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References from Myosteatosis in type 1 diabetes: immunometabolic mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Fat infiltration in skeletal muscle: Influential triggers and regulatory mechanism
10.1016/j.isci.2024.109221 · 2024 · External reference
Epidemiology of myosteatosis
10.1097/mco.0b013e328337d826 · 2010 · External reference
Impaired skeletal muscle regeneration in diabetes: From cellular and molecular mechanisms to novel treatments
10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.014 · 2024 · External reference
Association between myosteatosis and impaired glucose metabolism: A deep learning whole-body magnetic resonance imaging population phenotyping approach
10.1002/jcsm.13527 · 2024 · External reference
Repetitive intermittent hyperglycemia drives the M1 polarization and inflammatory responses in THP-1 macrophages through the mechanism involving the TLR4-IRF5 pathway
10.3390/cells9081892 · 2020 · External reference
Mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus: A case of glucolipotoxicity in skeletal muscle
10.1002/jcp.31419 · 2024 · External reference
Effects of type 1 diabetes mellitus on skeletal muscle: Clinical observations and physiological mechanisms
10.1111/j.1399-5448.2010.00699.x · 2011 · External reference
Energy metabolism and frailty: The potential role of exercise-induced myokines - A narrative review
10.1016/j.arr.2022.101780 · 2022 · External reference
10.1002/cphy.c190029 · 2020 · Admitted local publication
Unraveling skeletal muscle insulin resistance: Molecular mechanisms and the restorative role of exercise
10.1161/circresaha.125.325532 · 2025 · External reference
Metabolism of tissue macrophages in homeostasis and pathology
10.1038/s41423-021-00791-9 · 2022 · External reference
The peripheral peril: Injected insulin induces insulin insensitivity in type 1 diabetes
10.2337/dbi19-0026 · 2020 · External reference
Acute hyperglycaemia induces an inflammatory response in young patients with type 1 diabetes
10.1080/07853890802126547 · 2008 · External reference
Inflammatory markers are increased in youth with type 1 diabetes: The SEARCH Case-Control study
10.1210/jc.2009-1993 · 2010 · External reference
Inflammation and lipid signaling in the etiology of insulin resistance
10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.001 · 2012 · External reference
Mitochondrial (Dys)function and insulin resistance: From pathophysiological molecular mechanisms to the impact of diet
10.3389/fphys.2019.00532 · 2019 · External reference
Muscle mitochondrial function is impaired in adults with type 1 diabetes
10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108798 · 2024 · External reference
Considering type 1 diabetes as a form of accelerated muscle aging
10.1249/jes.0000000000000184 · 2019 · External reference
Altered energetic properties in skeletal muscle of men with well-controlled insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes
10.1152/ajpendo.00343.2002 · 2003 · External reference
Oxidative capacity, lipotoxicity, and mitochondrial damage in type 2 diabetes
10.2337/diabetes.53.6.1412 · 2004 · External reference
Altered mitochondrial bioenergetics and ultrastructure in the skeletal muscle of young adults with type 1 diabetes
10.1007/s00125-018-4602-6 · 2018 · External reference
A ceramide-centric view of insulin resistance
10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.002 · 2012 · External reference
Mitochondrial dysfunction: Roles in skeletal muscle atrophy
10.1186/s12967-023-04369-z · 2023 · External reference
TNF-alpha impairs regulation of muscle oxidative phenotype: Implications for cachexia
10.1096/fj.09-150714 · 2010 · External reference
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α/β (PGC-1) coactivators repress the transcriptional activity of NF-κB in skeletal muscle cells
10.1074/jbc.m112.375253 · 2013 · External reference
The c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase promotes insulin resistance during association with insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphorylation of Ser(307)
10.1074/jbc.275.12.9047 · 2000 · External reference
Dysfunction of mitochondria in human skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes
10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2944 · 2002 · External reference
Skeletal muscle mitochondria in insulin resistance: Differences in intermyofibrillar versus subsarcolemmal subpopulations and relationship to metabolic flexibility
10.1210/jc.2010-0822 · 2011 · External reference
Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns: A new insight into metabolic inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus
10.1002/dmrr.3733 · 2024 · External reference
