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References from IL-34 in neurological homeostasis and its multifaceted roles in central nervous system diseases. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Microglia: immune and non-immune functions
10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.014 · 2021 · External reference
Microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic inflammatory T cells leads to down-regulation of microglial immune activation
10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5004 · 2001 · External reference
Epigenetic regulation of brain region-specific microglia clearance activity
10.1038/s41593-018-0192-3 · 2018 · External reference
Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development
10.1126/science.1202529 · 2011 · External reference
Microglia: new roles for the synaptic stripper
10.1016/j.neuron.2012.12.023 · 2013 · External reference
Loss of microglial SIRPα promotes synaptic pruning in preclinical models of neurodegeneration
10.1038/s41467-021-22301-1 · 2021 · External reference
Migration and differentiation of neural precursor cells can be directed by microglia
10.1073/pnas.2237050100 · 2003 · External reference
In vitro neuronal and glial differentiation from embryonic or adult neural precursor cells are differently affected by chronic or acute activation of microglia
10.1002/glia.20616 · 2008 · External reference
Immune surveillance in the central nervous system
10.1038/nn.3161 · 2012 · External reference
Microglial remodeling of the extracellular matrix promotes synapse plasticity
10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.050 · 2020 · External reference
Microglia as hackers of the matrix: sculpting synapses and the extracellular space
10.1038/s41423-021-00751-3 · 2021 · External reference
Microglia in retinal angiogenesis and diabetic retinopathy
10.1007/s10456-024-09911-1 · 2024 · External reference
A single-cell atlas of mouse brain macrophages reveals unique transcriptional identities shaped by ontogeny and tissue environment
10.1038/s41593-019-0393-4 · 2019 · External reference
Meningeal macrophages protect against viral neuroinfection
10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.005 · 2022 · External reference
Meningeal and perivascular macrophages of the central nervous system play a protective role during bacterial meningitis
10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4644 · 2001 · External reference
IL-34 is a tissue-restricted ligand of CSF1R required for the development of Langerhans cells and microglia
10.1038/ni.2360 · 2012 · External reference
Il34-Csf1r pathway regulates the migration and colonization of microglial precursors
10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.005 · 2018 · External reference
Regulation of macrophage development and function in peripheral tissues
10.1038/nri3920 · 2015 · External reference
The CSF-1 receptor ligands IL-34 and CSF-1 exhibit distinct developmental brain expression patterns and regulate neural progenitor cell maintenance and maturation
10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.03.026 · 2012 · External reference
Excitatory-neuron-derived interleukin-34 supports cortical developmental microglia function
10.1016/j.immuni.2025.06.002 · 2025 · External reference
Interleukin-34-dependent perivascular macrophages promote vascular function in the brain
10.1016/j.immuni.2025.04.003 · 2025 · External reference
Emerging roles of IL-34 in neurodegenerative and neurological infectious disease
10.1080/00207454.2021.1963962 · 2023 · External reference
Interleukin-34 selectively enhances the neuroprotective effects of microglia to attenuate oligomeric amyloid-β neurotoxicity
10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.06.011 · 2011 · External reference
The aging mouse CNS is protected by an autophagy-dependent microglia population promoted by IL-34
10.1038/s41467-023-44556-6 · 2024 · External reference
Glioma-derived M-CSF and IL-34 license M-MDSCs to suppress CD8(+) T cells in a NOS-dependent manner
10.1101/2024.06.05.597474 · External reference
Discovery of a cytokine and its receptor by functional screening of the extracellular proteome
10.1126/science.1154370 · 2008 · External reference
Interleukin-34 as a fibroblast-derived marker of liver fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
10.1038/srep28814 · 2016 · External reference
IL-34 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor are overexpressed in hepatitis C virus fibrosis and induce profibrotic macrophages that promote collagen synthesis by hepatic stellate cells
10.1002/hep.27328 · 2014 · External reference
