Research graph
References from Resolving inflammation: The impact of antiretroviral therapy on macrophage traffic in and out of the CNS. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder--pathogenesis and prospects for treatment
10.1038/nrneurol.2016.27 · 2016 · External reference
Persistence of HIV-1 transcription in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy
10.1056/nejm199905273402102 · 1999 · External reference
Persistence of episomal HIV-1 infection intermediates in patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy
10.1038/71569 · 2000 · External reference
Detection of replication-competent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in cultures from patients with levels of HIV-1 RNA in plasma suppressed to less than 500 or 50 copies per milliliter
10.1128/jcm.40.6.2089-2094.2002 · 2002 · External reference
Kinetics of response in lymphoid tissues to antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1 infection
10.1126/science.276.5314.960 · 1997 · External reference
The contribution of monocyte infection and trafficking to viral persistence, and maintenance of the viral reservoir in HIV infection
10.1189/jlb.0503204 · 2003 · External reference
Phylodynamic analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in distinct brain compartments provides a model for the neuropathogenesis of AIDS
10.1128/jvi.79.17.11343-11352.2005 · 2005 · External reference
Phylogenetics and Phyloanatomy of HIV/SIV Intra-Host Compartments and Reservoirs: The Key Role of the Central Nervous System
10.2174/1570162x13666151029102413 · 2016 · External reference
A simian immunodeficiency virus macaque model of highly active antiretroviral treatment: viral latency in the periphery and the central nervous system
10.1097/coh.0b013e3283412413 · 2011 · External reference
The central nervous system is a viral reservoir in simian immunodeficiency virus--infected macaques on combined antiretroviral therapy: a model for human immunodeficiency virus patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy
10.1080/13550280590922829 · 2005 · External reference
Monocyte-derived macrophages contain persistent latent HIV reservoirs
10.1038/s41564-023-01349-3 · 2023 · External reference
Turnover of rat brain perivascular cells
10.1006/exnr.2000.7618 · 2001 · External reference
Origin, fate and dynamics of macrophages at central nervous system interfaces
10.1038/ni.3423 · 2016 · External reference
Perivascular microglial cells of the CNS are bone marrow-derived and present antigen in vivo
10.1126/science.3276004 · 1988 · External reference
Bone marrow-derived elements in the central nervous system: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural survey of rat chimeras
10.1097/00005072-199205000-00002 · 1992 · External reference
Perivascular macrophages are the primary cell type productively infected by simian immunodeficiency virus in the brains of macaques: implications for the neuropathogenesis of AIDS
10.1084/jem.193.8.905 · 2001 · External reference
Neuroinvasion by simian immunodeficiency virus coincides with increased numbers of perivascular macrophages/microglia and intrathecal immune activation
10.3109/13550289609146909 · 1996 · External reference
Meningeal lymphatics, immunity and neuroinflammation
10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.010 · 2020 · External reference
Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatic vessels
10.1038/nature14432 · 2015 · External reference
Monocytes Inadequately Fill In for Meningeal Macrophages
10.1016/j.it.2019.04.004 · 2019 · External reference
HIV-1 phylogenetic analysis shows HIV-1 transits through the meninges to brain and peripheral tissues
10.1016/j.meegid.2010.10.016 · 2011 · External reference
Macrophages on the margin: choroid plexus immune responses
10.1016/j.tins.2021.07.002 · 2021 · External reference
Cerebrospinal fluid outflow: a review of the historical and contemporary evidence for arachnoid villi, perineural routes, and dural lymphatics
10.1007/s00018-020-03706-5 · 2021 · External reference
Localization of simian immunodeficiency virus in the central nervous system of rhesus monkeys
1991 · External reference
Compartmentalization of HIV-1 in the central nervous system: role of the choroid plexus
10.1097/01.aids.0000166090.31693.aa · 2005 · External reference
HIV infection of human choroid plexus: a possible mechanism of viral entry into the CNS
10.1097/00005072-199507000-00003 · 1995 · External reference
HIV infection of choroid plexus in AIDS and asymptomatic HIV-infected patients suggests that the choroid plexus may be a reservoir of productive infection
