References

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02750-2 · 2024 · External reference

Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline

10.1503/cmaj.191707 · 2020 · External reference

Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity

10.1056/nejmoa2206038 · 2022 · External reference

2022 American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO): Indications for metabolic and bariatric surgery

10.1016/j.soard.2022.08.013 · 2022 · External reference

An AI-powered lifestyle intervention vs human coaching in the Diabetes Prevention Program: a randomized clinical trial

10.1001/jama.2025.19563 · 2025 · External reference

Integrating artificial intelligence in drug discovery and early drug development: a transformative approach

10.1186/s40364-025-00758-2 · 2025 · External reference

Computer vision analysis of intraoperative video: automated recognition of operative steps in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

10.1097/sla.0000000000003460 · 2019 · External reference

Harnessing artificial intelligence in bariatric surgery: comparative analysis of ChatGPT-4, Bing, and Bard in generating clinician-level bariatric surgery recommendations

10.1016/j.soard.2024.03.011 · 2024 · External reference

Harnessing artificial intelligence for obesity care: a systematic review of AI-enabled behavioral coaching platforms, outcomes, and ethical implications

10.1007/s12170-025-00776-7 · 2025 · External reference

Large language models in obesity: a systematic review

10.1038/s41366-025-01992-2 · 2026 · External reference

ChatGPT for obesity management: a review of evidence, potential challenges, and clinical implications

10.1016/j.landig.2026.100980 · 2026 · External reference

Current applications of artificial intelligence in bariatric surgery

10.1007/s11695-022-06100-1 · 2022 · External reference

Evaluation of the impact of ChatGPT on the selection of surgical technique in bariatric surgery

10.1007/s11695-024-07279-1 · 2025 · External reference

TRIPOD+AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods

10.1136/bmj-2023-078378 · 2024 · External reference

10.1186/s41073-019-0064-8 · 2019 · Admitted local publication

Reporting guidelines for clinical trial reports for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the CONSORT-AI extension

10.1136/bmj.m3164 · 2020 · External reference

Guidelines for clinical trial protocols for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the SPIRIT-AI extension

10.1038/s41591-020-1037-7 · 2020 · External reference

Reporting guideline for the early-stage clinical evaluation of decision support systems driven by artificial intelligence: DECIDE-AI

10.1038/s41591-022-01772-9 · 2022 · External reference

PROBAST+AI: an updated quality, risk of bias, and applicability assessment tool for prediction models using regression or artificial intelligence methods

10.1136/bmj-2024-082505 · 2025 · External reference

The STARD-AI reporting guideline for diagnostic accuracy studies using artificial intelligence

10.1038/s41591-025-03953-8 · 2025 · External reference

Effectiveness of an artificial intelligence-assisted app for improving eating behaviors: mixed methods evaluation

10.2196/46036 · 2024 · External reference

Efficacy of a digital health application for weight management in people with obesity: 6-months results from a randomized controlled trial

10.1038/s41366-025-01967-3 · 2026 · External reference

Introducing zanadio-a digitalized, multimodal program to treat obesity

10.3390/nu14153172 · 2022 · External reference

An integrated digital health care platform for diabetes management with AI-based dietary management: 48-week results from a randomized controlled trial

10.2337/dc22-1929 · 2023 · External reference

A systematic review of artificial intelligence chatbots for promoting physical activity, healthy diet, and weight loss

10.1186/s12966-021-01224-6 · 2021 · External reference

A physical activity and diet program delivered by artificially intelligent virtual health coach: proof-of-concept study

10.2196/17558 · 2020 · External reference

SlimMe, a chatbot with artificial empathy for personal weight management: system design and finding

10.3389/fnut.2022.870775 · 2022 · External reference

AI nutrition recommendation using a deep generative model and ChatGPT

10.1038/s41598-024-65438-x · 2024 · External reference

Using artificial intelligence for exercise prescription in personalised health promotion: a critical evaluation of OpenAI's GPT-4 model

10.5114/biolsport.2024.133661 · 2024 · External reference

A fully automated conversational artificial intelligence for weight loss: longitudinal observational study among overweight and obese adults

10.2196/diabetes.8590 · 2017 · External reference

Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity

10.1056/nejmoa2032183 · 2021 · External reference

Weight regain after cessation of medication for weight management: systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1136/bmj-2025-085304 · 2026 · External reference

Obesity is a chronic progressive relapsing disease of particular interest for internal medicine

10.1007/s11739-022-03129-z · 2023 · External reference

Identification of a new chemotype of anti-obesity compounds by ensemble screening