Oxidized mitochondrial DNA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome during apoptosis
10.1016/j.immuni.2012.01.009 · 2012 · External reference
Rel A/p65 is required for cytokine-induced myotube atrophy
10.1152/ajpcell.00111.2012 · 2012 · External reference
Mitochondria and cell death-associated inflammation
10.1038/s41418-022-01094-w · 2023 · External reference
Intermittent high glucose enhances apoptosis related to oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: The role of protein kinase C and NAD(P)H-oxidase activation
10.2337/diabetes.52.11.2795 · 2003 · External reference
Delayed skeletal muscle mitochondrial ADP recovery in youth with type 1 diabetes relates to muscle insulin resistance
10.2337/db14-0765 · 2015 · External reference
Impaired insulin stimulation of muscular ATP production in patients with type 1 diabetes
10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02298.x · 2011 · External reference
Mitochondrial overload and incomplete fatty acid oxidation contribute to skeletal muscle insulin resistance
10.1016/j.cmet.2007.10.013 · 2008 · External reference
Liver and muscle contribute differently to the plasma acylcarnitine pool during fasting and exercise in humans
10.1210/jc.2016-1859 · 2016 · External reference
Muscle-specific relation of acetylcarnitine and intramyocellular lipids to chronic hyperglycemia: A pilot 3-T
10.1002/oby.22846 · 2020 · External reference
Skeletal muscle lipid content and insulin resistance: Evidence for a paradox in endurance-trained athletes
10.1210/jc.86.12.5755 · 2001 · External reference
Endurance training modulates intramyocellular lipid compartmentalization and morphology in skeletal muscle of lean and obese women
10.1210/jc.2013-2044 · 2013 · External reference
Intracellular localization of diacylglycerols and sphingolipids influences insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle
10.1172/jci.insight.96805 · 2018 · External reference
Effects of weight loss and exercise on insulin resistance, and intramyocellular triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol and ceramide
10.1007/s00125-011-2065-0 · 2011 · External reference
Adipocyte ceramides-the nexus of inflammation and metabolic disease
10.3389/fimmu.2020.576347 · 2020 · External reference
CerS6-derived sphingolipids interact with Mff and promote mitochondrial fragmentation in obesity
10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.008 · 2019 · External reference
Free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance is associated with activation of protein kinase C theta and alterations in the insulin signaling cascade
10.2337/diabetes.48.6.1270 · 1999 · External reference
The NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance
10.1038/nm.2279 · 2011 · External reference
AMPK signaling in diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and diabetic complications: A pre-clinical and clinical investigation
10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112563 · 2022 · External reference
AMPK, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome
10.1172/jci67227 · 2013 · External reference
Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake
10.1152/physrev.00038.2012 · 2013 · External reference
TOR-centric view on insulin resistance and diabetic complications: Perspective for endocrinologists and gerontologists
10.1038/cddis.2013.506 · 2013 · External reference
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta controls muscle development and oxidative capability
10.1096/fj.03-0269fje · 2003 · External reference
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)delta promotes reversal of multiple metabolic abnormalities, reduces oxidative stress, and increases fatty acid oxidation in moderately obese men
10.2337/db07-1318 · 2008 · External reference
Regulation of muscle fiber type and running endurance by PPARdelta
10.1371/journal.pbio.0020294 · 2004 · External reference
mTOR controls mitochondrial oxidative function through a YY1-PGC-1alpha transcriptional complex
10.1038/nature06322 · 2007 · External reference
Macrophage PPAR gamma is required for normal skeletal muscle and hepatic insulin sensitivity and full antidiabetic effects of thiazolidinediones
10.1172/jci31561 · 2007 · External reference
Dysregulation of the TNF-α-OTUD3-PPARγ signaling axis exacerbates retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic retinopathy
10.1016/j.lfs.2025.123933 · 2025 · External reference
IRS-1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity in TNF-alpha- and obesity-induced insulin resistance
10.1126/science.271.5249.665 · 1996 · External reference
Ceramides - lipotoxic inducers of metabolic disorders
10.1016/j.tem.2015.07.006 · 2015 · External reference
