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References from Macrophage states and polarization during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: mechanisms, granuloma adaptation, and host-directed therapeutic opportunities. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
CRL4(Cdt2) regulates cell proliferation and histone gene expression by targeting PR-Set7/Set8 for degradation
10.1016/j.molcel.2010.09.014 · 2010 · External reference
Biology of lung macrophages in health and disease
10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.010 · 2022 · External reference
Macrophage: a cell with many faces and functions in tuberculosis
10.3389/fimmu.2022.747799 · 2022 · External reference
The impact of the lung environment on macrophage development, activation and function: diversity in the face of adversity
10.1038/s41385-021-00480-w · 2022 · External reference
A terpene nucleoside from M. tuberculosis induces lysosomal lipid storage in foamy macrophages
10.1172/jci161944 · 2023 · External reference
Nanosized drug delivery systems to fight tuberculosis
10.3390/pharmaceutics15020393 · 2023 · External reference
FOXO3 transcription factor regulates IL-10 expression in mycobacteria-infected macrophages, tuning their polarization and the subsequent adaptive immune response
10.3389/fimmu.2019.02922 · 2019 · External reference
HIF-1α is an essential mediator of IFN-γ-dependent immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
10.4049/jimmunol.1600266 · 2016 · External reference
A Mycobacterium tuberculosis surface protein recruits ubiquitin to trigger host xenophagy
10.1038/s41467-019-09955-8 · 2019 · External reference
Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation promotes macrophage control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
10.1128/mbio.01139-20 · 2020 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces HDAC1-mediated suppression of IL-12B gene expression in macrophages
10.3389/fcimb.2015.00090 · 2015 · External reference
Multiple mechanisms allow Mycobacterium tuberculosis to continuously inhibit MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation by macrophages
10.1073/pnas.0500362102 · 2005 · External reference
Channeling macrophage polarization by rocaglates increases macrophage resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
10.1016/j.isci.2021.102845 · 2021 · External reference
Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics
10.1038/s41392-023-01452-1 · 2023 · External reference
The impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on the macrophage cholesterol metabolism pathway
10.3389/fimmu.2024.1402024 · 2024 · External reference
Alveolar macrophages provide an early Mycobacterium tuberculosis niche and initiate dissemination
10.1016/j.chom.2018.08.001 · 2018 · External reference
Double- and monofunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR antigens and peptides in long-term latently infected individuals
10.1002/eji.201141602 · 2011 · External reference
IL-10 inhibits mature fibrotic granuloma formation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
10.4049/jimmunol.1202722 · 2013 · External reference
TREM2 promotes immune evasion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages
10.1128/mbio.01456-22 · 2022 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE68 and Rv2626c genes contribute to the host cell necrosis and bacterial escape from macrophages
10.1080/21505594.2015.1102832 · 2016 · External reference
Inhibition of granuloma triglyceride synthesis imparts control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through curtailed inflammatory responses
10.3389/fimmu.2021.722735 · 2021 · External reference
c-Maf-dependent growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a CD14hi subpopulation of monocyte-derived macrophages
10.4049/jimmunol.1003146 · 2011 · External reference
DNA hypermethylation during tuberculosis dampens host immune responsiveness
10.1172/jci134622 · 2020 · External reference
Inhibition of CYP450 family 1 subfamily B member 1 (CYP1B1) expression in macrophage reduces the inflammatory response in type 2 diabetes mellitus combined with tuberculosis
10.3389/fendo.2025.1617292 · 2025 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis EIS gene inhibits macrophage autophagy through up-regulation of IL-10 by increasing the acetylation of histone H3
10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.045 · 2016 · External reference
Adjunctive host-directed therapy with statins improves tuberculosis-related outcomes in mice
10.1093/infdis/jiz517 · 2020 · External reference
Epigenetic code during mycobacterial infections: therapeutic implications for tuberculosis
10.1111/febs.16170 · 2022 · External reference
