Research graph
References from Consumption of Unpasteurized (Raw) Milk and Milk Products by Pregnant People and Children: Policy Statement. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States-Major Pathogens, 2019
2025 · External reference
Economic Burden of Foodborne Illnesses Acquired in the United States
10.1089/fpd.2023.0157 · 2025 · External reference
Reported Incidence of Infections Caused by Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food: Impact of Increased Use of Culture-Independent Diagnostic Tests - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 1996–2023
10.15585/mmwr.mm7326a1 · 2024 · External reference
Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter spp. in raw milk in the United States between 2000 and 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.jfp.2022.11.006 · 2023 · External reference
Safe living after hematopoietic cell transplantation
10.1038/bmt.2009.262 · 2009 · External reference
Strategies for safe living following solid organ transplantation-Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
10.1111/ctr.13519 · 2019 · External reference
Listeriosis Outbreaks Associated with Soft Cheeses, United States, 1998–2014(1)
10.3201/eid2406.171051 · 2018 · External reference
A 100-Year Review: Microbiology and safety of milk handling
10.3168/jds.2017-12969 · 2017 · External reference
A Brief History of Milk Hygiene and Its Impact on Infant Mortality from 1875 to 1925 and Implications for Today: A Review
10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-186 · 2018 · External reference
A 100-Year Review: A century of dairy processing advancements-Pasteurization, cleaning and sanitation, and sanitary equipment design
10.3168/jds.2017-13187 · 2017 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Characteristics of U.S. Consumers Reporting Past Year Intake of Raw (Unpasteurized) Milk: Results from the 2016 Food Safety Survey and 2019 Food Safety and Nutrition Survey
10.4315/jfp-21-407 · 2022 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2022 · External reference
Outbreak-Related Disease Burden Associated with Consumption of Unpasteurized Cow’s Milk and Cheese, United States, 2009–2014
10.3201/eid2306.151603 · 2017 · External reference
Foodborne illness outbreaks linked to unpasteurised milk and relationship to changes in state laws - United States, 1998–2018
10.1017/s0950268822001649 · 2022 · External reference
Notes from the Field: Human Brucella abortus RB51 Infections Caused by Consumption of Unpasteurized Domestic Dairy Products - United States, 2017–2019
10.15585/mmwr.mm6807a6 · 2019 · External reference
Food safety hazards associated with consumption of raw milk
10.1089/fpd.2009.0302 · 2009 · External reference
Prevalence and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in unpasteurized milk
10.1128/aem.44.5.1154-1158.1982 · 1982 · External reference
Prevalence of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk
10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74661-9 · 2001 · External reference
Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment: food safety and public health implications
10.1089/fpd.2005.2.115 · 2005 · External reference
A survey of foodborne pathogens in bulk tank milk and raw milk consumption among farm families in pennsylvania
10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72318-9 · 2006 · External reference
Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Associated with Organic Foods in the United States
10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-204 · 2016 · External reference
Clostridium perfringens associated with dairy farm systems show diverse genotypes
10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109933 · 2022 · External reference
Coxiella burnetii in bulk tank milk samples, United States
10.3201/eid1104.041036 · 2005 · External reference
Increased outbreaks associated with nonpasteurized milk, United States, 2007–2012
10.3201/eid2101.140447 · 2015 · External reference
Incidence of pathogenic bacteria in raw milk in Ireland
10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb04985.x · 1992 · External reference
Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in pasteurized milk during fermentation with lactic acid bacteria
10.4315/0362-028x-63.7.916 · 2000 · External reference
Prevalence of Salmonellae, Listeria monocytogenes, and fecal coliforms in bulk tank milk on US dairies
10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73410-4 · 2004 · External reference
Prevalence of Salmonella enterica in bulk tank milk from US dairies as determined by polymerase chain reaction
10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73031-9 · 2005 · External reference
A survey of bacteriological quality and the occurrence of Salmonella in raw bovine colostrum
10.1089/fpd.2008.0141 · 2008 · External reference
Outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Linked to Commercially Distributed Raw Milk - California and Four Other States, September 2023-March 2024
10.15585/mmwr.mm7427a1 · 2025 · External reference
Survival and Growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Unpasteurized and Pasteurized Milk
10.4315/0362-028x-60.6.610 · 1997 · External reference
Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in unpasteurized milk stored at 8 degrees C
10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00408.x · 1999 · External reference
Prevalence of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in dairy cattle and their products
