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References from Innovation and adaptation: The rise of a fentanyl smoking culture in San Francisco. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Transition from injecting opioids to smoking fentanyl in San Francisco, California.
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109003 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2022 · External reference
Trends in Deaths Involving Heroin and Synthetic Opioids Excluding Methadone, and Law Enforcement Drug Product Reports, by Census Region—United States, 2006–2015.9
10.15585/mmwr.mm6634a2 · 2017 · External reference
Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid–involved overdose deaths—27 states, 2013–2014.
2016 · External reference
Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths–United States, 2017–2018.
2020 · External reference
Heroin in brown, black and white: Structural factors and medical consequences in the US heroin market
10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.08.003 · 2009 · External reference
Steep increases in fentanyl-related mortality west of the Mississippi River: Recent evidence from county and state surveillance.
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108314 · 2020 · External reference
The Rapidly Changing US Illicit Drug Market and the Potential for an Improved Early Warning System: Evidence from Ohio Drug Crime Labs.
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107779 · 2020 · External reference
Trends in seizures of powders and pills containing illicit fentanyl in the United States, 2018 through 2021
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109398 · 2022 · External reference
Trends in and Characteristics of Drug Overdose Deaths Involving Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyls—United States, 2019–2020.
10.15585/mmwr.mm7050e3 · 2021 · External reference
The triple wave epidemic: Supply and demand drivers of the US opioid overdose crisis.
2019 · External reference
The rise of illicit fentanyls, stimulants and the fourth wave of the opioid overdose crisis
10.1097/yco.0000000000000717 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2004 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2001 · External reference
Heroin smoking by ‘chasing the dragon’: origins and history.
10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02927.x · 1997 · External reference
Pharmacological investigation and evaluation of the effects of combined barbiturate and heroin inhalation by addicts.
1958 · External reference
The transition from opium smoking to heroin injection in the United States
1991 · External reference
Heroin Smoking Is Not Common in the United States
10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.0183 · 2019 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2014 · External reference
The study of transitions in the route of drug use: the route from one route to another.
1992 · External reference
Transitions in patterns of heroin administration: a study of heroin chasers and heroin injectors.
10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00896.x · 1994 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2009 · External reference
Heroin in the United Kingdom: different forms, different origins, and the relationship to different routes of administration
10.1080/09595239700186711 · 1997 · External reference
Thermal behaviour of fentanyl and its analogues during flash pyrolysis
10.1007/s10973-008-9211-z · 2009 · External reference
Toots, tastes and tester shots: user accounts of drug sampling methods for gauging heroin potency.
2018 · External reference
Hoots and harm reduction: a qualitative study identifying gaps in overdose prevention among women who smoke drugs
10.1186/s12954-021-00479-3 · 2021 · External reference
Smoking identified as preferred mode of opioid safe supply use; investigating correlates of smoking preference through a 2021 cross-sectional study in British Columbia.
10.1186/s13011-023-00515-4 · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2019 · External reference
Visualizing Landscapes of Despair and Survival in San Francisco’s Drug Overdose Crisis.
2024 · External reference
Retained in HIV care but not on antiretroviral treatment: a qualitative patient-provider dyadic study.
10.1371/journal.pmed.1001863 · 2015 · External reference
Diffusion of innovations theory, principles, and practice.
10.1377/hlthaff.2017.1104 · 2018 · External reference
The crack epidemic: Empirical findings support an hypothesized diffusion of innovation process.
10.1016/0038-0121(96)00005-5 · 1996 · External reference
Diffusion of innovations theory for alcohol, tobacco, and drugs.
2008 · External reference
Syringe-mediated drug sharing among injecting drug users: patterns, social context and implications for transmission of blood-borne pathogens.
10.1016/0277-9536(95)00193-x · 1996 · External reference
Needle exchange, HIV infection, and the politics of science: Confronting Canada’s cocaine injection epidemic with participant observation
10.1080/01459740.2000.9966161 · 2000 · External reference
HIV infection and intravenous drug use: critical issues in transmission dynamics, infection outcomes, and prevention
10.1093/clinids/10.1.151 · 1988 · External reference
Fatal heroin overdoses resulting from non-injecting routes of administration, NSW, Australia, 1992–1996.
10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9545698.x · 2000 · External reference
Health risks associated with smoking versus injecting fentanyl among people who use drugs in California
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111053 · 2024 · External reference
Heroin uncertainties: Exploring users’ perceptions of fentanyl-adulterated and-substituted ‘heroin.’ Int J Drug Policy.
2017 · External reference
Sold as Heroin: Perceptions and Use of an Evolving Drug in Baltimore, MD.
2017 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Identifying behaviours for survival and wellness among people who use methamphetamine with opioids in British Columbia: a qualitative study.
10.1186/s12954-022-00630-8 · 2022 · External reference
Harm reduction behaviors are associated with carrying naloxone among patients on methadone treatment.
10.1186/s12954-023-00745-6 · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2023 · External reference
Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease
10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61138-0 · 2012 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
HIV infection linked to injection use of oxymorphone in Indiana, 2014–2015
10.1056/nejmoa1515195 · 2016 · External reference
Notes from the Field: HIV Infection Investigation in a Rural Area—West Virginia, 2017.
10.15585/mmwr.mm6708a6 · 2018 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2022 · External reference
