Research graph
References from Recommendations for the analysis of leading indicators in epidemic surveillance. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Performance of indicators used in regular risk assessments for COVID-19 in association with contextual factors
10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0141 · 2024 · External reference
Internet-based surveillance systems for monitoring emerging infectious diseases
10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70244-5 · 2014 · External reference
Web-based apps for responding to acute infectious disease outbreaks in the community: systematic review
10.2196/24330 · 2021 · External reference
Wastewater-based epidemiology surveillance as an early warning system for SARS-CoV-2 in Indonesia
10.1371/journal.pone.0307364 · 2024 · External reference
Early warning signals of infectious disease transitions: a review
10.1098/rsif.2021.0555 · 2021 · External reference
Effectiveness of early warning systems in the detection of infectious diseases outbreaks: a systematic review
10.1186/s12889-022-14625-4 · 2022 · External reference
Hotspots and trends in research on early warning of infectious diseases: a bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace
2025 · External reference
Assessing the utility of COVID-19 case reports as a leading indicator for hospitalization forecasting in the United States
10.1016/j.epidem.2023.100728 · 2023 · External reference
Forecasting dengue and influenza incidences using a sparse representation of Google trends, electronic health records, and time series data
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007518 · 2019 · External reference
The potential of resilience indicators to anticipate infectious disease outbreaks, a systematic review and guide
10.1371/journal.pgph.0002253 · 2023 · External reference
Public concerns analysis and early warning of Mpox based on network data platforms-taking Baidu and WeChat as example
10.3389/fpubh.2025.1523408 · 2025 · External reference
A comparative study of influenza surveillance systems and administrative data in England during the 2022-2023 season
10.1371/journal.pgph.0003627 · 2024 · External reference
Influenza surveillance systems using traditional and alternative sources of data: a scoping review
10.1111/irv.13037 · 2022 · External reference
Early detection and monitoring of gastrointestinal infections using syndromic surveillance: a systematic review
10.3390/ijerph21040489 · 2024 · External reference
Early warning systems (EWSs) for chikungunya, dengue, malaria, yellow fever, and Zika outbreaks: What is the evidence? A scoping review
10.1371/journal.pntd.0009686 · 2021 · External reference
Finding leading indicators for disease outbreaks: filtering, cross-correlation, and caveats
10.1197/jamia.m2178 · 2007 · External reference
Estimating the trend of COVID-19 in Norway by combining multiple surveillance indicators
2025 · External reference
Unravelling the early warning capability of wastewater surveillance for COVID-19: A temporal study on SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection and need for the escalation
10.1016/j.envres.2021.110946 · 2021 · External reference
Evaluation of lockdown effect on SARS-CoV-2 dynamics through viral genome quantification in waste water, Greater Paris, France, 5 March to 23 April 2020
10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.50.2000776 · 2020 · External reference
Assessing the value of integrating national longitudinal shopping data into respiratory disease forecasting models
10.1038/s41467-023-42776-4 · 2023 · External reference
Early occurrence of influenza A epidemics coincided with changes in occurrence of other respiratory virus infections
10.1111/irv.12348 · 2016 · External reference
An analysis of 45 large-scale wastewater sites in England to estimate SARS-CoV-2 community prevalence
10.1038/s41467-022-31753-y · 2022 · External reference
Evaluation of coseasonality of influenza and invasive pneumococcal disease: results from prospective surveillance
10.1371/journal.pmed.1001042 · 2011 · External reference
An open repository of real-time COVID-19 indicators
10.1073/pnas.2111452118 · 2021 · External reference
Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater tracks community infection dynamics
10.1038/s41587-020-0684-z · 2020 · External reference
Identifying real time surveillance indicators to estimate COVID-19 hospital admissions in Colorado during and after the public health emergency
10.1038/s41598-025-04192-0 · 2025 · External reference
Modelling the duration of time between peak hospital admissions and peak bed occupancy for seasonal epidemics: application to influenza
10.1108/jm2-07-2025-0335 · 2026 · External reference
Catching a resurgence: Increase in SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA identified in wastewater 48 h before COVID-19 clinical tests and 96 h before hospitalizations
