Research graph
References from Tipping the balance: thyroid hormones as modulators of the sensitive harmony of innate immunity. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
The interplay of thyroid hormones and the immune system - where we stand and why we need to know about it
10.1530/eje-21-1171 · 2022 · External reference
Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis
10.1002/j.2040-4603.2016.tb00708.x · 2016 · External reference
Thyroid hormone transporters
10.1210/endrev/bnz008 · 2020 · External reference
Paradigms of dynamic control of thyroid hormone signaling
10.1210/er.2018-00275 · 2019 · External reference
Molecular aspects of thyroid hormone actions
10.1210/er.2009-0007 · 2010 · External reference
Noncanonical action of thyroid hormone receptors alpha and beta
10.1055/a-1088-1187 · 2020 · External reference
Nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone: the integrin component
10.1152/physrev.00038.2019 · 2021 · External reference
Hypothyroidism
10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01614-3 · 2024 · External reference
Hyperthyroidism
10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02016-0 · 2024 · External reference
Beyond low plasma T3: local thyroid hormone metabolism during inflammation and infection
10.1210/er.2011-0007 · 2011 · External reference
The syndromes of reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone
10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.005 · 2013 · External reference
A brief journey through the immune system
10.2215/cjn.10031014 · 2015 · External reference
Inflammation: the cause of all diseases
10.3390/cells13221906 · 2024 · External reference
Tissue-resident immune cells: from defining characteristics to roles in diseases
10.1038/s41392-024-02050-5 · 2025 · External reference
Innate immune responses in pneumonia
10.1186/s41479-023-00106-8 · 2023 · External reference
The integrated pulmonary immune response to pneumonia
10.1146/annurev-immunol-082323-031642 · 2025 · External reference
Principles and therapeutic applications of adaptive immunity
10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.037 · 2024 · External reference
Developmental and functional heterogeneity of monocytes
10.1016/j.immuni.2018.10.005 · 2018 · External reference
A novel role for the thyroid hormone-activating enzyme type 2 deiodinase in the inflammatory response of macrophages
10.1210/en.2013-2066 · 2014 · External reference
Nongenomic effects of thyroid hormones on the immune system cells: new targets, old players
10.1016/j.steroids.2012.02.018 · 2012 · External reference
Functional hallmarks of healthy macrophage responses: their regulatory basis and disease relevance
10.1146/annurev-immunol-101320-031555 · 2022 · External reference
The differential effect of a shortage of thyroid hormone compared with knockout of thyroid hormone transporters Mct8 and Mct10 on murine macrophage polarization
10.3390/ijms25042111 · 2024 · External reference
Developmental and cell type-specific expression of thyroid hormone transporters in the mouse brain and in primary brain cells
10.1002/glia.21116 · 2011 · External reference
Neuronal 3',3,5-triiodothyronine (T3) uptake and behavioral phenotype of mice deficient in Mct8, the neuronal T3 transporter mutated in Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome
10.1523/jneurosci.6055-08.2009 · 2009 · External reference
Regulation of intracellular triiodothyronine is essential for optimal macrophage function
10.1210/en.2018-00053 · 2018 · External reference
Changes in thyroid hormone receptors after permanent cerebral ischemia in male rats
10.1007/s12031-014-0253-3 · 2014 · External reference
Triiodothyronine attenuates silica-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis via thyroid hormone receptor alpha in differentiated THP-1 macrophages
10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00018 · 2020 · External reference
The thyroid hormone triiodothyronine controls macrophage maturation and functions: protective role during inflammation
10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.10.006 · 2014 · External reference
Dendritic cells revisited
10.1146/annurev-immunol-061020-053707 · 2021 · External reference
Dissecting thyroid hormone transport and metabolism in dendritic cells
10.1530/joe-16-0423 · 2017 · External reference
Control of dendritic cell maturation and function by triiodothyronine
10.1096/fj.07-8652com · 2008 · External reference
Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-dependent thyroid hormone receptor beta1 expression controls dendritic cell function via Akt signaling
10.1074/jbc.m109.071241 · 2010 · External reference
Antitumor responses stimulated by dendritic cells are improved by triiodothyronine binding to the thyroid hormone receptor β
10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1875 · 2015 · External reference
Role of neutrophils in homeostasis and diseases
10.1002/mco2.70390 · 2025 · External reference
Iodide modulates protein damage induced by the inflammation-associated heme enzyme myeloperoxidase
