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References from Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation for the Upper Extremity and Scapula: Review and Update on Rehabilitation of Shoulder Pathology. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques in sports medicine: A reassessment
1997 · External reference
The theoretical basis of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
2000 · External reference
The proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation-concept; the state of the evidence, a narrative review
10.1080/10833196.2016.1216764 · 2016 · External reference
Motor control and learning: A Behavioural Emphasis
1999 · External reference
The application of the principles and procedures of PNF for the care of lumbar spinal instabilities
10.1179/106698102790819274 · 2002 · External reference
Relationship between verbal command volume and magnitude of muscle contraction
10.1093/ptj/63.8.1260 · 1983 · External reference
Motor Control: Theory and Practical Applications
2001 · External reference
Therapeutic Exercise from theory to clinical practice
2011 · External reference
Patterns of muscular activity in man
1947 · External reference
Neurophysiological basis underlying the use of resistance to facilitate movement
1984 · External reference
The integrative action of the nervous system
1947 · External reference
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching: mechanisms and clinical implications
10.2165/00007256-200636110-00002 · 2006 · External reference
A systematic review of electromyography studies in normal shoulders to inform postoperative rehabilitation following rotator cuff repair
10.2519/jospt.2017.7271 · 2017 · External reference
Effect of scapular stabilization exercise program in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: a systematic review
10.12965/jer.2040256.128 · 2020 · External reference
Scapular focused interventions to improve shoulder pain and function in adults with subacromial pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1080/09593985.2018.1423656 · 2018 · External reference
Effects of scapular stabilization program on pain, range of motion, and disability in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain
10.25259/jmsr_196_2023 · 2024 · External reference
Efficacy of Targeted Scapular Stabilization Exercise Versus Conventional Exercise for Patients With Shoulder Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial
10.1097/phm.0000000000002431 · 2024 · External reference
Scapular Stabilization for Shoulder Pain: Putting the Cart Before the Horse?
10.26603/001c.128049 · 2025 · External reference
The clinical efficacy of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique in the treatment of scapulohumeral periarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1186/s12891-025-08303-w · 2025 · External reference
A kinetic chain approach for shoulder rehabilitation
2000 · External reference
Effects of two 4-week proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation programs on muscle endurance, flexibility, and functional performance in women with chronic low back pain
10.1093/ptj/86.7.1001 · 2006 · External reference
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation –patterns and techniques
1985 · External reference
PNF and manual therapy treatment results of patients with cervical spine osteoarthritis
10.3233/bmr-16971 · 2017 · External reference
Treatments for shoulder impingement syndrome: a PRISMA systematic review and network meta-analysis
10.1097/md.0000000000000510 · 2015 · External reference
Effectiveness of physical therapy treatment of clearly defined subacromial pain: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
10.1136/bjsports-2015-095771 · 2016 · External reference
The effectiveness of physiotherapy exercises in subacromial impingement syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.03.015 · 2012 · External reference
Effects of physiotherapy in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: a systematic review of the literature
10.2340/16501977-0453 · 2009 · External reference
Seven key themes in physical therapy advice for patients living with subacromial shoulder pain: A scoping review
10.2519/jospt.2020.9152 · 2020 · External reference
Specific exercises for subacromial pain: Good results maintained for 5 years
10.1080/17453674.2017.1364069 · 2017 · External reference
Therapeutic interventions for scapular kinematics and disability in patients with subacromial impingement: A systematic review
10.4085/1062-6050-309-17 · 2019 · External reference
Non-surgical and surgical treatments for rotator cuff disease: a pragmatic randomised clinical trial with 2-year follow-up after initial rehabilitation
10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219099 · 2021 · External reference
Effectiveness of scapula-focused approaches in patients with rotator cuff related shoulder pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.math.2016.05.337 · 2016 · External reference
PNF in Practice
10.1007/978-3-642-34988-1 · 2014 · External reference
The effects of exercise using PNF in patients with a supraspinatus muscle tear
10.1589/jpts.27.2443 · 2015 · External reference
Scapular therapeutic exercise in patients with shoulder pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.3233/bmr-220265 · 2023 · External reference
Exercise therapy may affect scapular position and motion in individuals with scapular dyskinesis: a systematic review of clinical trials
10.1016/j.jse.2019.05.037 · 2020 · External reference
Efficacy of targeted scapular stabilization exercises on function and pain in athletes with scapular dyskinesis: a randomized controlled trial
10.1097/phm.0000000000002384 · 2024 · External reference
Effect of scapular stabilization exercises on shoulder pain and function in individuals with scapular dyskinesis: a randomized controlled trial
