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References from Repurposing Large Language Models as Instruments to Detect Transdiagnostic Speech Deviations across the Psychosis–Affective Spectrum. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Symptomatological transversality and the absence of pathognomonic symptoms in psychiatry
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The epidemiology and associated phenomenology of formal thought disorder: A systematic review
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Analysis of conceptual overlap among formal thought disorder rating scales in psychosis: a systematic semantic synthesis
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Inter-rater reliability of ratings on the six-item Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS-6) obtained using the Simplified Negative and Positive Symptoms Interview (SNAPSI)
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A rating scale for the assessment of objective and subjective formal Thought and Language Disorder (TALD)
10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.024 · 2014 · External reference
Inter-Rater Reliability in Psychiatric Diagnosis
2012 · External reference
The initial field trials of DSM-5: new blooms and old thorns
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DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, Part II: test-retest reliability of selected categorical diagnoses
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Automated computerized analysis of speech in psychiatric disorders
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Understanding Language Abnormalities and Associated Clinical Markers in Psychosis: The Promise of Computational Methods
10.1093/schbul/sbaa141 · 2021 · External reference
Natural language processing applied to mental illness detection: a narrative review
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Automated detection and prediction of suicidal behavior from clinical notes using deep learning
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Diagnostic and transition accuracy of natural language processing in high risk for psychosis individuals: A systematic review
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Automated analysis of free speech predicts psychosis onset in high-risk youths
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Prediction of psychosis across protocols and risk cohorts using automated language analysis
10.1002/wps.20491 · 2018 · External reference
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Detecting formal thought disorder by deep contextualized word representations
10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114135 · 2021 · External reference
Natural language processing methods are sensitive to sub-clinical linguistic differences in schizophrenia spectrum disorders
10.1038/s41537-021-00154-3 · 2021 · External reference
Reduced linguistic coherence in psychosis defies semantic similarity accounts and relates to altered large-scale cortical hierarchy
10.1038/s41598-026-39025-1 · 2026 · External reference
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External reference
Perplexity and pseudo-perplexity as objective measures of linguistic deficits in schizophrenia: Evidence from a Korean-Speaking cohort
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Perplexity of utterances in untreated first-episode psychosis: an ultra-high field MRI dynamic causal modelling study of the semantic network
10.1503/jpn.240031 · 2024 · External reference
Selective Insensitivity to Global Versus Local Linguistic Context in Speech Produced by Patients With Untreated Psychosis and Positive Thought Disorder
10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.06.001 · 2026 · External reference
Semantic abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A natural language processing approach
10.1177/00368504241308309 · 2025 · External reference
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2025 · External reference
Perplexity – a new predictor of cognitive changes in spoken language? – results of the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study on Adult Development and Aging (ILSE)
10.1515/lingvan-2018-0026 · 2019 · External reference
More than a biomarker: could language be a biosocial marker of psychosis?
10.1038/s41537-021-00172-1 · 2021 · External reference
Natural Language Processing and Psychosis: On the Need for Comprehensive Psychometric Evaluation
10.1093/schbul/sbac051 · 2022 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Cross-linguistic benchmarking of NLP metrics for psychosis research
10.1038/s41746-026-03053-y · 2026 · External reference
Transdiagnostic findings across major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: A qualitative review
10.1016/j.jad.2025.119464 · 2025 · External reference
A review of automated speech and language features for assessment of cognitive and thought disorders
10.1109/jstsp.2019.2952087 · 2020 · External reference
Linking speech patterns to brain structure in affective and psychotic disorders: an integrative natural language processing approach
10.1038/s41380-025-03347-9 · 2026 · External reference
Dimensions of formal thought disorder and their relation to gray- and white matter brain structure in affective and psychotic disorders
10.1093/schbul/sbac002 · 2022 · External reference
Transdiagnostic types of formal thought disorder and their association with gray matter brain structure: a model-based cluster analytic approach
10.1038/s41380-025-03009-w · 2025 · External reference
Formal thought disorder in unipolar depression: Prevalence and functional brain correlates from a multimodal MRI study
10.1016/j.jad.2026.121779 · 2026 · External reference
Brain structural network connectivity of formal thought disorder dimensions in affective and psychotic disorders
10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.05.010 · 2024 · External reference
Formal thought disorder in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.schres.2016.12.015 · 2017 · External reference
The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies
10.1037/abn0000258 · 2017 · External reference
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10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.011 · 2020 · External reference
Validity and utility of Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): I. Psychosis superspectrum
10.1002/wps.20730 · 2020 · External reference
Predictive coding in neuropsychiatric disorders: A systematic transdiagnostic review
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106020 · 2025 · External reference
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10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.05.015 · 2018 · External reference
Hallucinations and Strong Priors
10.1016/j.tics.2018.12.001 · 2019 · External reference
Speech disturbances in schizophrenia: Assessing cross-linguistic generalizability of NLP automated measures of coherence
10.1016/j.schres.2022.07.002 · 2023 · External reference
Perplexity and proximity: Large language model perplexity complements semantic distance metrics for the detection of incoherent speech
10.1016/j.jbi.2025.104899 · 2025 · External reference
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