10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72706-5 · 2005 · External reference
Molecular characterization of Vibrio species isolated from dairy and water samples
10.1038/s41598-023-42334-4 · 2023 · External reference
Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States
10.1086/605433 · 2009 · External reference
Cow’s Milk Containing Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus - Heat Inactivation and Infectivity in Mice
10.1056/nejmc2405495 · 2024 · External reference
A Systematic Review on the Prevalence of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Milk and Milk Products in Europe
10.1111/zph.13216 · 2025 · External reference
Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 associated with raw milk, Connecticut, 2008
10.1086/657304 · 2010 · External reference
Breast milk and infection
10.1016/j.clp.2004.03.019 · 2004 · External reference
Technical Report: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk
10.1542/peds.2022-057989 · 2022 · External reference
Multistate Outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes Infections Linked to Fresh, Soft Hispanic-Style Cheese - United States, 2021
10.15585/mmwr.mm7121a3 · 2022 · External reference
Invasive listeriosis in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004–2009: further targeted prevention needed for higher-risk groups
10.1093/cid/cis268 · 2012 · External reference
Differences Among Incidence Rates of Invasive Listeriosis in the U.S. FoodNet Population by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Pregnancy Status, 2008–2016
10.1089/fpd.2018.2548 · 2019 · External reference
Listeriosis during pregnancy: a case series and review of 222 cases
10.1097/00005792-200207000-00002 · 2002 · External reference
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Congenital Toxoplasmosis in the United States
10.1542/peds.2016-3860 · 2017 · External reference
Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the United States, 2011–2014
10.4269/ajtmh.17-0677 · 2018 · External reference
Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle
10.1038/s41586-024-07849-4 · 2024 · External reference
Inactivation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus with High-temperature Short Time Continuous Flow Pasteurization and Virus Detection in Bulk Milk Tanks
10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100349 · 2024 · External reference
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infections in Humans
10.1056/nejmoa2414610 · 2025 · External reference
Milk as a transmission vehicle for highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1)
10.1542/peds.2025-072525 · 2026 · External reference
Isolation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus from Cat Urine after Raw Milk Ingestion, United States
10.3201/eid3108.250309 · 2025 · External reference
An Update on Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus, Clade 2.3.4.4b
10.1093/infdis/jiae379 · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
1987 · External reference
Survival of a five-strain cocktail of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during the 60-day aging period of cheddar cheese made from unpasteurized milk
10.4315/0362-028x-69.5.990 · 2006 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2010 · External reference
Raw (unpasteurized) milk: are health-conscious consumers making an unhealthy choice?
10.1086/657305 · 2010 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2019 · External reference
Short communication: Decrease of lipid profiles in cow milk by ultra-high-temperature treatment but not by pasteurization
10.3168/jds.2019-17329 · 2020 · External reference
Effects of industrial heat treatments on bovine milk oxylipins and conventional markers of lipid oxidation
10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102040 · 2020 · External reference
Effects of ultra-high-temperature processes on metabolite changes in milk
10.1002/fsn3.3350 · 2023 · External reference
Effects of high-temperature, short-time pasteurization on milk and whey during commercial whey protein concentrate production
10.3168/jds.2024-25493 · 2025 · External reference
Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy in Term and Preterm Infants: Clinical Manifestations, Immunologic Pathophysiology, and Management Strategies
10.1542/neo.21-12-e795 · 2020 · External reference
Effect of processing on the bioaccessibility of essential minerals in goat and cow milk and dairy products assessed by different static in vitro digestion models
10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131739 · 2022 · External reference
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of pasteurization on milk vitamins, and evidence for raw milk consumption and other health-related outcomes
10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-269 · 2011 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Committee Opinion No. 614: Management of pregnant women with presumptive exposure to Listeria monocytogenes
10.1097/01.aog.0000457501.73326.6c · 2014 · External reference
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Milk Pasteurization and the Consumption of Raw Milk in the United States
2008 · External reference
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2023 · External reference
Food safety: unpasteurized milk: a continued public health threat
10.1086/595007 · 2009 · External reference