Progress of the art of macrophage polarization and different subtypes in mycobacterial infection
10.3389/fimmu.2021.752657 · 2021 · External reference
Formation of foamy macrophages by tuberculous pleural effusions is triggered by the interleukin-10/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 axis through ACAT upregulation
10.3389/fimmu.2018.00459 · 2018 · External reference
Fatty acid oxidation of alternatively activated macrophages prevents foam cell formation, but Mycobacterium tuberculosis counteracts this process via HIF-1α activation
10.1371/journal.ppat.1008929 · 2020 · External reference
NOD2-nitric oxide-responsive microRNA-146a activates Sonic hedgehog signaling to orchestrate inflammatory responses in murine model of inflammatory bowel disease
10.1074/jbc.m113.492496 · 2013 · External reference
Cutting edge: Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces aerobic glycolysis in human alveolar macrophages that is required for control of intracellular bacillary replication
10.4049/jimmunol.1501612 · 2016 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis effector PPE36 attenuates host cytokine storm damage via inhibiting macrophage M1 polarization
10.1002/jcp.30411 · 2021 · External reference
Epigenetic regulation in bacterial infections: targeting histone deacetylases
10.1080/1040841x.2017.1373063 · 2018 · External reference
Alveolar macrophages develop from fetal monocytes that differentiate into long-lived cells in the first week of life via GM-CSF
10.1084/jem.20131199 · 2013 · External reference
Selective inhibition of IFNG-induced autophagy by miR-155- and miR-31-responsive WNT5A and SHH signaling
10.4161/auto.27225 · 2014 · External reference
MUSASHI-mediated expression of JMJD3, a H3K27me3 demethylase, is involved in foamy macrophage generation during mycobacterial infection
10.1371/journal.ppat.1005814 · 2016 · External reference
MicroRNA-146a feedback inhibits RIG-I-dependent type I IFN production in macrophages by targeting TRAF6, IRAK1, and IRAK2
10.4049/jimmunol.0900707 · 2009 · External reference
Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vivo segregates with host macrophage metabolism and ontogeny
10.1084/jem.20172020 · 2018 · External reference
Interleukin-26 expression in tuberculosis disease and its regulatory effect in macrophage polarization and intracellular elimination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
10.3389/fcimb.2024.1455819 · 2024 · External reference
The translation inhibitor rocaglamide targets a bimolecular cavity between eIF4A and polypurine RNA
10.1016/j.molcel.2018.11.026 · 2019 · External reference
Host-directed therapies for tuberculosis
10.3390/pathogens11111291 · 2022 · External reference
Hypothetical protein Rv3423.1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a histone acetyltransferase
10.1111/febs.13566 · 2016 · External reference
The role of epigenetics in tuberculosis infection
10.2217/epi.16.1 · 2016 · External reference
Epigenetics in tuberculosis: immunomodulation of host immune response
10.3390/vaccines10101740 · 2022 · External reference
Macrophage heterogeneity and plasticity in tuberculosis
10.1002/jlb.mr0318-095rr · 2019 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv2626c-derived peptide as a therapeutic agent for sepsis
10.15252/emmm.202012497 · 2020 · External reference
Lipid droplet formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages requires IFN-γ/HIF-1α signaling and supports host defense
10.1371/journal.ppat.1006874 · 2018 · External reference
ESAT6 differentially inhibits IFN-gamma-inducible class II transactivator isoforms in both a TLR2-dependent and -independent manner
10.1038/icb.2011.54 · 2012 · External reference
Identification of a novel role of ESAT-6-dependent miR-155 induction during infection of macrophages with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01827.x · 2012 · External reference
Genome-wide analysis of the host intracellular network that regulates survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.012 · 2010 · External reference
Withaferin a protects against primary and recurrent tuberculosis by modulating mycobacterium-specific host immune responses
10.1128/spectrum.00583-23 · 2023 · External reference
The role of micrornas and long non-coding rnas in the regulation of the immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
10.3389/fimmu.2021.687962 · 2021 · External reference
Long non-coding pced1b-as1 regulates macrophage apoptosis and autophagy by sponging mir-155 in active tuberculosis
10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.005 · 2019 · External reference
Inflammatory response is modulated by lincrna-cox2 via the NF-κB pathway in macrophages infected by mycobacterium tuberculosis
10.3892/mmr.2020.11075 · 2020 · External reference