The twin cytokines interleukin-34 and CSF-1: masterful conductors of macrophage homeostasis
10.7150/thno.50683 · 2021 · External reference
Role of IL-34 and its receptors in inflammatory diseases
10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156348 · 2023 · External reference
Syndecan-1 regulates the biological activities of interleukin-34
10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.023 · 2015 · External reference
Receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase ζ is a functional receptor for interleukin-34*
10.1074/jbc.m112.442731 · 2013 · External reference
TREM2 acts as a receptor for IL-34 to suppress acute myeloid leukemia in mice
10.1182/blood.2022018619 · 2023 · External reference
CSF-1 controls cerebellar microglia and is required for motor function and social interaction
10.1084/jem.20182037 · 2019 · External reference
CSF1R ligands IL-34 and CSF1 are differentially required for microglia development and maintenance in white and gray matter brain regions
10.3389/fimmu.2019.02199 · 2019 · External reference
IL-34 and CSF-1, deciphering similarities and differences at steady state and in diseases
10.1002/jlb.3ru1120-773r · 2021 · External reference
CSF-1 maintains pathogenic but not homeostatic myeloid cells in the central nervous system during autoimmune neuroinflammation
10.1073/pnas.2111804119 · 2022 · External reference
IL-34 and CSF-1 display an equivalent macrophage differentiation ability but a different polarization potential
10.1038/s41598-017-18433-4 · 2018 · External reference
IL-34/TREM2 modulates microglia-mediated inflammation and provides neuroprotection in a mouse model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease
10.1177/13872877251320418 · 2025 · External reference
TGF-β induced by interleukin-34-stimulated microglia regulates microglial proliferation and attenuates oligomeric amyloid β neurotoxicity
10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.071 · 2012 · External reference
IL-34 exacerbates pathogenic features of Alzheimer’s disease and calvaria osteolysis in triple transgenic (3x-Tg) female mice
10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115435 · 2023 · External reference
Pharmacological inhibition of CSF1R by GW2580 reduces microglial proliferation and is protective against neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration
10.1096/fj.201900567rr · 2019 · External reference
IKKβ and mutant huntingtin interactions regulate the expression of IL-34: implications for microglial-mediated neurodegeneration in HD
10.1093/hmg/ddx315 · 2017 · External reference
Human interleukin-34-derived macrophages have increased resistance to HIV-1 infection
10.1016/j.cyto.2018.09.006 · 2018 · External reference
In-silico analysis of myeloid cells across the animal kingdom reveals neutrophil evolution by colony-stimulating factors
10.7554/elife.60214 · 2020 · External reference
Identification of IL-34 in teleost fish: differential expression of rainbow trout IL-34, MCSF1 and MCSF2, ligands of the MCSF receptor
10.1016/j.molimm.2012.09.008 · 2013 · External reference
IL-34 and CSF-1: similarities and differences
10.1007/s00774-013-0476-3 · 2013 · External reference
The mechanism of shared but distinct CSF-1R signaling by the non-homologous cytokines IL-34 and CSF-1
10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.04.012 · 2012 · External reference
Human IL-34 and CSF-1 establish structurally similar extracellular assemblies with their common hematopoietic receptor
10.1016/j.str.2013.01.018 · 2013 · External reference
Deletion of a Csf1r enhancer selectively impacts CSF1R expression and development of tissue macrophage populations
10.1038/s41467-019-11053-8 · 2019 · External reference
CSF1/CSF1R blockade reprograms tumor-infiltrating macrophages and improves response to T-cell checkpoint immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer models
10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3723 · 2014 · External reference
Transcriptional regulation and macrophage differentiation
10.1128/9781555819194.ch8 · 2017 · External reference
Homozygous mutations in CSF1R cause a pediatric-onset leukoencephalopathy and can result in congenital absence of microglia
10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.010 · 2019 · External reference
Identification and characterization of a novel intronic splicing mutation in CSF1R-related leukoencephalopathy
10.1111/cns.14815 · 2024 · External reference
Studies on colony stimulating factor receptor-1 and ligands colony stimulating factor-1 and interleukin-34 in Alzheimer's disease brains and human microglia
