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References from Gut microbiome-mediated primary and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors in MSI-H/dMMR colorectal cancer: mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic implications-a narrative review. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
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Gut dysbiosis in oncology: a risk factor for immunoresistance
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors for POLE or POLD1 proofreading-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer
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Pembrolizumab in microsatellite-instability-high advanced colorectal cancer
10.1056/nejmoa2017699 · 2020 · External reference
Intestinal inflammation targets cancer-inducing activity of the microbiota
10.1126/science.1224820 · 2012 · External reference
Fecal microbiota transplant promotes response in immunotherapy-refractory melanoma patients
10.1126/science.abb5920 · 2021 · External reference
Homeostatic immunity and the microbiota
10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.008 · 2017 · External reference
Microbes inside-from diversity to function: the case of Akkermansia
10.1038/ismej.2012.6 · 2012 · External reference
Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy
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Cancer immunology. The 'cancer immunogram'
10.1126/science.aaf2834 · 2016 · External reference
Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer
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A phase two, single-arm, open-label study with dostarlimab monotherapy in participants with untreated stage II/III dMMR/MSI-H locally advanced rectal cancer (AZUR-1)
10.1016/j.clcc.2025.02.003 · 2025 · External reference
Neoadjuvant immunotherapy leads to pathological responses in MMR-proficient and MMR-deficient early-stage colon cancers
10.1038/s41591-020-0805-8 · 2020 · External reference
Neoadjuvant immunotherapy in locally advanced mismatch repair-deficient colon cancer
10.1056/nejmoa2400634 · 2024 · External reference
Clostridium butyricum, a butyrate-producing probiotic, inhibits intestinal tumor development through modulating Wnt signaling and gut microbiota
10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.019 · 2020 · External reference
Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point
10.1038/nature21349 · 2017 · External reference
Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in patients with microsatellite-instability-high gastrointestinal cancer resistant to immunotherapy
10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101355 · 2024 · External reference
Postbiotic metabolites produced by Lactobacillus plantarum strains exert selective cytotoxicity effects on cancer cells
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Bacteroides fragilis toxin coordinates a pro-carcinogenic inflammatory cascade via targeting of colonic epithelial cells
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Unresolved reference
2021 · External reference
Bile acids modified by the intestinal microbiota promote colorectal cancer growth by suppressing CD8+ T-cell effector functions
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Impact of antibiotic use on clinical outcomes of cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Fecal microbiota transplant overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma patients
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Gut bacteria composition drives primary resistance to cancer immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma patients
10.1016/j.eururo.2020.04.044 · 2020 · External reference
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The gut microbiome as a target in cancer immunotherapy: opportunities and challenges for drug development
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A microbiota-modulated checkpoint directs immunosuppressive intestinal T cells into cancers
10.1126/science.abo2296 · 2023 · External reference
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Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0297 · 2017 · External reference
Inulin-based formulations as an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer: A comprehensive review
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129216 · 2024 · External reference
Gut microbiome modulates response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients
10.1126/science.aan4236 · 2018 · External reference
Gut microbial metabolites facilitate anticancer therapy efficacy by modulating cytotoxic CD8+ T cell immunity
10.1016/j.cmet.2021.03.002 · 2021 · External reference
Microbiota-mediated mechanisms of mucosal immunity across the lifespan
10.1038/s41590-025-02281-w · 2025 · External reference
The diversity of gut microbiome is associated with favorable responses to anti-programmed death 1 immunotherapy in Chinese patients with NSCLC