Novel high throughput pooled shrna screening identifies nqo1 as a potential drug target for host directed therapy for tuberculosis
10.1038/srep27566 · 2016 · External reference
Host-directed therapeutic targets in macrophages and their ligands against mycobacteria tuberculosis
10.1128/iai.00063-25 · 2025 · External reference
Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) enhances bactericidal effects of macrophages against mycobacterium tuberculosis
10.1016/j.tube.2020.102044 · 2021 · External reference
Innate immunity in tuberculosis: host defense vs pathogen evasion
10.1038/cmi.2017.88 · 2017 · External reference
Nanomaterial-mediated host directed therapy of tuberculosis by manipulating macrophage autophagy
10.1186/s12951-024-02875-w · 2024 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis rv1987 protein attenuates inflammatory response and consequently alters microbiota in mouse lung
10.3389/fcimb.2023.1256866 · 2023 · External reference
Key macrophage responses to infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis are co-regulated by micrornas and dna methylation
10.3389/fimmu.2021.685237 · 2021 · External reference
Extracellular mycobacterial dnak polarizes macrophages to the m2-like phenotype
10.1371/journal.pone.0113441 · 2014 · External reference
Mir-20b inhibits mycobacterium tuberculosis induced inflammation in the lung of mice through targeting nlrp3
10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.06.007 · 2017 · External reference
Mannosamine-engineered nanoparticles for precision rifapentine delivery to macrophages: advancing targeted therapy against mycobacterium tuberculosis
10.2147/dddt.s505682 · 2025 · External reference
Circular rna trappc6b inhibits intracellular mycobacterium tuberculosis growth while inducing autophagy in macrophages by targeting microrna-874-3p
10.1002/cti2.1253 · 2021 · External reference
The microrna mir-29 controls innate and adaptive immune responses to intracellular bacterial infection by targeting interferon-γ
10.1038/ni.2073 · 2011 · External reference
Surveying the epigenetic landscape of tuberculosis in alveolar macrophages
10.1128/iai.00522-21 · 2022 · External reference
Transcription repressor protein zbtb25 associates with hdac1-sin3a complex in mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages, and its inhibition clears pathogen by autophagy
10.1128/msphere.00036-21 · 2021 · External reference
The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization
10.1016/j.it.2004.09.015 · 2004 · External reference
Macrophage heterogeneity in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis
10.3389/fmicb.2018.01028 · 2018 · External reference
The polycomb complex prc2 and its mark in life
10.1038/nature09784 · 2011 · External reference
Microenvironments in tuberculous granulomas are delineated by distinct populations of macrophage subsets and expression of nitric oxide synthase and arginase isoforms
10.4049/jimmunol.1300113 · 2013 · External reference
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 (tnfr2): an overview of an emerging drug target
10.1080/14728222.2019.1586886 · 2019 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2020 · External reference
Rv1899c, an hdac1-zbtb25-interacting protein of mycobacterium tuberculosis, promotes stress resistance and immune evasion in infected macrophages
10.3390/ijms262210872 · 2025 · External reference
Neutrophil s100a9 supports m2 macrophage niche formation in granulomas
10.1016/j.isci.2023.106081 · 2023 · External reference
Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines
10.1016/j.immuni.2014.06.008 · 2014 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis decreases human macrophage ifn-γ responsiveness through mir-132 and mir-26a
10.4049/jimmunol.1400124 · 2014 · External reference
Tlr-4/microrna-125a/nf-κb signaling modulates the immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
10.1080/15384101.2018.1509636 · 2018 · External reference
Metabolism of inflammation limited by ampk and pseudo-starvation
10.1038/nature11862 · 2013 · External reference
Immunity and immunopathology in the tuberculous granuloma
10.1101/cshperspect.a018499 · 2014 · External reference
Biapenem, a carbapenem antibiotic, elicits mycobacteria specific immune responses and reduces the recurrence of tuberculosis
10.1128/spectrum.00858-23 · 2023 · External reference
Statin therapy reduces the mycobacterium tuberculosis burden in human macrophages and in mice by enhancing autophagy and phagosome maturation
10.1093/infdis/jit550 · 2014 · External reference
Macrophage polarization in chronic inflammatory diseases: killers or builders
10.1155/2018/8917804 · 2018 · External reference
Mannose ligands for mannose receptor targeting
10.3390/ijms25031370 · 2024 · External reference
