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References from GIP Acutely Blunts Insulin- and GLP-1–Induced Muscle Microvascular Perfusion. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
The endothelial cell: an “early responder” in the development of insulin resistance
10.1007/s11154-012-9232-6 · 2013 · External reference
Insulin regulates its own delivery to skeletal muscle by feed-forward actions on the vasculature
10.1152/ajpendo.00186.2011 · 2011 · External reference
Blood flow and muscle metabolism: a focus on insulin action
10.1152/ajpendo.00408.2002 · 2003 · External reference
Diabetic microvascular disease: an Endocrine Society scientific statement
10.1210/jc.2017-01922 · 2017 · External reference
The vascular endothelium in diabetes and its potential as a therapeutic target
10.1007/s11154-013-9238-8 · 2013 · External reference
Diabetes pathogenesis and management: the endothelium comes of age
10.1093/jmcb/mjab024 · 2021 · External reference
Insulin-stimulated activation of eNOS is independent of Ca2+ but requires phosphorylation by Akt at Ser1179
10.1074/jbc.m103702200 · 2001 · External reference
Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enhances mitogenic actions of insulin in endothelial cells
10.1074/jbc.m103728200 · 2002 · External reference
Microvascular recruitment is an early insulin effect that regulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake in vivo
10.2337/diabetes.53.6.1418 · 2004 · External reference
Salsalate attenuates free fatty acid-induced microvascular and metabolic insulin resistance in humans
10.2337/dc10-2345 · 2011 · External reference
Vasodilatory actions of glucagon-like peptide 1 are preserved in skeletal and cardiac muscle microvasculature but not in conduit artery in obese humans with vascular insulin resistance
10.2337/dc19-1465 · 2019 · External reference
The potential beneficial role of glucagon-like peptide-1 in endothelial dysfunction and heart failure associated with insulin resistance
10.1055/s-0028-1082326 · 2008 · External reference
GLP-1 and insulin regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle microvascular perfusion in type 2 diabetes
10.1111/1753-0407.13045 · 2020 · External reference
The cardiovascular biology of glucagon-like peptide-1
10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.009 · 2016 · External reference
Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with stable coronary artery disease
10.1152/ajpendo.00237.2004 · 2004 · External reference
Protein kinase A mediates glucagon-like peptide 1-induced nitric oxide production and muscle microvascular recruitment
10.1152/ajpendo.00473.2012 · 2013 · External reference
Glucagon-like peptide 1 recruits microvasculature and increases glucose use in muscle via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism
10.2337/db11-1073 · 2012 · External reference
Glucagon-like peptide 1 recruits muscle microvasculature and improves insulin’s metabolic action in the presence of insulin resistance
10.2337/db13-1597 · 2014 · External reference
Difference in protective effects of GIP and GLP-1 on endothelial cells according to cyclic adenosine monophosphate response
10.3892/etm.2017.4279 · 2017 · External reference
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide: differential effects on hepatic artery vs. portal vein endothelial cells
10.1152/ajpendo.00507.2003 · 2004 · External reference
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide signaling pathways in endothelial cells
10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00287-4 · 2000 · External reference
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is involved in postprandial regulation of splanchnic blood supply
10.2337/db25-0149 · 2025 · External reference
Effects of meal and incretins in the regulation of splanchnic blood flow
10.1530/ec-17-0015 · 2017 · External reference
Insulin plays a permissive role for the vasoactive effect of GIP regulating adipose tissue metabolism in humans
10.1210/jc.2016-1933 · 2016 · External reference
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in incretin physiology: role in health and disease
10.1210/endrev/bnaf006 · 2025 · External reference
Angiotensin II receptors modulate muscle microvascular and metabolic responses to insulin in vivo
10.2337/db10-1691 · 2011 · External reference
Angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptors regulate basal skeletal muscle microvascular volume and glucose use
