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References from Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis—A Companion to the American Academy of Pediatrics’ 2026 Clinical Practice Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infection: Technical Report. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months
10.1542/peds.2011-1330 · 2011 · External reference
Reaffirmation of AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: The Diagnosis and Management of the Initial Urinary Tract Infection in Febrile Infants and Young Children 2–24 Months of Age
10.1542/peds.2016-3026 · 2016 · External reference
10.1542/peds.2026-078565 · 2026 · Admitted local publication
Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Children: A Meta-Analysis
10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.10.019 · 2020 · External reference
Evaluation and Management of Well-Appearing Febrile Infants 8 to 60 Days Old
10.1542/peds.2021-052228 · 2021 · External reference
Reassessment of the Role of Race in Calculating the Risk for Urinary Tract Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.0700 · 2022 · External reference
Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile infants
10.1016/s0022-3476(05)81531-8 · 1993 · External reference
Accuracy of the Urinalysis for Urinary Tract Infections in Febrile Infants 60 Days and Younger
10.1542/peds.2017-3068 · 2018 · External reference
The accuracy of clinical symptoms and signs for the diagnosis of serious bacterial infection in young febrile children: prospective cohort study of 15 781 febrile illnesses
10.1136/bmj.c1594 · 2010 · External reference
Jaundice as an early diagnostic sign of urinary tract infection in infancy
10.1542/peds.109.5.846 · 2002 · External reference
66 infants with urinary tract infection in first month of life
10.1136/adc.47.252.218 · 1972 · External reference
Diagnosis and imaging of neonatal UTIs
10.1016/j.pedneo.2019.10.003 · 2020 · External reference
Incidence rate of first-time symptomatic urinary tract infection in children under 6 years of age
10.1111/j.1651-2227.1998.tb01502.x · 1998 · External reference
A systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood
10.34172/jrip.2023.32160 · 2023 · External reference
Incidence and morbidity of urinary tract infection in a prospective cohort of children
10.1111/apa.12992 · 2015 · External reference
Circumcision and lifetime risk of urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.juro.2012.11.114 · 2013 · External reference
Effect of confounding in the association between circumcision status and urinary tract infection
10.1016/j.jinf.2004.07.003 · 2005 · External reference
Risk factors for contamination of catheterized urine specimens in febrile children
10.1097/pec.0b013e3182037c20 · 2011 · External reference
Urinary tract infection at the age extremes: pediatrics and geriatrics
10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01060-4 · 2002 · External reference
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Infants with Grade III, IV, or V Vesicoureteral Reflux
10.1056/nejmoa2300161 · 2023 · External reference
Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis in isolated prenatal hydronephrosis
10.1016/j.jpurol.2022.03.027 · 2022 · External reference
Risk of urinary tract infection in patients with hydroureter: An analysis from the Society of Fetal Urology Prenatal Hydronephrosis Registry
10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.09.001 · 2021 · External reference
Risk Factors for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection and Renal Scarring
10.1542/peds.2015-0409 · 2015 · External reference
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Children With Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction
2016 · External reference
10.1542/peds.2026-078568 · 2026 · Admitted local publication
Rapid detection of pyuria by leukocyte esterase activity
10.1001/jama.1981.03310410031022 · 1981 · External reference
Quantitative urine test strip reading for leukocyte esterase and hemoglobin peroxidase
10.1515/cclm-2017-1159 · 2018 · External reference
Neutrophil extracellular traps protect the kidney from ascending infection and are required for a positive leukocyte dipstick test
10.1126/scitranslmed.adh5090 · 2024 · External reference
Stability of common analytes in urine refrigerated for 24 h before automated analysis by test strips
10.1093/clinchem/46.9.1384 · 2000 · External reference
Abnormal urinalysis results are common, regardless of specimen collection technique, in women without urinary tract infections
10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.02.020 · 2015 · External reference
Choice of urine collection methods for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in young, febrile infants
10.1001/archpedi.159.10.915 · 2005 · External reference
Screening tests for urinary tract infection in children: A meta-analysis
10.1542/peds.104.5.e54 · 1999 · External reference
Determination of nitrite and nitrate in stored urine
10.1093/clinchem/44.8.1780 · 1998 · External reference
Sterile pyuria
10.1056/nejmra1410052 · 2015 · External reference
Function and contribution of two putative Enterococcus faecalis glycosaminoglycan degrading enzymes to bacteremia and catheter-associated urinary tract infection
10.1128/iai.00199-24 · 2024 · External reference
Uropathogens and Pyuria in Children With Neurogenic Bladders
10.1542/peds.2017-3006 · 2018 · External reference
Association Between Uropathogen and Pyuria
10.1542/peds.2016-0087 · 2016 · External reference
Diagnostic accuracy of the urinalysis for urinary tract infection in infants <3 months of age
10.1542/peds.2015-0012 · 2015 · External reference
Impact of Early Oral Antibiotic Therapy in Infants With Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infections
10.1542/hpeds.2021-006479 · 2022 · External reference
Is urine culture necessary to rule out urinary tract infection in young febrile children?
10.1097/00006454-199604000-00005 · 1996 · External reference
Diagnostic role of initial renal cortical scintigraphy in children with the first episode of acute pyelonephritis
10.1007/s12149-010-0431-5 · 2011 · External reference
Evaluation of acute pyelonephritis with DMSA scans in children presenting after the age of 5 years
10.1007/s00467-005-1925-6 · 2005 · External reference
Risk factors in the development of early technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scintigraphy lesions during first urinary tract infection in children
10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00463.x · 2003 · External reference
Two-Step Process for ED UTI Screening in Febrile Young Children: Reducing Catheterization Rates
10.1542/peds.2015-3023 · 2016 · External reference
A Child’s urine is not sterile: A pilot study evaluating the Pediatric Urinary Microbiome
10.1016/j.jpurol.2022.02.025 · 2022 · External reference
Urine Specific Gravity and the Accuracy of Urinalysis
10.1542/peds.2019-0467 · 2019 · External reference
The Clinical Urine Culture: Enhanced Techniques Improve Detection of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms
10.1128/jcm.00044-16 · 2016 · External reference
Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract
1956 · External reference
Recurrent urinary tract infections in children
10.1097/00006454-198207000-00018 · 1982 · External reference
Practice parameter: the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children
1999 · External reference
Pyuria and bacteriuria in urine specimens obtained by catheter from young children with fever
10.1016/s0022-3476(05)83127-0 · 1994 · External reference
What Urinary Colony Count Indicates a Urinary Tract Infection in Children?
10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.012 · 2017 · External reference
Characteristic male urine microbiomes associate with asymptomatic sexually transmitted infection
10.1371/journal.pone.0014116 · 2010 · External reference
Evidence of uncultivated bacteria in the adult female bladder
10.1128/jcm.05852-11 · 2012 · External reference
Support for the Use of a New Cutoff to Define a Positive Urine Culture in Young Children
10.1542/peds.2023-061931 · 2023 · External reference
Comparison of Febrile Infants With Enterococcal and Gram-negative Urinary Tract Infections
10.1097/inf.0000000000001225 · 2016 · External reference
Accuracy of NGAL as a Biomarker for Urinary Tract Infection in Young Febrile Children: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis
10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113394 · 2023 · External reference
Biomarkers that differentiate false positive urinalyses from true urinary tract infection
10.1007/s00467-019-04403-7 · 2020 · External reference
Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin for the Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections
10.1542/peds.2017-1090 · 2017 · External reference
Evaluation and management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria: an updated review
10.1007/s15010-017-1100-6 · 2018 · External reference