References

Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990‒2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021

10.1016/s2665-9913(23)00098-x · 2023 · External reference

Evaluation of three decades of the burden of low back pain in China before COVID-19: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Database 2019

10.7189/jogh.14.04006 · 2024 · External reference

The clinical course of acute, subacute and persistent low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1503/cmaj.230542 · 2024 · External reference

Clinical course of non-specific low back pain: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies set in primary care

10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00170.x · 2013 · External reference

Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with non-specific chronic low back pain in community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years and older: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1016/j.jpain.2021.07.012 · 2022 · External reference

Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions

10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30489-6 · 2018 · External reference

What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention

10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30480-x · 2018 · External reference

Low back pain: a call for action

10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30488-4 · 2018 · External reference

Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American college of physicians

10.7326/m16-2367 · 2017 · External reference

Evaluating traditional Chinese medicine interventions on chronic low back pain using goal attainment scaling

10.1155/2020/8854927 · 2020 · External reference

Effects of herbal medicines on pain management

10.1142/s0192415x20500019 · 2020 · External reference

The role of acupuncture in the treatment of chronic pain

10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.005 · 2020 · External reference

Recent clinical practice guidelines for the management of low back pain: a global comparison

10.1186/s12891-024-07468-0 · 2024 · External reference

Traditional Chinese medicine for neck pain and low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1371/journal.pone.0117146 · 2015 · External reference

The effectiveness of cupping therapy on low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials

10.1016/j.ctim.2024.103013 · 2024 · External reference

Analysis and comparison of the trends in burden of low back pain in China and worldwide from 1990 to 2021

10.1186/s41043-025-00768-8 · 2025 · External reference

Prevalence and risk factors analysis for low back pain among occupational groups in key industries of China

10.1186/s12889-022-13730-8 · 2022 · External reference

Occupational low back pain prevention capacity of nurses in China: a multicenter cross-sectional study

10.3389/fpubh.2023.1103325 · 2023 · External reference

A systematic review of studies that estimated the burden of chronic non-communicable rare diseases using disability-adjusted life years

10.1186/s13023-024-03342-3 · 2024 · External reference

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4 · 2024 · External reference

Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement

10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30388-9 · 2016 · External reference

Occupational mechanical exposures as risk factor for chronic low-back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.5271/sjweh.4114 · 2023 · External reference

The impact of smoking on low back pain and disability

10.1002/ejp.70041 · 2025 · External reference

Discogenic low back pain: anatomic and pathophysiologic characterization, clinical evaluation, biomarkers, AI, and treatment options

10.3390/jcm13195915 · 2024 · External reference

Acupuncture and neural mechanism in the management of low back pain: an update

10.3390/medicines5030063 · 2018 · External reference

Current advances in the pain treatment and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine

10.1002/ptr.8259 · 2024 · External reference

Update on treatment studies for compulsive buying-shopping disorder: a systematic review

10.1556/2006.2023.00033 · 2023 · External reference

RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials

10.1136/bmj.l4898 · 2019 · External reference

GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations

10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.ad · 2008 · External reference

Network meta-analysis, electrical networks and graph theory

10.1002/jrsm.1058 · 2012 · External reference

Observation of the effect of traditional Chinese medicine nursing intervention on pain and health related quality of life in non specific lower back pain

2019 · External reference

Clinical effect of suspension exercise training combined with Tongdu Wenyang acupuncture on chronic non-specific low back pain

2021 · External reference

Chen-style Tai Chi for individuals (aged 50 years old or above) with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial

10.3390/ijerph16030517 · 2019 · External reference

Treatment of 60 cases of chronic nonspecific low back pain with acupuncture and moxibustion and intramuscular plaster

2018 · External reference

Clinical study on modified Cassia twig and Pueraria decoction in the treatment of non-specific low back pain patients with cold - dampness syndrome

2021 · External reference

Clinical effect of core muscle group training combined with acupuncture on chronic low back pain

2020 · External reference

Puncture cupping plus McKenzie therapy improving lumbar flexion and extension function of patients suffering lower back pain