10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.145409 · 2010 · External reference
Liraglutide and exercise synergistically attenuate vascular inflammation and enhance metabolic insulin action in early diet-induced obesity
10.2337/db22-0745 · 2023 · External reference
Metformin prevents endothelial oxidative stress and microvascular insulin resistance during obesity development in male rats
10.1152/ajpendo.00240.2021 · 2022 · External reference
High metabolic substrate load induces mitochondrial dysfunction in rat skeletal muscle microvascular endothelial cells
10.14814/phy2.14855 · 2021 · External reference
The expanding incretin universe: from basic biology to clinical translation
10.1007/s00125-023-05906-7 · 2023 · External reference
Inflammation-induced microvascular insulin resistance is an early event in diet-induced obesity
10.1042/cs20150143 · 2015 · External reference
Effects of GIP on regional blood flow during normoglycemia and hyperglycemia in anesthetized rats
10.14814/phy2.13685 · 2018 · External reference
Defective glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor expression in diabetic fatty Zucker rats
10.2337/diabetes.50.5.1004 · 2001 · External reference
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion after oral macronutrient ingestion: the human literature revisited and a systematic study in model experiments in mice
10.1111/jdi.13836 · 2022 · External reference
The vasodilatory actions of insulin on resistance and terminal arterioles and their impact on muscle glucose uptake
10.1002/dmrr.414 · 2004 · External reference
Skeletal muscle capillary responses to insulin are abnormal in late-stage diabetes and are restored by angiogensin-converting enzyme inhibition
10.1152/ajpendo.00498.2007 · 2007 · External reference
Lipid infusion impairs physiologic insulin-mediated capillary recruitment and muscle glucose uptake in vivo
10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1138 · 2002 · External reference
GLP-1 and insulin recruit muscle microvasculature and dilate conduit artery individually but not additively in healthy humans
10.1210/js.2017-00446 · 2018 · External reference
GLP-1 at physiological concentrations recruits skeletal and cardiac muscle microvasculature in healthy humans
10.1042/cs20130708 · 2014 · External reference
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide stimulates thymidine incorporation in endothelial cells: role of endothelin-1
10.1152/ajpendo.00509.2002 · 2003 · External reference
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide stimulates osteopontin expression in the vasculature via endothelin-1 and CREB
10.2337/db15-0122 · 2016 · External reference
MEF2 (myocyte enhancer factor 2) is essential for endothelial homeostasis and the atheroprotective gene expression program
10.1161/atvbaha.120.314978 · 2021 · External reference
Endothelial FoxM1 reactivates aging-impaired endothelial regeneration for vascular repair and resolution of inflammatory lung injury
10.1126/scitranslmed.abm5755 · 2023 · External reference
GIP increases human adipocyte LPL expression through CREB and TORC2-mediated trans-activation of the LPL gene
10.1194/jlr.m006841 · 2010 · External reference
The influence of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) on human adipose tissue and fat metabolism: implications for obesity, type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170208 · 2020 · External reference
Oral and intravenous glucose administration elicit opposing microvascular blood flow responses in skeletal muscle of healthy people: role of incretins
10.1113/jp282428 · 2022 · External reference
Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms
10.1161/circulationaha.105.563213 · 2006 · External reference
Cardiovascular actions of insulin
10.1210/er.2007-0006 · 2007 · External reference
Losartan increases muscle insulin delivery and rescues insulin’s metabolic action during lipid infusion via microvascular recruitment
10.1152/ajpendo.00537.2012 · 2013 · External reference
Candesartan acutely recruits skeletal and cardiac muscle microvasculature in healthy humans
10.1210/jc.2011-3455 · 2012 · External reference
Endothelin stimulated by angiotensin II augments contractility of spontaneously hypertensive rat resistance arteries
10.1161/01.hyp.19.2.131 · 1992 · External reference
Ang II promotes ET-1 production by regulating NOX2 activity through transcription factor Oct-1
10.1161/atvbaha.122.318764 · 2023 · External reference