Enhancing cd8 t-cell memory by modulating fatty acid metabolism
10.1038/nature08097 · 2009 · External reference
Circular rna circtrappc6b enhances il-6 and il-1β expression and repolarizes mycobacteria-induced macrophages from m2- to m1-like phenotype by targeting mir-892c-3p
10.1089/jir.2023.0007 · 2023 · External reference
Single cell analysis of m. tuberculosis phenotype and macrophage lineages in the infected lung
10.1084/jem.20210615 · 2021 · External reference
Spatial transcriptomic sequencing reveals immune microenvironment features of mycobacterium tuberculosis granulomas in lung and omentum
10.7150/thno.99038 · 2024 · External reference
Atf2 orchestrates macrophage differentiation and activation to promote antibacterial responses
10.1093/jleuko/qiad065 · 2023 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulent factor esat-6 drives macrophage differentiation toward the pro-inflammatory m1 phenotype and subsequently switches it to the antiinflammatory m2 phenotype
10.3389/fcimb.2018.00327 · 2018 · External reference
How macrophage heterogeneity affects tuberculosis disease and therapy
10.1038/s41577-024-01124-3 · 2025 · External reference
Microrna 26a (mir-26a)/klf4 and creb-c/ebpβ regulate innate immune signaling, the polarization of macrophages and the trafficking of mycobacterium tuberculosis to lysosomes during infection
10.1371/journal.ppat.1006410 · 2017 · External reference
Macrophage polarization or repolarization in tuberculosis
10.4103/apjtm.apjtm_116_24 · 2024 · External reference
The jmjd3-irf4 axis regulates m2 macrophage polarization and host responses against helminth infection
10.1038/ni.1920 · 2010 · External reference
Induction of the nuclear receptor ppar-γ by the cytokine gm-csf is critical for the differentiation of fetal monocytes into alveolar macrophages
10.1038/ni.3005 · 2014 · External reference
Non-classical tissue monocytes and two functionally distinct populations of interstitial macrophages populate the mouse lung
10.1038/s41467-019-11843-0 · 2019 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis phosphoribosyltransferase promotes bacterial survival in macrophages by inducing histone hypermethylation in autophagy-related genes
10.3389/fcimb.2021.676456 · 2021 · External reference
The tumor suppressor sirt2 regulates cell cycle progression and genome stability by modulating the mitotic deposition of h4k20 methylation
10.1101/gad.211342.112 · 2013 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis rv1987 protein induces m2 polarization of macrophages through activating the pi3k/akt1/mtor signaling pathway
10.1111/imcb.12436 · 2021 · External reference
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 mediates the involvement of M2-type macrophages in pulmonary tuberculosis infection
10.2147/jir.s435216 · 2024 · External reference
Genome-wide non-CpG methylation of the host genome during M. tuberculosis infection
10.1038/srep25006 · 2016 · External reference
The interaction of mycobacterial protein Rv2966c with host chromatin is mediated through non-CpG methylation and histone H3/H4 binding
10.1093/nar/gkv261 · 2015 · External reference
Negative regulation of TLR4 via targeting of the proinflammatory tumor suppressor PDCD4 by the microRNA miR-21
10.1038/ni.1828 · 2010 · External reference
Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces the Warburg effect in mouse lungs
10.1038/srep18176 · 2015 · External reference
The tuberculous granuloma: an unsuccessful host defence mechanism providing a safety shelter for the bacteria
10.1155/2012/139127 · 2012 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis-driven targeted recalibration of macrophage lipid homeostasis promotes the foamy phenotype
10.1016/j.chom.2012.09.012 · 2012 · External reference
The 1,2-ethylenediamine SQ109 protects against tuberculosis by promoting M1 macrophage polarization through the p38 MAPK pathway
10.1038/s42003-022-03693-2 · 2022 · External reference
Histone methyltransferase SET8 epigenetically reprograms host immune responses to assist mycobacterial survival
10.1093/infdis/jix336 · 2017 · External reference
RD-1 encoded EspJ protein gets phosphorylated prior to affect the growth and intracellular survival of mycobacteria
10.1038/srep12717 · 2015 · External reference
Metformin as adjunct antituberculosis therapy
10.1126/scitranslmed.3009885 · 2014 · External reference
Biochemical and immunological characterization of Toxoplasma gondii macrophage migration inhibitory factor
10.1074/jbc.m112.419911 · 2013 · External reference
Unraveling the role of H3K4 trimethylation and lncRNA HOTAIR in SATB1- and DUSP4-dependent survival of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages
10.1016/j.tube.2019.101897 · 2020 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence protein ESAT-6 influences M1/M2 polarization and macrophage apoptosis to regulate tuberculosis progression
