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References from Bringing Social Identity Theory Back In: A New Measure of Issue-based Affective Polarization. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
The Rise of Negative Partisanship and the Nationalization of U.S. Elections in the 21st Century
10.1016/j.electstud.2015.11.001 · 2016 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2021 · External reference
10.1007/s11109-020-09599-1
10.1007/s11109-020-09599-1 · External reference
Consequences of Affective Polarization: Avoidance, Intolerance and Support for Violence in the United Kingdom and Norway
10.1111/1475-6765.12623 · 2024 · External reference
Opinion-Based Group Membership as a Predictor of Commitment to Political Action
10.1002/ejsp.334 · 2007 · External reference
10.1002/9781118619179
10.1002/9781118619179 · 1989 · External reference
Discriminatory Attitudes against Unvaccinated People during the Pandemic
10.1038/s41586-022-05607-y · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2010 · External reference
How 'Us' and 'Them' Relates to Voting Behavior—Social Structure, Social Identities, and Electoral Choice
10.1177/0010414021997504 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Understanding Interaction Models: Improving Empirical Analyses
10.1093/pan/mpi014 · 2006 · External reference
The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love or Outgroup Hate?
10.1111/0022-4537.00126 · 1999 · External reference
Does Affective Polarization Undermine Democratic Norms or Accountability? Maybe Not
10.1111/ajps.12719 · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2015 · External reference
A New Measure of Affective Polarization
10.1017/s0003055425000255 · 2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2021 · External reference
10.1111/ajps.12571
10.1111/ajps.12571 · External reference
The Nature of Affective Polarization: Disentangling Policy Disagreement from Partisan Identity
10.1111/ajps.12628 · 2022 · External reference
What Do We Measure When We Measure Affective Polarization?
10.1093/poq/nfz003 · 2019 · External reference
Measuring Affective Polarization: Matching Concepts to Measures
10.1111/pops.70152 · 2026 · External reference
A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support
10.1017/s0007123400008309 · 1975 · External reference
Choosing Democracy Over Party? How Civic Education Can Mitigate the Anti-Democratic Effects of Partisan Polarization
10.1017/s000712342500016x · 2025 · External reference
A Theory of Social Comparison Processes
10.1177/001872675400700202 · 1954 · External reference
10.1177/001872675400700202
10.1177/001872675400700202 · External reference
Asymmetric Affective Polarization Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination in Six European Countries
10.1038/s41598-024-66756-w · 2024 · External reference
10.1126/science.abe1715
10.1126/science.abe1715 · 2020 · External reference
An Empirical Evaluation of Alternative Methods of Estimation for Confirmatory Factor Analysis with Ordinal Data
10.1037/1082-989x.9.4.466 · 2004 · External reference
10.7275/n560-j767
10.7275/n560-j767 · 2012 · External reference
The Moral Roots of Partisan Division: How Moral Conviction Heightens Affective Polarization
10.1017/s000712341700059x · 2020 · External reference
In-Party Love, Out-Party Hate, and Affective Polarization in Twelve Established Democracies
10.1093/poq/nfaf013 · 2025 · External reference
Democracy in America? Partisanship, Polarization, and the Robustness of Support for Democracy in the United States
10.1017/s0003055420000052 · 2020 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2019 · External reference
The (Alleged) Consequences of Affective Polarization: A Survey Experiment in Nine Democracies
10.1017/s1475676526101273 · 2026 · External reference
Affective Polarization and the Populist Radical Right: Creating the Hating?