Ceramides contained in LDL are elevated in type 2 diabetes and promote inflammation and skeletal muscle insulin resistance
10.2337/db12-0686 · 2013 · External reference
Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus: the role of endothelial dysfunction
10.1042/cs20050025 · 2005 · External reference
Muscle and serum myostatin expression in type 1 diabetes
10.14814/phy2.14500 · 2020 · External reference
Early diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: new insights
10.2337/dc13-0631 · 2014 · External reference
Muscle-organ crosstalk: the emerging roles of myokines
10.1210/endrev/bnaa016 · 2020 · External reference
Exercise-induced changes in visceral adipose tissue mass are regulated by IL-6 signaling: A randomized controlled trial
10.1530/ey.16.11.9 · 2019 · External reference
Dual role of interleukin-6 in regulating insulin sensitivity in murine skeletal muscle
10.2337/db07-1062 · 2008 · External reference
Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expression and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle of obese and type 2 diabetic patients
10.2337/diabetes.53.9.2232 · 2004 · External reference
Crosstalk of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB signaling
10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_1391 · 2011 · External reference
Ceramide kinase regulates TNF-α-induced immune responses in human monocytic cells
10.1038/s41598-021-87795-7 · 2021 · External reference
IL-15 mediates mitochondrial activity through a PPAR
10.1155/2016/5465804 · 2016 · External reference
Biological aspects of selected myokines in skeletal muscle: focus on aging
10.3390/ijms22168520 · 2021 · External reference
Interleukin-15 increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. An antidiabetogenic effect of the cytokine
10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.09.001 · 2006 · External reference
IL-15 improves skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism and glucose uptake in association with increased respiratory chain supercomplex formation and AMPK pathway activation
10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.10.021 · 2019 · External reference
Interleukin-15 facilitates muscle regeneration through modulation of fibro/adipogenic progenitors
10.1186/s12964-018-0251-0 · 2018 · External reference
Myostatin reduces Akt/TORC1/p70S6K signaling, inhibiting myoblast differentiation and myotube size
10.1152/ajpcell.00105.2009 · 2009 · External reference
The effects of myostatin on adipogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are mediated through cross-communication between Smad3 and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways
10.1074/jbc.m708968200 · 2008 · External reference
Myostatin and its regulation: A comprehensive review of myostatin inhibiting strategies
10.3389/fphys.2022.876078 · 2022 · External reference
Myostatin inhibition therapy for insulin-deficient type 1 diabetes
10.1038/srep32495 · 2016 · External reference
Progress and challenges in the biology of FNDC5 and irisin
10.1210/endrev/bnab003 · 2021 · External reference
Effects of obesity, diabetes and exercise on Fndc5 gene expression and irisin release in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: in vivo and in vitro studies
10.1113/jphysiol.2013.264655 · 2014 · External reference
Associations of circulating irisin with FNDC5 expression in fat and muscle in type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice
10.3390/biom11020322 · 2021 · External reference
A case-control study to evaluate irisin levels in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
10.1007/s11845-024-03626-4 · 2024 · External reference
Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ
10.1038/nrendo.2012.49 · 2012 · External reference
Inter-organ steroid hormone signaling promotes myoblast fusion via direct transcriptional regulation of a single key effector gene
10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.056 · 2024 · External reference
Expression of anti-inflammatory macrophage genes within skeletal muscle correlates with insulin sensitivity in human obesity and type 2 diabetes
10.1007/s00125-013-2897-x · 2013 · External reference
Powerful signals for weak muscles
10.1016/j.arr.2009.02.001 · 2009 · External reference
The effects of obesity on skeletal muscle regeneration
10.3389/fphys.2013.00371 · 2013 · External reference
Macrophages, immunity, and metabolic disease
10.1016/j.immuni.2014.05.010 · 2014 · External reference
The role of metabolic remodeling in macrophage polarization and its effect on skeletal muscle regeneration
10.1089/ars.2017.7420 · 2019 · External reference
Mesenchymal progenitors distinct from satellite cells contribute to ectopic fat cell formation in skeletal muscle
