PARP-containing isoform of human zinc-finger antiviral protein
10.1371/journal.pgen.0040021 · 2008 · External reference
Rapid evolution of PARP genes suggests a broad role for ADP-ribosylation in host-virus conflicts
10.1371/journal.pgen.1004403 · 2014 · External reference
Positive selection analyses identify a single WWE domain residue that shapes ZAP into a more potent restriction factor against alphaviruses
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011836 · 2024 · External reference
TRIM25 is required for the antiviral activity of zinc finger antiviral protein
10.1128/jvi.00088-17 · 2017 · External reference
TRIM25 enhances the antiviral action of zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP)
2017 · External reference
S-farnesylation is essential for antiviral activity of the long ZAP isoform against RNA viruses with diverse replication strategies
10.1371/journal.ppat.1009726 · 2021 · External reference
Fundamental properties of the mammalian innate immune system revealed by multispecies comparison of type I interferon responses
2017 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
The future of zoonotic risk prediction
10.1098/rstb.2020.0358 · 2021 · External reference
CGIN1: a retroviral contribution to mammalian genomes
10.1093/molbev/msp127 · 2009 · External reference
Origination of LTR retroelement-derived NYNRIN coincides with therian placental emergence
10.1093/molbev/msac176 · 2022 · External reference
Comparison of avian and human influenza A viruses reveals a mutational bias on the viral genomes
10.1128/jvi.01414-06 · 2006 · External reference
Influenza research database: an integrated bioinformatics resource for influenza virus research
2017 · External reference
Existing evidence for influenza B virus adaptations to drive replication in humans as the primary host
10.3390/v15102032 · 2023 · External reference
Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of influenza C virus
10.3390/v12010089 · 2020 · External reference
An atlas of continuous adaptive evolution in endemic human viruses
10.1016/j.chom.2023.09.012 · 2023 · External reference
Constraints, drivers, and implications of influenza A virus reassortment
10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041726 · 2017 · External reference
Structural basis for lack of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity in poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-13/zinc finger antiviral protein
10.1074/jbc.m114.630160 · 2015 · External reference
Structure of the zinc-finger antiviral protein in complex with RNA reveals a mechanism for selective targeting of CG-rich viral sequences
10.1073/pnas.1913232116 · 2019 · External reference
Molecular mechanism of RNA recognition by zinc-finger antiviral protein
2020 · External reference
High-resolution comparative modeling with RosettaCM
10.1016/j.str.2013.08.005 · 2013 · External reference
Accurate prediction of protein structures and interactions using a three-track neural network
10.1126/science.abj8754 · 2021 · External reference
AlphaFold protein structure database: massively expanding the structural coverage of protein-sequence space with high-accuracy models
10.1093/nar/gkab1061 · 2022 · External reference
Elevation of CpG frequencies in influenza A genome attenuates pathogenicity but enhances host response to infection
10.7554/elife.12735 · 2016 · External reference
Blasticidin S deaminase gene from Aspergillus terreus (BSD): a new drug resistance gene for transfection of mammalian cells
10.1016/0167-4781(94)90224-0 · 1994 · External reference
Mutagenesis of the DI/DIII linker in dengue virus envelope protein impairs viral particle assembly
10.1128/jvi.00224-12 · 2012 · External reference
Origin and evolution of the zinc finger antiviral protein
10.1371/journal.ppat.1009545 · 2021 · External reference
The NYN domains: novel predicted RNAses with a PIN domain-like fold
10.4161/rna.3.1.2548 · 2006 · External reference
Structural and functional characterization of the extended-diKH domain from the antiviral endoribonuclease KHNYN
10.1016/j.jbc.2025.108336 · 2025 · External reference
RNA-binding motifs of hnRNP K are critical for induction of antibody diversification by activation-induced cytidine deaminase
10.1073/pnas.1921115117 · 2020 · External reference
CpG dinucleotides inhibit HIV-1 replication through zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP)-dependent and -independent mechanisms
10.1128/jvi.01337-19 · 2020 · External reference
TRIM25 and ZAP target the Ebola virus ribonucleoprotein complex to mediate interferon-induced restriction