10.3389/fnagi.2017.00244 · 2017 · External reference
Colony stimulating factor 1: friend or foe of neurons
10.4103/1673-5374.322451 · 2022 · External reference
Border-associated macrophages as gatekeepers of brain homeostasis and immunity
10.1016/j.immuni.2025.04.005 · 2025 · External reference
Brain borders at the central stage of neuroimmunology
10.1038/s41586-022-05474-7 · 2022 · External reference
Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages
10.1126/science.1194637 · 2010 · External reference
Microglia derive from progenitors, originating from the yolk sac, and which proliferate in the brain
10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00113-3 · 1999 · External reference
Origin, fate and dynamics of macrophages at central nervous system interfaces
10.1038/ni.3423 · 2016 · External reference
Early fate defines microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophage development
10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0024-2015 · 2016 · External reference
Macrophages at CNS interfaces: ontogeny and function in health and disease
10.1038/s41583-019-0201-x · 2019 · External reference
CD206+ macrophages transventricularly infiltrate the early embryonic cerebral wall to differentiate into microglia
10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112092 · 2023 · External reference
Towards an understanding of microglia and border-associated macrophages
10.3390/biology12081091 · 2023 · External reference
Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface
10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.040 · 2021 · External reference
Dura immunity configures leptomeningeal metastasis immunosuppression for cerebrospinal fluid barrier invasion
10.1038/s43018-024-00858-2 · 2024 · External reference
Immunoregulatory properties of the cytokine IL-34
10.1007/s00018-017-2482-4 · 2017 · External reference
IL-34 is a Treg-specific cytokine and mediates transplant tolerance
10.1172/jci81227 · 2015 · External reference
Increased circulating colony-stimulating factor-1 in patients with preleukemia, leukemia, and lymphoid Malignancies
10.1182/blood.v77.8.1796.1796 · 1991 · External reference
Serum interleukin-34 levels are elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
10.3390/molecules22010035 · 2017 · External reference
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor crosses the blood--brain and blood--spinal cord barriers
10.1093/brain/120.11.2083 · 1997 · External reference
Powerful beneficial effects of macrophage colony-stimulating factor on β-amyloid deposition and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease
10.1093/brain/awn331 · 2009 · External reference
Inhibition of IL-34 unveils tissue-selectivity and is sufficient to reduce microglial proliferation in a model of chronic neurodegeneration
10.3389/fimmu.2020.579000 · 2020 · External reference
Stroma-derived interleukin-34 controls the development and maintenance of Langerhans cells and the maintenance of microglia
10.1016/j.immuni.2012.11.001 · 2012 · External reference
Brain erythropoietin fine-tunes a counterbalance between neurodifferentiation and microglia in the adult hippocampus
10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109548 · 2021 · External reference
Development and cell biology of the blood-brain barrier
10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100617-062608 · 2019 · External reference
Interleukin-34 restores blood–brain barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction proteins in endothelial cells
10.1371/journal.pone.0115981 · 2014 · External reference
Attenuated CSF‐1R signalling drives cerebrovascular pathology
10.15252/emmm.202012889 · 2021 · External reference
ADAMTS18 deficiency leads to abnormal brain methylation metabolism, dysregulated neuroinflammatory response, and unsound blood-brain barrier structure in mice
10.1007/s11011-025-01609-7 · 2025 · External reference
Alzheimer's disease
10.1001/archneur.57.2.176 · 2015 · External reference
Neuroinflammation in alzheimer disease
10.1038/s41577-024-01104-7 · 2025 · External reference
Characterization of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease model: spontaneous type 2 diabetic cynomolgus monkeys with systemic pro-inflammation, positive biomarkers and developing AD-like pathology
10.1186/s13195-024-01416-9 · 2024 · External reference
1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 up-regulates IL-34 expression in SH-SY5Y neural cells
10.1177/1753425917725391 · 2017 · External reference
Biophysical mapping of TREM2-ligand interactions reveals shared surfaces for engagement of multiple Alzheimer’s disease ligands