10.1016/j.redox.2019.101331 · 2020 · External reference
The thyroid hormone inactivating enzyme type 3 deiodinase is present in bactericidal granules and the cytoplasm of human neutrophils
10.1210/en.2016-1103 · 2016 · External reference
Induction of type 3 deiodinase activity in inflammatory cells of mice with chronic local inflammation
10.1210/en.2005-0608 · 2005 · External reference
Inhibition by thyroid hormones of cell migration activated by IGF-1 and MCP-1 in THP-1 monocytes: focus on signal transduction events proximal to integrin alphavbeta3
10.3389/fcell.2021.651492 · 2021 · External reference
Triiodothyronine induces a proinflammatory monocyte/macrophage profile and impedes cardiac regeneration
10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.04.007 · 2024 · External reference
Thyroid hormone enhances nitric oxide-mediated bacterial clearance and promotes survival after meningococcal infection
2012 · External reference
Increased macrophages contribute to thyroid hormone-induced cardiac alterations in mice
10.1111/apha.70011 · 2025 · External reference
Reduced thyroxine production in young household contacts of tuberculosis patients increases active tuberculosis disease risk
10.1172/jci.insight.148271 · 2021 · External reference
TRalpha protects against atherosclerosis in male mice: identification of a novel anti-inflammatory property for TRalpha in mice
10.1210/en.2014-1098 · 2014 · External reference
The ligand-bound thyroid hormone receptor in macrophages ameliorates kidney injury via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activities
10.1038/srep43960 · 2017 · External reference
Thyroid hormone receptor alpha signaling shapes innate and adaptive immune responses during viral infection
10.1530/etj-25-0156 · 2025 · External reference
Clinical consequences of mutations in thyroid hormone receptor-alpha1
10.1159/000360637 · 2014 · External reference
The thyroid hormone analog GC-1 mitigates acute lung injury by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization
2024 · External reference
A high-affinity subtype-selective agonist ligand for the thyroid hormone receptor
10.1016/s1074-5521(98)90168-5 · 1998 · External reference
Effect of L-thyroxine treatment on peripheral blood dendritic cell subpopulations in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis
10.5603/fhc.2014.0013 · 2014 · External reference
Thyroid hormones influence human dendritic cells' phenotype, function, and subsets distribution
10.1089/thy.2010.0183 · 2011 · External reference
Triiodothyronine-driven pro-inflammatory responses of dendritic cells are restrained by sphingolipid signaling
10.1530/joe-26-0081 · 2026 · External reference
Dendritic cells exposed to triiodothyronine deliver pro-inflammatory signals and amplify IL-17-driven immune responses
10.33594/000000025 · 2019 · External reference
Diminished pro-inflammatory characteristics in murine bone marrow derived macrophages with impaired thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 signaling
10.1177/10507256261479514 · 2026 · External reference
Nongenomic effect of thyroid hormone on free-radical production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
10.1677/joe.1.05968 · 2005 · External reference
The thyroid hormone inactivating type 3 deiodinase is essential for optimal neutrophil function: observations from three species
10.1210/en.2017-00666 · 2018 · External reference
Impaired bacterial clearance in type 3 deiodinase-deficient mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae
10.1210/en.2008-1133 · 2009 · External reference
Human neutrophils produce de novo thyroid hormones mediated by the induction of the oxidative burst
10.3390/biom16081081 · 2026 · External reference
Hypothyroidism abolishes the hyperdynamic phase and increases susceptibility to sepsis
10.1016/0022-4804(84)90097-0 · 1984 · External reference
Thyroid hormone supplementation in sepsis: an experimental study
10.1007/s005950300004 · 2003 · External reference
Thyroid hormone deficiency worsens outcomes in vaccinia virus infection
10.1128/jvi.01294-25 · 2025 · External reference
Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with a low-grade inflammation, increased triglyceride levels and predicts cardiovascular disease in males below 50 years
10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02088.x · 2004 · External reference
Low-grade systemic inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis
10.1210/jc.2006-1075 · 2006 · External reference
Improvement of blood inflammatory marker levels in patients with hypothyroidism under levothyroxine treatment
10.1186/s12902-015-0032-3 · 2015 · External reference
Causal association between thyroid dysfunction and sepsis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
10.3389/fendo.2024.1348248 · 2024 · External reference
Risk of developing pneumonia associated with clinically diagnosed hypothyroidism: a nationwide population-based cohort study
10.1093/fampra/cmab027 · 2021 · External reference