10.1371/journal.ppat.1010530 · 2022 · External reference
Inhibition of filovirus replication by the zinc finger antiviral protein
10.1128/jvi.01601-06 · 2007 · External reference
The dinucleotide composition of the Zika virus genome is shaped by conflicting evolutionary pressures in mammalian hosts and mosquito vectors
2021 · External reference
The restriction factors of human immunodeficiency virus
10.1074/jbc.r112.416925 · 2012 · External reference
HIV restriction factors and mechanisms of evasion
10.1101/cshperspect.a006940 · 2012 · External reference
A minimal complex of KHNYN and zinc-finger antiviral protein binds and degrades single-stranded RNA
2024 · External reference
Comparison of CpG- and UpA-mediated restriction of RNA virus replication in mammalian and avian cells and investigation of potential ZAP-mediated shaping of host transcriptome compositions
10.1261/rna.079102.122 · 2022 · External reference
Battle between influenza A virus and a newly identified antiviral activity of the PARP-containing ZAPL protein
10.1073/pnas.1509745112 · 2015 · External reference
The short form of the zinc finger antiviral protein inhibits influenza A virus protein expression and is antagonized by the virus-encoded NS1
10.1128/jvi.01909-16 · 2017 · External reference
CpG dinucleotide enrichment in the influenza A virus genome as a live attenuated vaccine development strategy
10.1371/journal.ppat.1011357 · 2023 · External reference
Evolution of the nucleoprotein gene of influenza A virus
10.1128/jvi.64.4.1487-1497.1990 · 1990 · External reference
Phylogenetic analysis of nucleoproteins suggests that human influenza A viruses emerged from a 19th-century avian ancestor
1990 · External reference
Adaptive strategies of the influenza virus polymerase for replication in humans
10.1073/pnas.0911915106 · 2009 · External reference
Influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase: Yin–Yang proteins coevolving to thwart immunity
10.3390/v11040346 · 2019 · External reference
Rare variant MX1 alleles increase human susceptibility to zoonotic H7N9 influenza virus
10.1126/science.abg5953 · 2021 · External reference
Reassortment and mutation of the avian influenza virus polymerase PA subunit overcome species barriers
10.1128/jvi.06203-11 · 2012 · External reference
Rational attenuation of RNA viruses with zinc finger antiviral protein
10.1038/s41564-022-01223-8 · 2022 · External reference
Footprint of the host restriction factors APOBEC3 on the genome of human viruses
10.1371/journal.ppat.1008718 · 2020 · External reference
Attenuation of RNA viruses by redirecting their evolution in sequence space
10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.88 · 2017 · External reference
Impact of the zinc antiviral protein on the genomic composition of RNA viruses infecting vertebrates
10.1093/molbev/msaf135 · 2025 · External reference
Sensing nucleotide composition in virus RNA
2023 · External reference
Positive natural selection in primate genes of the type I interferon response
10.1186/s12862-021-01783-z · 2021 · External reference
Evolution of the interferon response: lessons from ISGs of diverse mammals
10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101202 · 2022 · External reference
Rules of engagement: molecular insights from host-virus arms races
10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155522 · 2012 · External reference
Evolutionary landscapes of host-virus arms races
10.1146/annurev-immunol-072621-084422 · 2022 · External reference
Parallel evolution between genomic segments of seasonal human influenza viruses reveals RNA-RNA relationships
10.7554/elife.66525 · 2021 · External reference
Mapping of positive selection sites in the HIV-1 genome in the context of RNA and protein structural constraints
10.1186/1742-4690-8-87 · 2011 · External reference
A novel test for selection on cis-regulatory elements reveals positive and negative selection acting on mammalian transcriptional enhancers
10.1093/molbev/mst134 · 2013 · External reference
Antiviral activity of zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) in different virus families
10.3390/pathogens12121461 · 2023 · External reference
Understanding off-target growth defects introduced to influenza A virus by synonymous recoding
2025 · External reference
Characterisation of chicken ZAP
10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.011 · 2014 · External reference
Inhibition of retroviral RNA production by ZAP, a CCCH-type zinc finger protein