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145319 · 2021 · External reference
Three-month real-time dengue forecast models: an early warning system for outbreak alerts and policy decision support in Singapore
10.1289/ehp.1509981 · 2016 · External reference
Academic institution extensive, building-by-building wastewater-based surveillance platform for SARS-CoV-2 monitoring, clinical data correlation, and potential national proxy
10.1371/journal.pgph.0003756 · 2025 · External reference
Correlations and timeliness of respiratory syncytial virus surveillance indicators—United States, 2018–2024
10.1111/irv.70284 · 2026 · External reference
Assessing Google flu trends performance in the United States during the 2009 influenza virus A (H1N1) pandemic
10.1371/journal.pone.0023610 · 2011 · External reference
Time series smoother for effect detection
2018 · External reference
The application of a novel “rising activity, multi-level mixed effects, indicator emphasis” (RAMMIE) method for syndromic surveillance in England
10.1093/bioinformatics/btv418 · 2015 · External reference
Temporal analysis of respiratory virus epidemics in Victoria over winter 2024
10.33321/cdi.2026.50.015 · 2026 · External reference
A Bayesian model for repeated cross-sectional epidemic prevalence survey data
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013515 · 2025 · External reference
Forecasting Zika incidence in the 2016 Latin America outbreak combining traditional disease surveillance with search, social media, and news report data
10.1371/journal.pntd.0005295 · 2017 · External reference
Evaluating Google Trends as a proxy for symptom incidence: insights from the winter COVID-19 infection study in England 2023/24
10.1017/s0950268825100794 · 2025 · External reference
Norovirus GII wastewater monitoring for epidemiological surveillance
10.1371/journal.pwat.0000198 · 2024 · External reference
Can auxiliary indicators improve COVID-19 forecasting and hotspot prediction?
10.1073/pnas.2111453118 · 2021 · External reference
Biases in using social media data for public health surveillance: a scoping review
10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104804 · 2022 · External reference
Compartmental model diagrams as causal representations in relation to DAGs
2017 · External reference
On the scope of scientific hypotheses
10.1098/rsos.230607 · 2023 · External reference
Tutorial on directed acyclic graphs
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.08.001 · 2022 · External reference
Use of directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to identify confounders in applied health research: review and recommendations
10.1093/ije/dyaa213 · 2021 · External reference
Social contacts and mixing patterns relevant to the spread of infectious diseases
10.1371/journal.pmed.0050074 · 2008 · External reference
Networks and epidemic models
10.1098/rsif.2005.0051 · 2005 · External reference
Search engine use for health-related purposes: behavioral data on online health information-seeking in Germany
10.1080/10410236.2024.2309810 · 2024 · External reference
What triggers healthcare-seeking behaviour when experiencing a symptom? Results from a population-based survey
10.3399/bjgpopen17x100761 · 2017 · External reference
Brief report: Incubation period duration and severity of clinical disease following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection
10.1097/ede.0000000000000339 · 2015 · External reference
Time to healthcare seeking following the onset of symptoms among men and women attending a sexual health clinic in Melbourne, Australia
10.3389/fmed.2022.915399 · 2022 · External reference
Challenges in reported COVID-19 data: best practices and recommendations for future epidemics
10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005542 · 2021 · External reference
Reporting delays: a widely neglected impact factor in COVID-19 forecasts
2024 · External reference
A modelling approach for correcting reporting delays in disease surveillance data
10.1002/sim.8303 · 2019 · External reference
Detection of infectious disease outbreaks from laboratory data with reporting delays
10.1080/01621459.2015.1119047 · 2016 · External reference
Baseline nowcasting methods for handling delays in epidemiological data
2026 · External reference
Considerations for improving reporting and analysis of date-based COVID-19 surveillance data by public health agencies
10.2105/ajph.2021.306520 · 2021 · External reference
Illness duration and symptom profile in symptomatic UK school-aged children tested for SARS-CoV-2
10.1016/s2352-4642(21)00198-x · 2021 · External reference
Importance of patient bed pathways and length of stay differences in predicting COVID-19 hospital bed occupancy in England
10.1186/s12913-021-06509-x · 2021 · External reference
Incidence and prevalence