10.1038/ncb2014 · 2010 · External reference
Muscle injury activates resident fibro/adipogenic progenitors that facilitate myogenesis
10.1038/ncb2015 · 2010 · External reference
Denervation-activated STAT3-IL-6 signalling in fibro-adipogenic progenitors promotes myofibres atrophy and fibrosis
10.1038/s41556-018-0151-y · 2018 · External reference
Skeletal muscle atrophy and increased intramuscular fat after incomplete spinal cord injury
10.1038/sj.sc.3101968 · 2007 · External reference
Diabetic neuropathy: A position statement by the american diabetes association
10.2337/dc16-2042 · 2017 · External reference
Risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in the diabetes control and complications trial/epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications (DCCT/EDIC) study
10.2337/db19-1046 · 2020 · External reference
Length dependent loss of motor axons and altered motor unit properties in human diabetic polyneuropathy
10.1016/j.clinph.2013.09.037 · 2014 · External reference
Skeletal muscle morphology and contractile function in relation to muscle denervation in diabetic neuropathy
10.1152/japplphysiol.01139.2013 · 2014 · External reference
Motor dysfunction in diabetes
10.1002/dmrr.2257 · 2012 · External reference
Isokinetic muscle strength in long-term IDDM patients in relation to diabetic complications
10.2337/diabetes.45.4.440 · 1996 · External reference
Muscular atrophy in diabetic neuropathy: a stereological magnetic resonance imaging study
10.1007/s001250050788 · 1997 · External reference
Atrophy of foot muscles: a measure of diabetic neuropathy
10.2337/diacare.27.10.2382 · 2004 · External reference
Accelerated atrophy of lower leg and foot muscles--a follow-up study of long-term diabetic polyneuropathy using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
10.1007/s00125-009-1372-1 · 2009 · External reference
MRI of skeletal muscles in participants with type 2 diabetes with or without diabetic polyneuropathy
10.1148/radiol.2020192647 · 2020 · External reference
Excessive adipose tissue infiltration in skeletal muscle in individuals with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and peripheral neuropathy: association with performance and function
10.2522/ptj.20080079 · 2008 · External reference
Reduced lower-limb muscle strength and volume in patients with type 2 diabetes in relation to neuropathy, intramuscular fat, and vitamin D levels
10.2337/dc15-0995 · 2016 · External reference
Follistatin and follistatin-like 3 in metabolic disorders
10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106785 · 2023 · External reference
Hyperglycemia suppresses lactate clearance during exercise in type 1 diabetes
10.1210/clinem/dgae005 · 2024 · External reference
Hyperketonemia (ketosis), oxidative stress and type 1 diabetes
10.1016/j.pathophys.2006.05.005 · 2006 · External reference
Hyperketonemia can increase lipid peroxidation and lower glutathione levels in human erythrocytes in vitro and in type 1 diabetic patients
10.2337/diabetes.48.9.1850 · 1999 · External reference
Sphingolipid metabolism and signaling in skeletal muscle: From physiology to physiopathology
10.3389/fendo.2020.00491 · 2020 · External reference
Plasma ceramides are elevated in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes and correlate with the severity of insulin resistance
10.2337/db08-1228 · 2009 · External reference
Ceramides as risk markers for future cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in long-standing type 1 diabetes
10.2337/db23-0052 · 2023 · External reference
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a lipid peroxidation product, as a biomarker in diabetes and its complications: challenges and opportunities
10.1080/10715762.2020.1866756 · 2021 · External reference
Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA in diabetes mellitus: Current insights and unexplored frontiers
10.1111/jdi.70071 · 2025 · External reference
Mitochondrial DNA in extracellular vesicles declines with age
10.1111/acel.13283 · 2021 · External reference
Sirtuins and NAD
10.1161/circresaha.118.312498 · 2018 · External reference
Impaired nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD
10.1111/jdi.13303 · 2020 · External reference
Nicotinamide riboside supplementation alters body composition and skeletal muscle acetylcarnitine concentrations in healthy obese humans
10.1093/ajcn/nqaa072 · 2020 · External reference
Intramyocellular lipid concentrations are correlated with insulin sensitivity in humans: a 1H NMR spectroscopy study
10.1007/s001250051123 · 1999 · External reference
Intramyocellular lipids and insulin resistance
10.1111/j.1462-8902.2004.00339.x · 2004 · External reference