10.1126/science.1074276 · 2002 · External reference
Subcellular Localization of HIV-1 gag-pol mRNAs Regulates sites of virion assembly
10.1128/jvi.02315-16 · 2017 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2019 · External reference
Deaminase-independent inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcription by APOBEC3G
10.1093/nar/gkm750 · 2007 · External reference
DNA deamination mediates innate immunity to retroviral infection
10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00423-9 · 2003 · External reference
Deep sequencing of HIV-1 reverse transcripts reveals the multifaceted antiviral functions of APOBEC3G
10.1038/s41564-017-0063-9 · 2018 · External reference
Evidence linking APOBEC3B genesis and evolution of innate immune antagonism by gamma-herpesvirus ribonucleotide reductases
10.7554/elife.83893 · 2022 · External reference
IFITMs restrict the replication of multiple pathogenic viruses
10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.024 · 2013 · External reference
IFITM3 reduces retroviral envelope abundance and function and is counteracted by glycoGag
2020 · External reference
Origins and evolutionary consequences of ancient endogenous retroviruses
10.1038/s41579-019-0189-2 · 2019 · External reference
Pandemic risk stemming from the bovine H5N1 outbreak: an account of the knowns and unknowns
10.1128/jvi.00052-25 · 2025 · External reference
Spontaneous immortalization of chicken fibroblasts generates stable, high-yield cell lines for serum-free production of cultured meat
10.1038/s43016-022-00658-w · 2023 · External reference
Inhibition of a yeast LTR retrotransposon by human APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases
10.1016/j.cub.2005.02.051 · 2005 · External reference
Antiviral activity and adaptive evolution of avian tetherins
10.1128/jvi.00416-20 · 2020 · External reference
APEX3–an optimized tool for rapid and unbiased proximity labeling
10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168145 · 2023 · External reference
Quantitative profiling of the full APOBEC3 mRNA repertoire in lymphocytes and tissues: implications for HIV-1 restriction
10.1093/nar/gkq174 · 2010 · External reference
Attenuation of equine influenza viruses through truncations of the NS1 protein
10.1128/jvi.79.13.8431-8439.2005 · 2005 · External reference
Antiviral protein APOBEC3G localizes to ribonucleoprotein complexes found in P bodies and stress granules
10.1128/jvi.02287-06 · 2007 · External reference
HIV-1 Vif’s capacity to manipulate the cell cycle is species specific
10.1128/jvi.02102-17 · 2018 · External reference
Production and design of more effective avian replication-incompetent retroviral vectors
10.1006/dbio.1999.9432 · 1999 · External reference
Murine leukemia virus Gag localizes to the uropod of migrating primary lymphocytes
10.1128/jvi.01104-14 · 2014 · External reference
Anterograde or retrograde transsynaptic labeling of CNS neurons with vesicular stomatitis virus vectors
10.1073/pnas.1110854108 · 2011 · External reference
A lentivirus-based system for Cas9/gRNA expression and subsequent removal by Cre-mediated recombination
10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.12.006 · 2019 · External reference
Cas-Designer: a web-based tool for choice of CRISPR-Cas9 target sites
10.1093/bioinformatics/btv537 · 2015 · External reference
Improved vectors and genome-wide libraries for CRISPR screening
10.1038/nmeth.3047 · 2014 · External reference
A lentiviral RNAi library for human and mouse genes applied to an arrayed viral high-content screen
10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.040 · 2006 · External reference
A stable human-derived packaging cell line for production of high titer retrovirus/vesicular stomatitis virus G pseudotypes
10.1073/pnas.93.21.11400 · 1996 · External reference
In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector
10.1126/science.272.5259.263 · 1996 · External reference
The role of RNA in HIV-1 vif-mediated degradation of APOBEC3H
10.1016/j.jmb.2019.09.014 · 2019 · External reference
Easy quantitative assessment of genome editing by sequence trace decomposition
10.1093/nar/gku936 · 2014 · External reference
Distinct antiviral signatures revealed by the magnitude and round of influenza virus replication in vivo
10.1073/pnas.1807516115 · 2018 · External reference
MicroRNA-based attenuation of influenza virus across susceptible hosts
10.1128/jvi.01741-17 · 2018 · External reference
Synthetic cell lines for inducible packaging of influenza A virus
10.1021/acssynbio.3c00526 · 2024 · External reference