Hypothyroidism is associated with increased mortality in interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features
10.1513/annalsats.202203-233rl · 2022 · External reference
Risk of heart failure after community acquired pneumonia: prospective controlled study with 10 years of follow-up
2017 · External reference
Congenital hypothyroidism and immunodeficiency: evidence for an endocrine-immune interaction
10.1515/jpem.1998.11.6.757 · 1998 · External reference
Bilateral anotia with congenital hypothyroidism
10.1007/bf02724112 · 2004 · External reference
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with thyroid dysfunction in children with congenital hypothyroidism
10.3389/fped.2022.875232 · 2022 · External reference
Bidirectional relationship between tuberculosis and hypothyroidism: an 18-year nationwide population-based longitudinal cohort study
10.3389/fmed.2022.900858 · 2022 · External reference
Increased risk of periprosthetic joint infections in patients with hypothyroidism undergoing total joint arthroplasty
10.1016/j.arth.2015.10.028 · 2016 · External reference
Hypothyroidism increases 90-day complications and costs following primary total knee arthroplasty
10.1016/j.arth.2017.10.053 · 2018 · External reference
Hypothyroidism is correlated with ventilator complications and longer hospital days after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery in a relatively young population: a nationwide, population-based study
10.3390/jcm11133881 · 2022 · External reference
Impact of hypothyroidism on short-term and long-term outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft surgery
10.1177/10507256261460759 · 2026 · External reference
Impact of hypothyroidism on short-term and long-term outcomes after lumbar fusion: a nationwide propensity-matched cohort study
10.1177/21925682251346114 · 2025 · External reference
Bacteriuria and urinary tract infection after female urodynamic studies: risk factors and microbiological analysis
10.1016/j.ajic.2015.05.031 · 2015 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
All you need is evidence: what we know about pneumonia in children with neuromuscular diseases
10.3389/fped.2021.625751 · 2021 · External reference
Serum cytokines in thyrotoxicosis
1999 · External reference
CXCL8 in thyroid disease: from basic notions to potential applications in clinical practice
10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.08.001 · 2013 · External reference
Increased levels of serum interleukin-12 in Graves’ disease
10.1530/eje.0.1410111 · 1999 · External reference
Cytokines: from clinical significance to quantification
2021 · External reference
Dendritic cells produce interleukin-12 in hyperthyroid mice
10.1530/eje.0.1410625 · 1999 · External reference
Resistance to thyroid hormone beta: a focused review
10.3389/fendo.2021.656551 · 2021 · External reference
Resistance to thyroid hormone due to defective thyroid receptor alpha
10.1016/j.beem.2015.07.007 · 2015 · External reference
Thyroid hormone receptors and resistance to thyroid hormone disorders
10.1038/nrendo.2014.143 · 2014 · External reference
Genetic and clinical features of 42 kindreds with resistance to thyroid hormone. The National Institutes of Health Prospective Study
10.7326/0003-4819-123-8-199510150-00002 · 1995 · External reference
Prevalence and mechanisms of hearing loss in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone
1996 · External reference
Inner ear immunity
10.1016/j.heares.2022.108518 · 2022 · External reference
Thyroid hormone receptors control developmental maturation of the middle ear and the size of the ossicular bones
10.1210/en.2011-1834 · 2012 · External reference
Increased circulating interleukin-8 in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone receptor alpha
10.1530/ec-17-0213 · 2017 · External reference
Interleukin-8: an evolving chemokine
10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155828 · 2022 · External reference
A novel syndrome combining thyroid and neurological abnormalities is associated with mutations in a monocarboxylate transporter gene
10.1086/380999 · 2004 · External reference
Association between mutations in a thyroid hormone transporter and severe X-linked psychomotor retardation
10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17226-7 · 2004 · External reference
Disease characteristics of MCT8 deficiency: an international, retrospective, multicentre cohort study
10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30153-4 · 2020 · External reference
Effectiveness and safety of the tri-iodothyronine analogue Triac in children and adults with MCT8 deficiency: an international, single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial
10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30155-x · 2019 · External reference
Effect of body mass index on the outcome of infections: a systematic review
10.1111/j.1467-789x.2008.00546.x · 2009 · External reference
Aspiration pneumonia
10.1055/s-0043-1777772 · 2024 · External reference