10.3109/13550289909021295 · 1999 · External reference
Human choroid plexus cells can be latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus
10.1002/ana.410250414 · 1989 · External reference
Myeloid Cells in the Central Nervous System
10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.007 · 2017 · External reference
Immune cells and CNS physiology: Microglia and beyond
10.1084/jem.20180199 · 2019 · External reference
Proliferation of Perivascular Macrophages Contributes to the Development of Encephalitic Lesions in HIV-Infected Humans and in SIV-Infected Macaques
10.1038/srep32900 · 2016 · External reference
CNS invasion by CD14+/CD16+ peripheral blood-derived monocytes in HIV dementia: perivascular accumulation and reservoir of HIV infection
10.1080/135502801753248114 · 2001 · External reference
SIV encephalitis lesions are composed of CD163(+) macrophages present in the central nervous system during early SIV infection and SIV-positive macrophages recruited terminally with AIDS
10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.033 · 2015 · External reference
Recently infiltrating MAC387(+) monocytes/macrophages a third macrophage population involved in SIV and HIV encephalitic lesion formation
2011 · External reference
Trafficking of immune cells in the central nervous system
10.1172/jci41911 · 2010 · External reference
Three or more routes for leukocyte migration into the central nervous system
10.1038/nri1130 · 2003 · External reference
Immune cell migration as a means to control immune privilege: lessons from the CNS and tumors
10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00433.x · 2006 · External reference
Genetically modified CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells contribute to turnover of brain perivascular macrophages in long-term repopulated primates
10.2353/ajpath.2009.081010 · 2009 · External reference
Immune surveillance of mouse brain perivascular spaces by blood-borne macrophages
10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01793.x · 2001 · External reference
Peripherally derived macrophages can engraft the brain independent of irradiation and maintain an identity distinct from microglia
10.1084/jem.20180247 · 2018 · External reference
Skull and vertebral bone marrow are myeloid cell reservoirs for the meninges and CNS parenchyma
10.1126/science.abf7844 · 2021 · External reference
Bone marrow derived elements and resident microglia in brain inflammation
10.1002/glia.440070106 · 1993 · External reference
Anti-α4 antibody treatment blocks virus traffic to the brain and gut early, and stabilizes CNS injury late in infection
10.1371/journal.ppat.1004533 · 2014 · External reference
α4-Integrin Antibody Treatment Blocks Monocyte/Macrophage Traffic to, Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression in, and Pathology of the Dorsal Root Ganglia in an SIV Macaque Model of HIV-Peripheral Neuropathy
10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.007 · 2016 · External reference
Anti-α4 Integrin Antibody Blocks Monocyte/Macrophage Traffic to the Heart and Decreases Cardiac Pathology in a SIV Infection Model of AIDS
10.1161/jaha.115.001932 · 2015 · External reference
Novel perineural pathways and dynamics of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macrophages traffic out of the central nervous system
10.1016/j.ajpath.2025.07.014 · 2025 · External reference
CNS-Draining Meningeal Lymphatic Vasculature: Roles, Conundrums and Future Challenges
10.3389/fphar.2021.655052 · 2021 · External reference
How to drain without lymphatics? Dendritic cells migrate from the cerebrospinal fluid to the B-cell follicles of cervical lymph nodes
10.1182/blood-2005-01-0154 · 2006 · External reference
Cerebrospinal fluid dendritic cells infiltrate the brain parenchyma and target the cervical lymph nodes under neuroinflammatory conditions
10.1371/journal.pone.0003321 · 2008 · External reference
Migration of monocytes after intracerebral injection
10.4161/cam.20281 · 2012 · External reference
CSF drains directly from the subarachnoid space into nasal lymphatics in the rat. Anatomy, histology and immunological significance
10.1111/j.1365-2990.1993.tb00476.x · 1993 · External reference
Meningeal Immunity, Drainage, and Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Formation
10.1007/978-1-4939-8709-2_3 · 2018 · External reference
A flow of cerebrospinal fluid along the central canal of the spinal cord of the rabbit and communications between this canal and the sacral subarachnoid space