10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.02.017 · 2023 · External reference
Clinical outcomes of scapular-focused treatment in patients with subacromial pain syndrome: a systematic review
10.1136/bjsports-2015-095460 · 2017 · External reference
Evaluation of the efficacy of training protocols for the Sit-to-Stand activity in elderly women
2013 · External reference
Therapeutic interventions for scapular kinematics and disability in patients with subacromial impingement: A systematic review
10.4085/1062-6050-309-17 · 2019 · External reference
Efficacy of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on shoulder function in secondary shoulder impingement
10.12968/ijtr.2013.20.9.450 · 2013 · External reference
Effectiveness of specific scapular therapeutic exercises in patients with shoulder pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis
10.1016/j.xrrt.2023.12.006 · 2024 · External reference
International Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Association
2018 · External reference
Clinical implications of scapular dyskinesis in shoulder injury: the 2013 consensus statement from the 'Scapular Summit'
10.1136/bjsports-2013-092425 · 2013 · External reference
Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement
10.1093/ptj/80.3.276 · 2000 · External reference
Scapular dysfunction in high school baseball players sustaining throwing-related upper extremity injury: a prospective study
10.1016/j.jse.2012.12.029 · External reference
Scapulothoracic muscle activity and recruitment timing in patients with shoulder impingement symptoms and glenohumeral instability
10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.12.002 · 2014 · External reference
Effectiveness of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern on upper extremity and scapula in patients with adhesive capsulitis: a single-centre assessor-blinded randomised controlled trial (RCT)
10.1186/s13063-025-08848-0 · 2025 · External reference
The clinical efficacy of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation technique in the treatment of scapulohumeral periarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1186/s12891-025-08303-w · 2025 · External reference
Electromyographic activity of scapular muscles during diagonal patterns using elastic resistance and free weights
2011 · External reference
Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on the initiation of voluntary movement and motor evoked potentials in upper limb muscles
10.1016/s0167-9457(01)00057-4 · 2002 · External reference
Soft tissue mobilization and PNF improve range of motion and minimize pain level in shoulder impingement
10.1589/jpts.26.1803 · 2014 · External reference
The effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation therapy on pain and function
10.1589/jpts.25.713 · 2013 · External reference
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF): Its mechanisms and effects on range of motion and muscular function
10.2478/v10078-012-0011-y · 2012 · External reference
Scapular positioning and movement in unimpaired shoulders, shoulder impingement syndrome, and glenohumeral instability
10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01274.x · 2011 · External reference
The effectiveness of scapular stabilization exercise in the patients with subacromial impingement syndrome
10.3233/bmr-2011-0291 · 2011 · External reference
Scapular focused exercise treatment protocol for shoulder impingement symptoms: Three-dimensional scapular kinematics analysis
10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2017.12.005 · 2018 · External reference
Evaluation of isokinetic force production and associated muscle activity in the scapular rotators during a protraction retraction movement in overhead athletes with impingement symptoms
10.1136/bjsm.2003.004952 · 2004 · External reference
The effect of tactile and verbal guidance during scapulothoracic exercises: An EMG and kinematic investigation
10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.07.004 · 2022 · External reference
Electromyographic analysis of the deltoid and rotator cuff muscles in persons with subacromial impingement
10.1067/mse.2000.109410 · 2000 · External reference
Rotator cuff coactivation ratios in participants with subacromial impingement syndrome
2009 · External reference
The role of the scapula in the rehabilitation of shoulder injuries
2000 · External reference
Acute effect of scapular proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) techniques and classic exercises in adhesive capsulitis: a randomized controlled trial
10.1589/jpts.28.1219 · 2016 · External reference
Therapeutic exercise for rotator cuff tendinopathy: a systematic review of contextual factors and prescription parameters
10.1097/mrr.0000000000000113 · 2015 · External reference
Multisensory integration across the senses in young and old adults
10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.017 · 2011 · External reference
Effects of the Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Technique on Scapula Function in Office Workers with Scapula Dyskinesis
10.3390/medicina57040332 · 2021 · External reference
Scapula motor control training with Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation in chronic subacromial impingement syndrome: A case report
10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.03.005 · 2020 · External reference
Greenman's Principles of Manual Medicine
2013 · External reference
How to use the ICF: A practical manual for using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Exposure draft for comment
2013 · External reference
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation training induced alterations in muscle fiber type and cross-sectional area
10.1136/bjsm.2004.010124 · 2005 · External reference