10.1136/bmj.a2019 · 2008 · External reference
Differences between the true reproduction number and the apparent reproduction number of an epidemic time series
10.1016/j.epidem.2024.100742 · 2024 · External reference
National, state, and local public health surveillance systems
10.1002/9781118928646.ch3 · 2014 · External reference
Statistics in hospital planning and design
1956 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Effects of data aggregation on time series analysis of seasonal infections
10.3390/ijerph17165887 · 2020 · External reference
The effect of temporal data aggregation to assess the impact of changing temperatures in Europe: an epidemiological modelling study
10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100779 · 2023 · External reference
Real-time tracking of self-reported symptoms to predict potential COVID-19
10.1038/s41591-020-0916-2 · 2020 · External reference
The real-time infection hospitalisation and fatality risk across the COVID-19 pandemic in England
10.1038/s41467-024-47199-3 · 2024 · External reference
Real-time pandemic surveillance using hospital admissions and mobility data
2022 · External reference
The evolution of SARS-CoV-2
10.1038/s41579-023-00878-2 · 2023 · External reference
Understanding the leading indicators of hospital admissions from COVID-19 across successive waves in the UK
10.1017/s0950268823001449 · 2023 · External reference
Climate variation and serotype competition drive dengue outbreak dynamics in Singapore
10.1038/s41467-025-66411-6 · 2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Time warping between main epidemic time series in epidemiological surveillance
2023 · External reference
SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance in a central Chinese metropolis: variant responses and correlation with clinical cases
2026 · External reference
SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in US wastewater: Leading indicators and data variability analysis in 2023-2024
10.1371/journal.pone.0313927 · 2024 · External reference
Exploring the predictability of distributed lag nonlinear models using SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based surveillance in multiple communities in Alberta, Canada
10.1371/journal.pone.0349030 · 2026 · External reference
Time-series modeling of epidemics in complex populations: Detecting changes in incidence volatility over time
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012882 · 2025 · External reference
Bayesian estimation of real-time epidemic growth rates using Gaussian processes: local dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in England
10.1093/jrsssc/qlad056 · 2023 · External reference
On sub-ideal causal smoothing filters
10.1016/j.sigpro.2011.07.009 · 2012 · External reference
Challenges in control of COVID-19: short doubling time and long delay to effect of interventions
10.1098/rstb.2020.0264 · 2021 · External reference
Are epidemic growth rates more informative than reproduction numbers?
10.1111/rssa.12867 · 2022 · External reference
Gaussian process priors with Markov properties for effective reproduction number inference
2026 · External reference
Significance testing of rank cross-correlations between autocorrelated time series with short-range dependence
10.1080/02664763.2022.2137115 · 2022 · External reference
Association between SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and COVID-19 hospitalizations in three countries
10.3389/fpubh.2025.1679596 · 2025 · External reference
Making waves: defining the lead time of wastewater-based epidemiology for COVID-19
10.1016/j.watres.2021.117433 · 2021 · External reference
Real-time epidemic forecasting: challenges and opportunities
10.1089/hs.2019.0022 · 2019 · External reference
Forecastability of infectious disease time series: are some seasons and pathogens intrinsically more difficult to forecast?
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1014175 · 2026 · External reference
Recommended reporting items for epidemic forecasting and prediction research: the EPIFORGE 2020 guidelines
10.1371/journal.pmed.1003793 · 2021 · External reference
Scoring epidemiological forecasts on transformed scales
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011393 · 2023 · External reference
Infectious disease surveillance needs for the United States: lessons from Covid-19
10.3389/fpubh.2024.1408193 · 2024 · External reference
How does policy modelling work in practice? A global analysis on the use of epidemiological modelling in health crises
10.1371/journal.pgph.0004675 · 2025 · External reference
How understanding the diversity of perspectives and systems in governments can increase the impact of scientific research
10.1038/s44528-026-00009-2 · 2026 · External reference
How decision makers can use quantitative approaches to guide outbreak responses
10.1098/rstb.2018.0365 · 2019 · External reference