10.1016/j.jtho.2019.04.007 · 2019 · External reference
Gut microbiota distinct between colorectal cancers with deficient and proficient mismatch repair: A study of 230 CRC patients
10.3389/fmicb.2022.993285 · 2022 · External reference
Tumour-intrinsic resistance to immune checkpoint blockade
10.1038/s41577-019-0218-4 · 2020 · External reference
Best practices for analysing microbiomes
10.1038/s41579-018-0029-9 · 2018 · External reference
Updates in the clinical development of epacadostat and other indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitors (IDO1) for human cancers
10.3389/fonc.2018.00423 · 2018 · External reference
Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment
10.1016/j.chom.2013.07.007 · 2013 · External reference
Postbiotics in oncology: science or science fiction
10.3389/fmicb.2023.1182547 · 2023 · External reference
Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus promotes colorectal tumor development
10.1371/journal.ppat.1006440 · 2017 · External reference
Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade
10.1126/science.aan6733 · 2017 · External reference
Meta-analysis of the gut microbiota in predicting response to cancer immunotherapy in metastatic melanoma
10.1172/jci.insight.140940 · 2020 · External reference
Pleiotropic immunoregulation by bile acids in pathophysiology
10.3389/fimmu.2026.1719092 · 2026 · External reference
The vigorous immune microenvironment of microsatellite instable colon cancer is balanced by multiple counter-inhibitory checkpoints
10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0863 · 2015 · External reference
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius promotes colorectal carcinogenesis and modulates tumour immunity
10.1038/s41564-019-0541-3 · 2019 · External reference
Dietary Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG extracellular vesicles enhance antiprogrammed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1) immunotherapy efficacy against colorectal cancer
10.18174/681298 · 2023 · External reference
Microbial short-chain fatty acids modulate CD8+ T cell responses and improve adoptive immunotherapy for cancer
10.1038/s41467-021-24331-1 · 2021 · External reference
Gut microbiome-mediated bile acid metabolism regulates liver cancer via NKT cells
10.1126/science.aan5931 · 2018 · External reference
Microbiome-derived inosine modulates response to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy
10.1126/science.abc3421 · 2020 · External reference
Method of the year: spatially resolved transcriptomics
10.1038/s41592-020-01033-y · 2021 · External reference
The commensal microbiome is associated with anti-PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients
10.1126/science.aao3290 · 2018 · External reference
Changing epidemiology of colorectal cancer—birth cohort effects and emerging risk factors
10.1038/s41575-023-00841-9 · 2024 · External reference
Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions
10.1126/science.1223813 · 2012 · External reference
Personalized colorectal cancer risk assessment through explainable AI and gut microbiome profiling
10.1080/19490976.2025.2543124 · 2025 · External reference
The intestinal epithelial barrier: a therapeutic target
10.1038/nrgastro.2016.169 · 2017 · External reference
Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (CheckMate 142)
10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30422-9 · 2017 · External reference
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1): an up-to-date overview of an eclectic immunoregulatory enzyme
10.1111/febs.16086 · 2022 · External reference
Single-cell RNA sequencing to explore immune cell heterogeneity
10.1038/nri.2017.76 · 2018 · External reference
Mutational signature in colorectal cancer caused by genotoxic pks+ Escherichia coli
10.1038/s41586-020-2080-8 · 2020 · External reference
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10.1016/s2468-1253(24)00311-x · 2025 · External reference
Microbial tryptophan catabolites in health and disease
10.1038/s41467-018-05470-4 · 2018 · External reference
Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors
10.1126/science.aan3706 · 2018 · External reference
The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics
10.1038/s41575-021-00440-6 · 2021 · External reference
Antibiotic exposure does not impact immune checkpoint blockade response in MSI-H/dMMR metastatic colorectal cancer: A single-center experience
10.1093/oncolo/oyac162 · 2022 · External reference
Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy
10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.017 · 2017 · External reference
Randomized trial of standard chemotherapy alone or combined with atezolizumab as adjuvant therapy for patients with stage III colon cancer and deficient mismatch repair (ATOMIC, Alliance A021502)
10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e15169 · 2019 · External reference