Magnetic resonance quantification of skeletal muscle lipid infiltration in a humanized mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
10.1002/nbm.4869 · 2023 · External reference
Single-cell RNA sequencing and lipidomics reveal cell and lipid dynamics of fat infiltration in skeletal muscle
10.1002/jcsm.12643 · 2021 · External reference
Myosteatosis: Diagnosis, pathophysiology and consequences in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100963 · 2024 · External reference
Sprint training increases muscle oxidative metabolism during high-intensity exercise in patients with type 1 diabetes
10.2337/dc08-0329 · 2008 · External reference
Effects of HIIT interventions on cardiorespiratory fitness and glycemic parameters in adults with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1007/s40279-024-02059-4 · 2024 · External reference
Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association
10.2337/dc16-1728 · 2016 · External reference
High-intensity interval training, caloric restriction, or their combination have beneficial effects on metabolically acquired peripheral neuropathy
10.2337/figshare.26764066 · 2024 · External reference
Glucose management for exercise using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and intermittently scanned CGM (isCGM) systems in type 1 diabetes: Position statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) endorsed by JDRF and supported by the American Diabetes Association (ADA)
10.1007/s00125-020-05263-9 · 2020 · External reference
Exercise in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus
10.1007/978-3-032-05988-8_270 · 2023 · External reference
A comparison of substrate utilization profiles during maximal and submaximal exercise tests in athletes
10.3389/fpsyg.2022.854451 · 2022 · External reference
The effect of oral leucine on protein metabolism in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus
10.1186/1687-9856-2010-493258 · 2010 · External reference
Investigating the neuroprotective effect of oral omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in type 1 diabetes (nPROOFS1): A randomized placebo-controlled trial
10.2337/db21-0136 · 2021 · External reference
Effects of omega-3 supplementation on endothelial function, vascular structure, and metabolic parameters in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A randomized clinical trial
10.3389/fnut.2022.962773 · 2022 · External reference
Exploring the causal effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels on the risk of type 1 diabetes: A Mendelian randomization study
10.3389/fgene.2024.1353081 · 2024 · External reference
The role of vitamin D supplementation in type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes: A comprehensive updated narrative review
10.3390/clinpract15080148 · 2025 · External reference
Does creatine supplementation improve glycemic control and insulin resistance in healthy and diabetic patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.11.006 · 2022 · External reference
The interplay of mitochondrial dysfunction in oral diseases: Recent updates in pathogenesis and therapeutic implications
10.1016/j.mito.2024.101942 · 2024 · External reference
MitoQ supplementation augments acute exercise-induced increases in muscle PGC1α mRNA and improves training-induced increases in peak power independent of mitochondrial content and function in untrained middle-aged men
10.1016/j.redox.2022.102341 · 2022 · External reference
Chronic supplementation with a mitochondrial antioxidant (MitoQ) improves vascular function in healthy older adults
10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.10787 · 2018 · External reference
Chronic oral ingestion of L-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humans
10.1113/jphysiol.2010.201343 · 2011 · External reference
Effect of bimagrumab vs placebo on body fat mass among adults with type 2 diabetes and obesity: A phase 2 randomized clinical trial
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33457 · 2021 · External reference
Activation of skeletal muscle AMPK promotes glucose disposal and glucose lowering in non-human primates and mice
10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.010 · 2017 · External reference
Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans
10.1016/j.cmet.2011.10.002 · 2011 · External reference
Resveratrol improves insulin sensitivity, reduces oxidative stress and activates the Akt pathway in type 2 diabetic patients
10.1017/s0007114511000316 · 2011 · External reference
AMPK and PPARdelta agonists are exercise mimetics
10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.014 · 2008 · External reference
PPAR-gamma dependent and independent effects on macrophage-gene expression in lipid metabolism and inflammation
10.1038/83336 · 2001 · External reference