2020 · External reference

Clinical observation of acupuncture and cupping combined with Mckenzie therapy for the treatment of chronic non specific lower back pain in elderly patients

2021 · External reference

Clinical observation of core muscle group training combined with balance tank in the treatment of chronic non specific lower back pain of qi stagnation and blood stasis type

2023 · External reference

The effects of Tai Chi Chuan versus core stability training on lower-limb neuromuscular function in aging individuals with non-specific chronic lower back pain

10.3390/medicina55030060 · 2019 · External reference

Effects of Tai Chi on the event-related potential of patients with chronic non-specific low back pain

2018 · External reference

The study on the rehabilitation benefits of Ai-Chi in elderly patients with nonspecific low back pain by ICF rehabilitation set

2022 · External reference

Clinical observation of acupoint application combined with eight section brocade in the treatment of non specific lower back pain of cold dampness type

2020 · External reference

Effects of Baduanjin exercise on patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain and surface electromyography signs of erector spinal muscle: a randomized controlled trial

10.1097/md.0000000000035590 · 2023 · External reference

Temporal trends of low back pain burden and joinpoint and age-period-cohort analysis in China from 1990 to 2021

10.1186/s12889-025-22774-5 · 2025 · External reference

Deciphering the anti-senescence immune paradigm: Kidney Yin-Yang equilibrium in traditional Chinese medicine

10.1016/j.jhip.2024.05.001 · 2024 · External reference

Time trends in the burden of low back pain and its associated risk factors in China from 1990 to 2019

10.1016/j.jot.2024.02.006 · 2024 · External reference

Improving occupational health in China

10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31799-4 · 2019 · External reference

Risk factors for low back pain in the Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1186/s12889-024-18510-0 · 2024 · External reference

Discogenic low back pain: anatomy, pathophysiology and treatments of intervertebral disc degeneration

10.3390/ijms24010208 · 2023 · External reference

The shifting global landscape of low back pain attributable to high body mass index: burden, growth, and inequalities

10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103031 · 2025 · External reference

Massage for low-back pain

10.1002/14651858.cd001929.pub3 · 2015 · External reference

Effect of Tai Chi alone or as additional therapy on low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

10.1097/md.0000000000017099 · 2019 · External reference

Research advances on acupuncture analgesia

10.1142/s0192415x20500135 · 2020 · External reference

Acupuncture for smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 24 randomized controlled trials

10.18332/tid/109195 · 2019 · External reference

Acupuncture and related acupoint therapies for smoking cessation: an umbrella review and updated meta-analysis

10.18332/tid/186147 · 2024 · External reference

Effects of traditional Chinese medicines on weight management among adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

10.1002/osp4.763 · 2024 · External reference

Acupuncture and acupoints for low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1142/s0192415x23500131 · 2023 · External reference

Acupuncture for low back pain: reevaluation of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

10.1007/s11916-023-01139-w · 2023 · External reference

Therapeutic effects of different acupuncture methods on chronic nonspecific low back pain: a network meta-analysis

10.1186/s13018-024-05118-8 · 2024 · External reference

World federation of acupuncture-moxibustion societies clinical practice guideline on acupuncture-moxibustion: non-specific low back pain recommendation summaries

10.1016/j.wjam.2024.06.005 · 2024 · External reference

Baduanjin exercise for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1016/j.ctim.2019.01.021 · 2019 · External reference

STandards for reporting interventions in clinical trials of Tuina/massage (STRICTOTM):extending the CONSORT statement

10.1111/jebm.12522 · 2023 · External reference

Reporting methods of blinding in randomized trials assessing nonpharmacological treatments

10.1371/journal.pmed.0040061 · 2007 · External reference

TCM nonpharmacological interventions for chronic low-back pain: a protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis

10.1097/md.0000000000022547 · 2020 · External reference

The burden, trends, and projections of low back pain attributable to high body mass index globally: an analysis of the global burden of disease study from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2050

10.3389/fmed.2024.1469298 · 2024 · External reference