10.1021/acsomega.9b04454 · 2020 · External reference

A machine learning-integrated stepwise method to discover novel anti-obesity phytochemicals that antagonize the glucocorticoid receptor

10.1039/d2fo03466b · 2023 · External reference

Machine learning designs new GCGR/GLP-1R dual agonists with enhanced biological potency

10.1038/s41557-024-01532-x · 2024 · External reference

Machine-learning-guided peptide drug discovery: development of GLP-1 receptor agonists with improved drug properties

10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00417 · 2024 · External reference

Artificial intelligence and natural language processing of patient narratives to evaluate semaglutide for weight loss

10.1016/j.annepidem.2025.09.003 · 2025 · External reference

Using large language models to assess public perceptions around glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on social media

10.1038/s43856-024-00566-z · 2024 · External reference

Trends in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist social media posts using artificial intelligence

10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.101182 · 2024 · External reference

Topic and sentiment trends in semaglutide discussions on X: subpopulation-based longitudinal analysis

10.2196/80660 · 2026 · External reference

Precision medicine for obesity

10.1055/s-0041-1729945 · 2021 · External reference

The accumulating data to optimally predict obesity treatment (ADOPT) core measures project: rationale and approach

10.1002/oby.22154 · 2018 · External reference

Quantitative gastrointestinal and psychological traits associated with obesity and response to weight-loss therapy

10.1053/j.gastro.2014.11.020 · 2015 · External reference

Selection of antiobesity medications based on phenotypes enhances weight loss: a pragmatic trial in an obesity clinic

10.1002/oby.23120 · 2021 · External reference

Effects of liraglutide on weight, satiation, and gastric functions in obesity: a randomised, placebo-controlled pilot trial

10.1016/s2468-1253(17)30285-6 · 2017 · External reference

Early weight loss with liraglutide 3.0 mg predicts 1-year weight loss and is associated with improvements in clinical markers

10.1002/oby.21629 · 2016 · External reference

The role of polygenic susceptibility to obesity among carriers of pathogenic mutations in MC4R in the UK Biobank population

10.1371/journal.pmed.1003196 · 2020 · External reference

A glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist lowers weight by modulating the structure of gut microbiota

10.3389/fendo.2018.00233 · 2018 · External reference

Early metabolomic, lipid and lipoprotein changes in response to medical and surgical therapeutic approaches to obesity

10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155346 · 2023 · External reference

Multi-omics approaches for precision obesity management : potentials and limitations of omics in precision prevention, treatment and risk reduction of obesity

10.1007/s00508-022-02146-4 · 2023 · External reference

Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities

10.1038/s41588-019-0379-x · 2019 · External reference

Genetic and physiological insights into satiation variability predict responses to obesity treatment

10.1016/j.cmet.2025.05.008 · 2025 · External reference

Artificial intelligence in bariatric surgery: current status and future perspectives

10.1007/s11695-022-06146-1 · 2022 · External reference

Artificial intelligence and machine learning in bariatric surgery: a comprehensive systematic review

10.1007/s00423-026-04042-1 · 2026 · External reference

The shaky foundations of large language models and foundation models for electronic health records

10.1038/s41746-023-00879-8 · 2023 · External reference

The clinicians' guide to large language models: a general perspective with a focus on hallucinations

10.2196/59823 · 2025 · External reference

Development of a bariatric surgery specific artificial intelligence large language model: BariatricSurgeryGPT

10.1177/15533506251400130 · 2026 · External reference

Training ChatGPT for surgical decisions: bariatric surgery analysis using algorithms and evidence

10.1016/j.orcp.2025.08.002 · 2025 · External reference

Evaluating the concordance of ChatGPT and physician recommendations for bariatric surgery

10.1139/cjpp-2024-0026 · 2025 · External reference

Large language models and the perils of their hallucinations

10.1186/s13054-023-04393-x · 2023 · External reference

A call to address AI "hallucinations" and how healthcare professionals can mitigate their risks

10.7759/cureus.44720 · 2023 · External reference

Enhancing medical AI with retrieval-augmented generation: a mini narrative review

10.1177/20552076251337177 · 2025 · External reference

Optimization of hepatological clinical guidelines interpretation by large language models: a retrieval augmented generation-based framework

10.1038/s41746-024-01091-y · 2024 · External reference

Improving large language model applications in biomedicine with retrieval-augmented generation: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and clinical development guidelines