10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007797 · 1965 · External reference
Cerebrospinal fluid flow extends to peripheral nerves further unifying the nervous system
10.1126/sciadv.adn3259 · 2024 · External reference
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macrophage Traffic Out of the Central Nervous System
2025 · External reference
Evaluation of a 12-color flow cytometry panel to study lymphocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cell subsets in humans
10.1002/cyto.a.20859 · 2010 · External reference
Immunophenotyping of lymphocyte, monocyte and dendritic cell subsets in normal rhesus macaques by 12-color flow cytometry: clarification on DC heterogeneity
10.1016/j.jim.2010.06.017 · 2010 · External reference
Phagocytic Uptake of Polymeric Particles by Immune Cells under Flow Conditions
10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00698 · 2021 · External reference
Effect of the size and surface charge of polymer microspheres on their phagocytosis by macrophage
10.1016/0142-9612(88)90033-6 · 1988 · External reference
Meningeal Immunity and Its Function in Maintenance of the Central Nervous System in Health and Disease
10.1146/annurev-immunol-102319-103410 · 2020 · External reference
Macrophages at CNS interfaces: ontogeny and function in health and disease
10.1038/s41583-019-0201-x · External reference
Solutes, but not cells, drain from the brain parenchyma along basement membranes of capillaries and arteries: significance for cerebral amyloid angiopathy and neuroimmunology
10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00926.x · 2008 · External reference
High and Low Molecular Weight Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextrans to Assess Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption: Technical Considerations
10.1007/s12975-010-0049-x · 2011 · External reference
Trafficking of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (Combidex) from brain to lymph nodes in the rat
10.1046/j.0305-1846.2003.00512.x · 2004 · External reference
Recent progress in the effect of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles on cells and extracellular vesicles
10.1038/s41420-023-01490-2 · 2023 · External reference
Magnetic poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and cellulose particles for MRI-based cell tracking
10.1002/mrm.22765 · 2011 · External reference
Size-isolation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles improves MRI, MPI and hyperthermia performance
10.1186/s12951-020-0580-1 · 2020 · External reference
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-Current and Prospective Medical Applications
10.3390/ma12040617 · 2019 · External reference
Functionalized Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) as Platform for the Targeted Multimodal Tumor Therapy
10.3389/fonc.2019.00059 · 2019 · External reference
Ferroptosis: A double-edged sword
10.1038/s41420-024-02037-9 · 2024 · External reference
T cells traffic from brain to cervical lymph nodes via the cribroid plate and the nasal mucosa
10.1189/jlb.0306176 · 2006 · External reference
Increased monocyte turnover from bone marrow correlates with severity of SIV encephalitis and CD163 levels in plasma
10.1371/journal.ppat.1000842 · 2010 · External reference
The level of monocyte turnover predicts disease progression in the macaque model of AIDS
10.1182/blood-2009-02-204263 · 2009 · External reference
Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease
10.1038/s41586-018-0368-8 · 2018 · External reference
CNS lymphatic drainage and neuroinflammation are regulated by meningeal lymphatic vasculature
10.1038/s41593-018-0227-9 · 2018 · External reference
Human and nonhuman primate meninges harbor lymphatic vessels that can be visualized noninvasively by MRI
10.7554/elife.29738 · 2017 · External reference
Meningeal lymphatic vessels at the skull base drain cerebrospinal fluid
10.1038/s41586-019-1419-5 · 2019 · External reference
Barrier dysfunction or drainage reduction: differentiating causes of CSF protein increase
10.1186/s12987-017-0063-4 · 2017 · External reference
A dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules
10.1084/jem.20142290 · 2015 · External reference
Pathways of cerebrospinal fluid outflow: a deeper understanding of resorption
10.1007/s00234-014-1461-9 · 2015 · External reference
Lymphatics in Neurological Disorders: A Neuro-Lympho-Vascular Component of Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer’s Disease?