10.1007/s13258-023-01469-4 · 2024 · External reference
Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A controls the innate antiviral and antibacterial response of macrophages during HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
10.18632/oncotarget.8190 · 2016 · External reference
Metformin has immunomodulatory effects which support its potential use as adjunctive therapy in tuberculosis
10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.05.011 · 2024 · External reference
Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) binding TLR2 activates mast cells to release exosomes and induces M2 polarization of macrophages
2021 · External reference
Epigenetic mechanisms induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis to promote its survival in the host
10.3390/ijms252111801 · 2024 · External reference
Role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD region EspJ and EspK proteins in inducing macrophage polarization
2023 · External reference
Inflammation-mediated tissue damage in pulmonary tuberculosis and host-directed therapeutic strategies
10.1016/j.smim.2022.101672 · 2023 · External reference
MicroRNA-27a restrains the immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by targeting IRAK4, a promoter of the NF-κB pathway
2017 · External reference
Nanoparticles target M2 macrophages to silence kallikrein-related peptidase 12 for the treatment of tuberculosis and drug-resistant tuberculosis
10.1016/j.actbio.2024.09.026 · 2024 · External reference
KLK12 regulates MMP-1 and MMP-9 via bradykinin receptors: biomarkers for differentiating latent and active bovine tuberculosis
10.3390/ijms232012257 · 2022 · External reference
Clinical significance of M1/M2 macrophages and related cytokines in patients with spinal tuberculosis
10.1155/2020/2509454 · 2020 · External reference
Long noncoding RNA derived from CD244 signaling epigenetically controls CD8+ T-cell immune responses in tuberculosis infection
10.1073/pnas.1501662112 · 2015 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mce2D protein blocks M1 polarization in macrophages by inhibiting the ERK signaling pathway
10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106367 · 2023 · External reference
TLR signalling augments macrophage bactericidal activity through mitochondrial ROS
10.1038/nature09973 · 2011 · External reference
RNA G-quadruplexes cause eIF4A-dependent oncogene translation in cancer
10.1038/nature13485 · 2014 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase (PtpA) excludes host vacuolar-H+-ATPase to inhibit phagosome acidification
10.1073/pnas.1109201108 · 2011 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2020 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
TREM-2 promotes Th1 responses by interacting with the CD3ζ-ZAP70 complex following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
10.1172/jci137407 · 2021 · External reference
Mycobacteria modulate host epigenetic machinery by Rv1988 methylation of a non-tail arginine of histone H3
10.1038/ncomms9922 · 2015 · External reference
Toxoplasma gondii macrophage migration inhibitory factor shows anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis potential via AZIN1/STAT1 interaction
10.1126/sciadv.adq0101 · 2024 · External reference
TNF in human tuberculosis: A double-edged sword
10.4110/in.2024.24.e4 · 2024 · External reference
Rv2231c, a unique histidinol phosphate aminotransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, supports virulence by inhibiting host-directed defense
10.1007/s00018-024-05200-8 · 2024 · External reference
The immune escape mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
10.3390/ijms20020340 · 2019 · External reference
Mycobacterium tuberculosis heat-shock protein 16.3 induces macrophage M2 polarization through CCRL2/CX3CR1
10.1007/s10753-019-01132-9 · 2020 · External reference
GRN activates TNFR2 to promote macrophage M2 polarization aggravating Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
10.31083/j.fbl2909332 · 2024 · External reference
Epigenetic changes associated with interleukin-10
10.3389/fimmu.2020.01105 · 2020 · External reference
Unraveling methylation changes of host macrophages in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
10.1016/j.tube.2016.03.003 · 2016 · External reference
Heparin-binding hemagglutinin of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inhibits autophagy via Toll-like receptor 4 and drives M2 polarization in macrophages
10.1093/infdis/jiae030 · 2024 · External reference
TgMIF promotes hepatocyte pyroptosis and recruitment of proinflammatory macrophages during severe liver injury in acute toxoplasmosis
10.1093/infdis/jiac422 · 2023 · External reference