10.1093/jamia/ocaf008 · 2025 · External reference

Enhancing large language model reliability: minimizing hallucinations with dual retrieval-augmented generation based on the latest diabetes guidelines

10.3390/jpm14121131 · 2024 · External reference

Retrieval augmented generation for 10 large language models and its generalizability in assessing medical fitness

10.1038/s41746-025-01519-z · 2025 · External reference

Constructing a prediction model for difficult intubation of obese patients based on machine learning

10.1016/j.jclinane.2021.110278 · 2021 · External reference

Predicting operative time for metabolic and bariatric surgery using machine learning models: a retrospective observational study

10.1097/js9.0000000000001107 · 2024 · External reference

Implementation of artificial intelligence-based computer vision model for sleeve gastrectomy: experience in one tertiary center

10.1007/s11695-023-07043-x · 2024 · External reference

A comparative study of machine learning algorithms in predicting severe complications after bariatric surgery

10.3390/jcm8050668 · 2019 · External reference

Deep learning neural networks to predict serious complications after bariatric surgery: analysis of Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry data

10.2196/15992 · 2020 · External reference

Development and validation of machine learning models to predict gastrointestinal leak and venous thromboembolism after weight loss surgery: an analysis of the MBSAQIP database

10.1007/s00464-020-07378-x · 2021 · External reference

Predicting venous thromboembolism following laparoscopic bariatric surgery: development of the BariClot tool using the MBSAQIP database

10.1007/s00464-018-6348-0 · 2019 · External reference

Predicting readmission after bariatric surgery using machine learning

10.1016/j.soard.2023.05.025 · 2023 · External reference

Development and validation of an interpretable machine learning-based calculator for predicting 5-year weight trajectories after bariatric surgery: a multinational retrospective cohort SOPHIA study

10.1016/s2589-7500(23)00135-8 · 2023 · External reference

Actual weight loss trajectories after bariatric surgery compared with the SOPHIA prediction tool: an observational comparison study

10.1111/dom.16219 · 2025 · External reference

Artificial neural networks in the outcome prediction of adjustable gastric banding in obese women

10.1371/journal.pone.0013624 · 2010 · External reference

Weight loss trajectories after bariatric surgery for obesity: mathematical model and proof-of-concept study

10.2196/13672 · 2020 · External reference

Feasibility and satisfaction with remote digital postoperative follow-up using a three-tiered alert system after bariatric surgery

10.1038/s41366-025-01762-0 · 2025 · External reference

Integrating machine learning and dynamic digital follow-up for enhanced prediction of postoperative complications in bariatric surgery

10.1007/s11695-025-07894-6 · 2025 · External reference

International expert consensus on the current status and future prospects of artificial intelligence in metabolic and bariatric surgery

10.1038/s41598-025-94335-0 · 2025 · External reference

The potential of artificial intelligence in enhancing adult weight loss: a scoping review

10.1017/s1368980021000598 · 2021 · External reference

Conversational agents for body weight management: systematic review

10.2196/42238 · 2023 · External reference

Harnessing artificial intelligence in obesity research and management: a comprehensive review

10.3390/diagnostics15030396 · 2025 · External reference

FUTURE-AI: international consensus guideline for trustworthy and deployable artificial intelligence in healthcare

10.1136/bmj-2024-081554 · 2025 · External reference

Evaluation and regulation of artificial intelligence medical devices for clinical decision support

10.1146/annurev-biodatasci-103123-095824 · 2025 · External reference

Health care resource utilization and health care costs among digital weight-loss intervention participants and nonparticipants

10.1002/oby.24337 · 2025 · External reference

Changes in healthcare utilization after lifestyle intervention for weight loss

10.1016/j.amepre.2023.10.018 · 2024 · External reference

Clinical and economic impact of a digital, remotely-delivered intensive behavioral counseling program on Medicare beneficiaries at risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease

10.1371/journal.pone.0163627 · 2016 · External reference

Considerations for US coverage and reimbursement: which digital health products to evaluate? Findings from a modified Delphi study

10.18553/jmcp.2024.30.8.854 · 2024 · External reference

The impact of digital therapeutics on current health technology assessment frameworks

10.3389/fdgth.2021.667016 · 2021 · External reference

Affordable access to GLP-1 obesity medications: strategies to guide market action and policy solutions in the US

10.57264/cer-2025-0083 · 2025 · External reference

Obesity treatment with bariatric surgery vs GLP-1 receptor agonists

10.1001/jamasurg.2025.3590 · 2025 · External reference