10.1101/2024.05.23.595592 · 2025 · External reference
Parkinson's disease
10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00218-x · 2021 · External reference
Parkinson's disease: mechanisms and models
10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00568-3 · 2003 · External reference
Correlations of gray matter volume with peripheral cytokines in Parkinson's disease
10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106693 · 2024 · External reference
Microglial activation-mediated delayed and progressive degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons: relevance to Parkinson's disease
10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00928.x · 2002 · External reference
Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease
10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00065-9 · 2003 · External reference
Depletion of microglia augments the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MPTP
10.1096/fj.201700833rr · 2018 · External reference
Suppression of neuroinflammation by matrix metalloproteinase-8 inhibitor in aged normal and LRRK2 G2019S Parkinson's disease model mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide
10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.129 · 2017 · External reference
A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes
10.1016/0092-8674(93)90585-e · 1993 · External reference
The neuropathology of Huntington’s disease
10.1007/7854_2014_354 · 2014 · External reference
Huntington disease
10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181beed15 · 2009 · External reference
Caspase 3-cleaved N-terminal fragments of wild-type and mutant huntingtin are present in normal and Huntington's disease brains, associate with membranes, and undergo calpain-dependent proteolysis
10.1073/pnas.221451398 · 2001 · External reference
Ameliorating effect of luteolin on memory impairment in an Alzheimer's disease model
10.3892/mmr.2016.5052 · 2016 · External reference
Children with autism spectrum disorders, who improved with a luteolin-containing dietary formulation, show reduced serum levels of TNF and IL-6
10.1038/tp.2015.142 · 2015 · External reference
Luteolin as potential treatment for Huntington's disease: Insights from a transgenic mouse model
10.1111/cns.70025 · 2024 · External reference
Microglial depletion prevents extracellular matrix changes and striatal volume reduction in a model of Huntington's disease
10.1093/brain/awz363 · 2020 · External reference
Loss of homeostatic microglia signature in prion diseases
10.3390/cells11192948 · 2022 · External reference
Microglia in prion diseases: Angels or demons
10.3390/ijms21207765 · 2020 · External reference
The degree of astrocyte activation is predictive of the incubation time to prion disease
10.1186/s40478-021-01192-9 · 2021 · External reference
A neuroprotective role for microglia in prion diseases
10.1083/jcb.2134oia109 · 2016 · External reference
Enhanced M-CSF/CSF1R signaling closely associates with PrPSc accumulation in the scrapie-infected cell line and the brains of scrapie-infected experimental rodents
10.1007/s12035-022-02989-y · 2022 · External reference
Ischemic stroke
10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.07.027 · 2021 · External reference
Ischemic stroke
2026 · External reference
Ischemic stroke: what does the histological composition tell us about the origin of the thrombus
10.1161/strokeaha.117.016590 · 2017 · External reference
Structural analysis of ischemic stroke thrombi: histological indications for therapy resistance
10.3324/haematol.2019.219881 · 2019 · External reference
Inflammatory mechanisms in ischemic stroke: therapeutic approaches
10.1186/1479-5876-7-97 · 2009 · External reference
Role of inflammation and its mediators in acute ischemic stroke
10.1007/s12265-013-9508-6 · 2013 · External reference
Increased serum interleukin-34 levels as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in patients with acute ischemic stroke
10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577652 · 2021 · External reference
Correlation between cystatin-C and interleukin-34 expression detection and post-stroke cognitive impairment
10.29271/jcpsp.2025.08.1065 · 2025 · External reference
IL-34 induces the differentiation of human monocytes into immunosuppressive macrophages. antagonistic effects of GM-CSF and IFNγ
10.1371/journal.pone.0056045 · 2013 · External reference
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
10.1097/qco.0000000000000328 · 2013 · External reference
Cognitive neuropsychology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
10.1007/s11065-009-9102-5 · 2009 · External reference