Commensal Bifidobacterium promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti-PD-L1 efficacy
10.1126/science.aac4255 · 2015 · External reference
The pathobiont role of Akkermansia muciniphila in colorectal cancer: a systematic review
10.1186/s12876-025-04293-0 · 2025 · External reference
Gut microbiome changes and cancer immunotherapy outcomes associated with dietary interventions: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence
10.1186/s12967-025-06586-0 · 2025 · External reference
Dietary fiber and probiotics influence the gut microbiome and melanoma immunotherapy response
10.1126/science.aaz7015 · 2021 · External reference
A phase III study of perioperative dostarlimab in patients with dMMR/MSI-H resectable colon cancer: AZUR-2 study design
10.1080/14796694.2025.2606910 · 2026 · External reference
Immunotherapy in mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: outcome and novel predictive markers
10.1016/j.annonc.2023.09.1818 · 2024 · External reference
Gut microbiota-derived bile acid metabolites maintain the homeostasis of gut and systemic immunity
10.3390/cells11152296 · 2023 · External reference
Global cancer statistics 2024: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 34 cancers in 186 countries
10.3322/caac.70090 · 2026 · External reference
Microbiome in colorectal cancer: how to get from meta-omics to mechanism
10.1016/j.tim.2020.05.013 · 2020 · External reference
Polyamines and gut microbiota
10.3389/fnut.2019.00016 · 2019 · External reference
The role of gut microbial metabolites in the T cell lifecycle
10.1038/s41590-025-02227-2 · 2025 · External reference
High-resolution shotgun metagenomics: the more data, the better
10.1093/bib/bbac443 · 2022 · External reference
The relationship between the structural characteristics of lactobacilli-EPS and its ability to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells in vitro
10.1038/s41598-019-44753-8 · 2019 · External reference
CD8+ T cell states in human cancer: insights from single-cell analysis
10.1016/b978-012078185-0/50439-x · 2020 · External reference
Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota
10.1126/science.aad1329 · 2015 · External reference
Probiotics/Synbiotics to Reduce Infectious Complications after Colorectal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
10.3390/nu14153066 · 2022 · External reference
Inosine is an alternative carbon source for CD8+-T-cell function under glucose restriction
10.1038/s42255-020-0219-4 · 2020 · External reference
Gut microbiota in colorectal cancer: mechanisms of action and clinical applications
10.1038/s41575-019-0209-8 · 2019 · External reference
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2021 · External reference
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10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102889 · 2026 · External reference
Tumor-resident probiotic Clostridium butyricum improves aPD-1 efficacy in colorectal cancer models by inhibiting IL-6-mediated immunosuppression
10.1016/j.ccell.2025.07.012 · 2025 · External reference
Postbiotics in colorectal cancer: intervention mechanisms and perspectives
10.3389/fmicb.2024.1360225 · 2024 · External reference
Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal distinct stage-specific phenotypes of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer
10.1038/s41591-019-0458-7 · 2019 · External reference
The effect of pro/synbiotics on postoperative infections in colorectal cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101370 · 2021 · External reference
Dynamic gut microbiota changes in patients with advanced Malignancies experiencing secondary resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune-related adverse events
10.3389/fonc.2023.1144534 · 2023 · External reference
Advancing functional and translational microbiome research using meta-omics approaches
10.1186/s40168-019-0767-6 · 2019 · External reference
Pectin supplement significantly enhanced the anti-PD-1 efficacy in tumor-bearing mice humanized with gut microbiota from patients with colorectal cancer
10.7150/thno.54476 · 2021 · External reference
Fecal microbiota transplantation plus tislelizumab and fruquintinib in refractory microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer: an open-label, single-arm, phase II trial (RENMIN-215)
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Anticancer Effects of Weizmannia coagulans MZY531 Postbiotics in CT26 Colorectal Tumor-Bearing Mice by Regulating Apoptosis and Autophagy
10.3389/fphar.2020.611087 · 2024 · External reference
Interplay between gut microbial communities and metabolites modulates pan-cancer immunotherapy responses
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Lysates of Lactobacillus acidophilus combined with CTLA-4-blocking antibodies enhance antitumor immunity in a mouse colon cancer model
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