10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.027 · 2016 · External reference
Revisiting the Mechanisms of CNS Immune Privilege
10.1016/j.it.2015.08.006 · 2015 · External reference
Understanding the functions and relationships of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics
10.1172/jci90603 · 2017 · External reference
Outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is predominantly through lymphatic vessels and is reduced in aged mice
10.1038/s41467-017-01484-6 · 2017 · External reference
Meningeal Lymphatics: From Anatomy to Central Nervous System Immune Surveillance
10.4049/jimmunol.1900838 · 2020 · External reference
How Do Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels Drain the CNS?
10.1016/j.tins.2016.07.001 · 2016 · External reference
Indications for cellular migration from the central nervous system to its draining lymph nodes in CD11c-GFP+ bone-marrow chimeras following EAE
10.1007/s00221-017-4956-x · 2017 · External reference
Immune cells as messengers from the CNS to the periphery: the role of the meningeal lymphatic system in immune cell migration from the CNS
10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233908 · 2023 · External reference
Cerebrospinal fluid is drained primarily via the spinal canal and olfactory route in young and aged spontaneously hypertensive rats
10.1186/2045-8118-11-12 · 2014 · External reference
Identification of direct connections between the dura and the brain
10.1038/s41586-023-06993-7 · 2024 · External reference
Evidence of connections between cerebrospinal fluid and nasal lymphatic vessels in humans, non-human primates and other mammalian species
10.1186/1743-8454-1-2 · 2004 · External reference
The olfactory route for cerebrospinal fluid drainage into the peripheral lymphatic system
10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00737.x · 2006 · External reference
Spinal arachnoid granulations with special reference to the cerebrospinal fluid
1923 · External reference
Human spinal arachnoid villi and granulations
10.1007/bf00328377 · 1976 · External reference
The spinal arachnoid villi of the monkeys Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus and Macaca irus
10.1002/ar.1091450107 · 1963 · External reference
The connexions of the spinal sub-arachnoid space with the lymphatic system
1948 · External reference
Über die Abflußwege aus den submeningealen Räumen des Rückenmarks
10.1007/bf02658191 · 1928 · External reference
Development and plasticity of meningeal lymphatic vessels
10.1084/jem.20170391 · 2017 · External reference
Morphological indications for considerable diffuse reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid in spinal meninges particularly in the areas of meningeal funnels. An electronmicroscopical study including tracing experiments in rats
10.1007/bf00239012 · 1994 · External reference
Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ T cells: evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via P-selectin
10.1073/pnas.1433000100 · 2003 · External reference
HLA-DR-positive dendritic cells of the normal human choroid plexus: a potential reservoir of HIV in the central nervous system
10.1016/s0046-8177(98)90395-1 · 1998 · External reference
Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques with AIDS co-develop cardiovascular pathology and encephalitis
10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240946 · 2023 · External reference
Profound early control of highly pathogenic SIV by an effector memory T-cell vaccine
10.1038/nature10003 · 2011 · External reference
Immune clearance of highly pathogenic SIV infection
10.1038/nature12519 · 2013 · External reference
Role of CD8(+) lymphocytes in control of simian immunodeficiency virus infection and resistance to rechallenge after transient early antiretroviral treatment
10.1128/jvi.75.21.10187-10199.2001 · 2001 · External reference
Macrophages but not Astrocytes Harbor HIV DNA in the Brains of HIV-1-Infected Aviremic Individuals on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy
10.1007/s11481-018-9809-2 · 2019 · External reference
Controlling Multicycle Replication of Live-Attenuated HIV-1 Using an Unnatural Genetic Switch
10.1021/acssynbio.6b00373 · 2017 · External reference