10.1017/gov.2021.31 · 2022 · External reference
Beyond Partisanship: Ideological Identities and Affective Evaluations
10.1017/s147567652510056x · 2026 · External reference
Divided by the Vote: Affective Polarization in the Wake of the Brexit Referendum
10.1017/s0007123420000125 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2016 · External reference
Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Conventional Criteria versus New Alternatives
10.1080/10705519909540118 · 1999 · External reference
10.1111/0162-895x.00230 · 2001 · Admitted local publication
Expressive Partisanship: Campaign Involvement, Political Emotion, and Partisan Identity
10.1017/s0003055414000604 · 2015 · External reference
The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States
10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034 · 2019 · External reference
Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization
10.1093/poq/nfs038 · 2012 · External reference
Fear and Loathing across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization
10.1111/ajps.12152 · 2015 · External reference
Affective Partisan Polarization and Citizens' Attitudes and Behavior in Swiss Democracy
10.1186/s41937-025-00145-6 · 2026 · External reference
Breaking Free from Linear Assumptions: Unravelling the Relationship between Affective Polarization and Democratic Support
10.1111/1475-6765.12725 · 2025 · External reference
The Performance of RMSEA in Models with Small Degrees of Freedom
10.1177/0049124114543236 · 2015 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2010 · External reference
How Affective Polarization Undermines Support for Democratic Norms
10.1093/poq/nfab029 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2016 · External reference
How Does Affective Polarization Feel? A Comparative Description
10.1017/s1475676526101170 · 2026 · External reference
Negative Partisanship Is Not More Prevalent than Positive Partisanship
10.1038/s41562-022-01348-0 · 2022 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2018 · External reference
I Disrespectfully Agree': The Differential Effects of Partisan Sorting on Social and Issue Polarization
10.1111/ajps.12089 · 2015 · External reference
10.7208/chicago/9780226524689.001.0001
10.7208/chicago/9780226524689.001.0001 · 2018 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2026 · External reference
Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Patterns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities
10.1177/0002764218759576 · 2018 · External reference
Overcoming Polarization
10.1353/jod.2021.0012 · 2021 · External reference
Negative Partisanship towards the Populist Radical Right and Democratic Resilience in Western Europe
10.1080/13510347.2021.1883002 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2026 · External reference
Us Over Here Versus Them Over There… Literally: Measuring Place Resentment in American Politics
10.1007/s11109-020-09641-2 · 2022 · External reference
Unresolved reference
1978 · External reference
The Relationship between Affective Polarization and Democratic Backsliding: Comparative Evidence
10.1080/13510347.2021.2008912 · 2022 · External reference
The Policy Basis of Measured Partisan Animosity in the United States
10.1111/ajps.12498 · 2020 · External reference
Polarized Equality? Ideological and Affective Divides Over Gender Equality in Europe
10.1111/ssqu.70120 · 2025 · External reference
Two Replicable Suppressor Situations in Personality Research
10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_7 · 2004 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2021 · External reference
10.1111/1467-9477.12194
10.1111/1467-9477.12194 · External reference
Intergroup Threat and Affective Polarization in a Multi-Party System
10.5964/jspp.7539 · 2021 · External reference
Threats, Emotions, and Affective Polarization
10.1111/pops.12899 · 2023 · External reference
Polarisation, Identity and Affect – Conceptualising Affective Polarisation in Multi-Party Systems
10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102655 · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
1970 · External reference
Relative Deprivation: A Theoretical and Meta-Analytic Review
10.1177/1088868311430825 · 2012 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2001 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2000 · External reference
How Issue Opinions Relate to Individual-Level Affective Polarization: Exploring the Psychological Mechanisms of Affective Polarization regarding Immigration in a Multi-Party Setting
10.1177/01925121261428656 · 2026 · External reference
Unresolved reference
1979 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Unresolved reference
1986 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2026 · External reference
10.1017/s1537592726105246
10.1017/s1537592726105246 · External reference
Heroes and Villains: Motivated Projection of Political Identities
10.1017/psrm.2025.10 · 2026 · External reference
Toward an Integrative Social Identity Model of Collective Action: A Quantitative Research Synthesis of Three Socio-Psychological Perspectives
10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.504 · 2008 · External reference
Divided by the Jab: Affective Polarisation Based on COVID Vaccination Status
10.1080/17457289.2024.2352449 · 2024 · External reference
Partisanship as a Social Identity: Implications for Polarization
10.1007/s11109-020-09637-y · 2022 · External reference
Why Do Public Debates Escalate? Trigger Points and the Moral Dynamics of 'Hot Politics'
10.1111/1468-4446.70115 · 2026 · External reference
When the Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Populist Attitudes and Other Multidimensional Constructs
10.1017/s0003055419000807 · 2020 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Chicken or the Egg? A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis of Group Identification and Group-Based Relative Deprivation
10.1177/1368430219878782 · 2020 · External reference
Country Bumpkin or City Slicker? The Role of Place of Living and Place-Based Identity in Explaining Place-Based Resentment
10.1177/10659129241230541 · 2024 · External reference
An Unrequited Conflict: Affective Polarisation among Ruralites, Suburbanites and Urbanites in Switzerland
10.1080/01402382.2025.2452134 · 2026 · External reference