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References from Wastewater Surveillance to Track Resurgent Measles Outbreak, Ontario, Canada, 2025. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
WSI Consortium. SARS-CoV-2 viral titer measurements in Ontario, Canada wastewaters throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.
10.1038/s41597-024-03414-w · 2024 · External reference
Notes from the field: early evidence of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant in community wastewater—United States, November–December 2021.
10.15585/mmwr.mm7103a5 · 2022 · External reference
Insights from SARS-CoV-2 sequences.
10.1126/science.abf3995 · 2021 · External reference
Establishment and lineage dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in the UK.
10.1126/science.abf2946 · 2021 · External reference
Occurrence of multiple respiratory viruses in wastewater in Queensland, Australia: potential for community disease surveillance.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161023 · 2023 · External reference
Detection of pathogenic viruses in sewage provided early warnings of hepatitis A virus and norovirus outbreaks.
10.1128/aem.01981-14 · 2014 · External reference
Detecting mpox cases through wastewater surveillance—United States, August 2022–May 2023.
10.15585/mmwr.mm7302a3 · 2024 · External reference
Wastewater surveillance for influenza A virus and H5 subtype concurrent with the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus outbreak in cattle and poultry and associated human cases—United States, May 12–July 13, 2024.
10.15585/mmwr.mm7337a1 · 2024 · External reference
Detection of mpox virus in wastewater provides forewarning of clinical cases in Canadian cities.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173108 · 2024 · External reference
Routine vaccination coverage—worldwide, 2022.
10.15585/mmwr.mm7243a1 · 2023 · External reference
Measles: millions of children missed routine vaccination last year, WHO and CDC warn.
10.1136/bmj.q2541 · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Canada’s loss of measles-free status highlights public health gaps.
10.1016/s0140-6736(25)02361-x · 2025 · External reference
Measles elimination in Canada.
10.1086/378499 · 2004 · External reference
Population immunity to measles in Canada using Canadian Health Measures survey data—a Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) study.
10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.04.011 · 2022 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Measles update—United States, January 1–April 17, 2025.
10.15585/mmwr.mm7414a1 · 2025 · External reference
Canada sees surge in measles as cases rise across North America.
10.1136/bmj.r1653 · 2025 · External reference
Retrospective wastewater tracking of measles outbreak in western Switzerland in winter 2024.
10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00244 · 2025 · External reference
Temporal, spatial, and methodological considerations in evaluating the viability of measles wastewater surveillance.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.178141 · 2025 · External reference
The true cost of measles outbreaks during the postelimination era.
10.1001/jama.2019.1506 · 2019 · External reference
Measles in Texas: waning vaccination and a stark warning for public health.
10.1016/s1473-3099(25)00162-8 · 2025 · External reference
Detection of measles virus genotype D8 in wastewater of the Brussels capital region, Belgium.
10.1002/jmv.70251 · 2025 · External reference
Detection of measles virus genotype A in a non-endemic wastewater setting: insights from measles wastewater and environmental monitoring in Canada’s capital region.
10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00945 · 2025 · External reference
Measles wild-type virus detection through wastewater surveillance in Sandoval County, New Mexico.
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.11124 · 2026 · External reference
Notes from the field: wastewater surveillance for measles virus during a measles outbreak—Colorado, August 2025.
10.15585/mmwr.mm7502a2 · 2026 · External reference
Multiplexed detection, partitioning, and persistence of wild-type and vaccine strains of measles, mumps, and rubella viruses in wastewater.
10.1021/acs.est.4c05344 · 2024 · External reference
Actionable wastewater surveillance: application to a university residence hall during the transition between Delta and Omicron resurgences of COVID-19.
10.3389/fpubh.2023.1139423 · 2023 · External reference
RT-qPCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 mutations S 69-70 del, S N501Y and N D3L associated with variants of concern in Canadian wastewater samples.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151283 · 2022 · External reference
Simultaneous detection and differentiation between wild-type and vaccine measles viruses by a multiplex real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay.
10.1128/jcm.01828-18 · 2019 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Hospital effluents as a source of emerging pollutants: an overview of micropollutants and sustainable treatment options.
10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.06.005 · 2010 · External reference
An evaluation of access to health care services along the rural-urban continuum in Canada.
10.1186/1472-6963-11-20 · 2011 · External reference
Catching a resurgence: increase in SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA identified in wastewater 48 h before COVID-19 clinical tests and 96 h before hospitalizations.
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145319 · 2021 · External reference
Wastewater surveillance provides 10-days forecasting of COVID-19 hospitalizations superior to cases and test positivity: A prediction study.
10.1016/j.idm.2023.10.004 · 2023 · External reference
Making waves: defining the lead time of wastewater-based epidemiology for COVID-19.
10.1016/j.watres.2021.117433 · 2021 · External reference
Municipal and neighbourhood level wastewater surveillance and subtyping of an influenza virus outbreak.
10.1038/s41598-022-20076-z · 2022 · External reference
Wastewater-based surveillance identifies start to the pediatric respiratory syncytial virus season in two cities in Ontario, Canada.
10.3389/fpubh.2023.1261165 · 2023 · External reference
Examining the stability of viral RNA and DNA in wastewater: effects of storage time, temperature, and freeze-thaw cycles.
10.1016/j.watres.2024.121879 · 2024 · External reference
Detection of measles virus RNA in urine specimens from vaccine recipients.
10.1128/jcm.33.9.2485-2488.1995 · 1995 · External reference
Shedding of measles vaccine RNA in children after receiving measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination.
10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105696 · 2024 · External reference
Early childhood vaccination coverage and patterns by rural–urban commuting area.
10.1016/j.amepre.2025.01.006 · 2025 · External reference
Sociodemographic trends and correlation between parental hesitancy towards pediatric COVID-19 vaccines and routine childhood immunizations in the United States: 2021–2022 National Immunization Survey—child COVID module.
10.3390/vaccines12050495 · 2024 · External reference
Use of FTA cards to transport throat swabs and oral fluid samples for molecular detection and genotyping of measles and rubella viruses.
10.1128/jcm.00048-19 · 2019 · External reference
Prolonged persistence of measles virus RNA is characteristic of primary infection dynamics.
10.1073/pnas.1211138109 · 2012 · External reference
Rapid molecular diagnosis of measles virus infection in an epidemic setting.
10.1002/jmv.23515 · 2013 · External reference
Detection of exanthematic viruses using a TaqMan real-time PCR assay panel in patients with clinically diagnosed or suspected measles.
10.7883/yoken.65.444 · 2012 · External reference
A measles outbreak in Kansai International Airport, Japan, 2016: analysis of the quantitative difference and infectivity of measles virus between patients who are immunologically naive versus those with secondary vaccine failure.
10.1002/jmv.26733 · 2021 · External reference
The tip of the iceberg: incompleteness of measles reporting during a large outbreak in the Netherlands in 2013–2014.
10.1017/s0950268818002698 · 2018 · External reference