Microglial cells: the main HIV-1 reservoir in the brain
10.3389/fcimb.2019.00362 · 2019 · External reference
CNS inflammation and macrophage/microglial biology associated with HIV-1 infection
10.1007/s11481-009-9174-2 · 2009 · External reference
Role of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐1β in HIV‐associated dementia
10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01657.x · 2006 · External reference
Role for cFMS in maintaining alternative macrophage polarization in SIV infection: implications for HIV neuropathogenesis
10.1186/s12974-015-0272-1 · 2015 · External reference
The immunology of multiple sclerosis
10.1038/s41577-022-00718-z · 2022 · External reference
Ferroptosis promotes T-cell activation-induced neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
10.1038/s41423-022-00883-0 · 2022 · External reference
Targeting mitochondrial Kv1. 3 enables precise autoreactive T cell therapy for multiple sclerosis
10.1016/b978-0-12-398270-4.00030-6 · 2025 · External reference
Roles and regulation of microglia activity in multiple sclerosis: insights from animal models
10.1038/s41583-023-00709-6 · 2023 · External reference
Profiling of microglia nodules in multiple sclerosis reveals propensity for lesion formation
10.1038/s41467-024-46068-3 · 2024 · External reference
Is there a relationship between CSF interleukin 34 level and clinicoradiological activity and IgG index in patients with MS
10.1016/j.msard.2024.106150 · 2024 · External reference
Neuron-specific vitamin D signaling attenuates microglia activation and CNS autoimmunity
10.3389/fneur.2020.00019 · 2020 · External reference
Patients with severe multiple sclerosis exhibit functionally altered CD8+ regulatory T cells
10.1212/nxi.0000000000200016 · 2022 · External reference
From Alzheimer’s disease to anxiety, epilepsy to schizophrenia: a comprehensive dive into neuro-psychiatric disorders
10.7759/cureus.58776 · 2024 · External reference
An update on Kleine–Levin syndrome
10.1007/s40675-022-00246-1 · 2023 · External reference
Editorial of special issue "Latest multifactorial developments on neuropsychiatric disorders and manifestations"
10.3390/cimb47030183 · 2025 · External reference
Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia: an overview of evidence and implications for pathophysiology
10.31083/jin27636 · 2025 · External reference
PET imaging unveils neuroinflammatory mechanisms in psychiatric disorders: from microglial activation to therapeutic innovation
10.1007/s12035-025-05177-w · 2025 · External reference
Altered eotaxin-1 and interleukin-34 levels in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case-control observational study in Bangladesh
10.24171/j.phrp.2024.0222 · 2024 · External reference
Proteomic biomarkers of Kleine–Levin syndrome
10.1093/sleep/zsac097 · 2022 · External reference
Direct induction of microglia-like cells from human monocytes: a novel cellular tool for translational research of neuropsychiatric disorders
10.1093/ijnp/pyae059.149 · 2025 · External reference
Introducing directly induced microglia-like (iMG) cells from fresh human monocytes: a novel translational research tool for psychiatric disorders
10.3389/fncel.2015.00184 · 2015 · External reference
Validation of induced microglia-like cells (iMG cells) for future studies of brain diseases
10.3389/fncel.2021.629279 · 2021 · External reference
Microglial depletion, a new tool in neuroinflammatory disorders: comparison of pharmacological inhibitors of the CSF‐1R
10.1002/glia.24664 · 2025 · External reference
Exploring microglial replacement: from disease models to clinical translation
10.1016/j.bbi.2025.06.011 · 2025 · External reference
Microglia depletion reduces human neuronal APOE4-related pathologies in a chimeric Alzheimer’s disease model
10.1016/j.stem.2024.10.005 · 2025 · External reference
Microglia depletion reduces neurodegeneration and remodels extracellular matrix in a mouse Parkinson’s disease model triggered by α-synuclein overexpression
10.1038/s41531-024-00846-4 · 2025 · External reference
The impact of CSF1R inhibitor-mediated microglial depletion in rodent models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.3389/fnagi.2026.1733682 · 2026 · External reference
Microglia replacement halts the progression of microgliopathy in mice and humans
10.1126/science.adr1015 · 2025 · External reference
Bacteria hijack a meningeal neuroimmune axis to facilitate brain invasion
10.1038/s41586-023-05753-x · 2023 · External reference
Meningeal immunity and its function in maintenance of the central nervous system in health and disease
10.1146/annurev-immunol-102319-103410 · 2020 · External reference
