References

Unresolved reference

2024 · External reference

Global, regional prevalence, and risk factors of osteoporosis according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1007/s00198-022-06454-3 · 2022 · External reference

The global burden of osteoporosis, low bone mass, and its related fracture in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019

10.3389/fendo.2022.882241 · 2022 · External reference

Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

10.1016/s2468-2667(21)00249-8 · 2022 · External reference

Comment on "Cognitive impairment and risks of osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1016/j.archger.2023.105250 · 2024 · External reference

Increased risk of osteoporosis in patients with cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1186/s12877-023-04548-z · 2023 · External reference

Association of bone mineral density and dementia: The Rotterdam Study

10.1212/wnl.0000000000207220 · 2023 · External reference

Osteoporosis and risk of dementia among older adults: a population-based cohort study

10.1038/s41413-025-00480-7 · 2025 · External reference

Inflamm-aging. An evolutionary perspective on immunosenescence

10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06651.x · 2000 · External reference

Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe

10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001 · 2023 · External reference

Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty

10.1038/s41569-018-0064-2 · 2018 · External reference

Cellular senescence and senolytics: the path to the clinic

10.1038/s41591-022-01923-y · 2022 · External reference

Ageing-related bone and immunity changes: insights into the complex interplay between the skeleton and the immune system

10.1038/s41413-024-00346-4 · 2024 · External reference

Inflammation produced by senescent osteocytes mediates age-related bone loss

10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114006 · 2023 · External reference

Understanding the role of systemic inflammation in Alzheimer's disease

10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00333 · 2019 · External reference

Osteocalcin in the brain: from embryonic development to age-related decline in cognition

10.1038/nrendo.2017.181 · 2018 · External reference

An osteocalcin-deficient mouse strain without endocrine abnormalities

10.1371/journal.pgen.1008361 · 2020 · External reference

Osteocalcin is necessary for the alignment of apatite crystallites, but not glucose metabolism, testosterone synthesis, or muscle mass

10.1371/journal.pgen.1008586 · 2020 · External reference

The potential link between the development of Alzheimer's disease and osteoporosis

10.1007/s10522-024-10181-z · 2025 · External reference

Osteoimmunology: evolving concepts in bone-immune interactions in health and disease

10.1038/s41577-019-0178-8 · 2019 · External reference

The effects of microglia-associated neuroinflammation on Alzheimer's disease

10.3389/fimmu.2023.1117172 · 2023 · External reference

cGAS-STING drives ageing-related inflammation and neurodegeneration

10.1038/s41586-023-06373-1 · 2023 · External reference

Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span

10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0 · 2019 · External reference

Plasma proteomic signature of age in healthy humans

10.1111/acel.12799 · 2018 · External reference

Interleukin-1 and related cytokines in the regulation of inflammation and immunity

10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.012 · 2019 · External reference

Interleukin-6 signalling in health and disease [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]

10.12688/f1000research.26058.1 · 2020 · External reference

Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity

10.1111/imr.12621 · 2018 · External reference

NF-κB signaling in inflammation

10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23 · 2017 · External reference

DNA sensing by the cGAS-STING pathway in health and disease

10.1038/s41576-019-0151-1 · 2019 · External reference

The NLRP3 inflammasome: molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics

10.1038/s41577-019-0165-0 · 2019 · External reference

The NLRP3 inflammasome in fibrosis and aging: The known unknowns

10.1016/j.arr.2022.101638 · 2022 · External reference

The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in aging and age-related diseases

10.1186/s12979-023-00395-z · 2024 · External reference

Effects of intermittent senolytic therapy on bone metabolism in postmenopausal women: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial

10.1038/s41591-024-03096-2 · 2024 · External reference

Senolytic therapy to modulate the progression of Alzheimer's disease (SToMP-AD): a pilot clinical trial

10.14283/jpad.2021.62 · 2022 · External reference

Activation and function of NLRP3 inflammasome in bone and joint-related diseases

10.3390/ijms23105365 · 2022 · External reference

The role of NLRP3 inflammasome in Alzheimer's disease and potential therapeutic targets

10.3389/fphar.2022.845185 · 2022 · External reference

NLRP3 inflammasome activation drives tau pathology

10.1038/s41586-019-1769-z · 2019 · External reference

Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory diseases

10.1038/nrd.2018.97 · 2018 · External reference

Effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on bone mineral density, bone metabolism markers, and fracture risk in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1007/s00592-025-02468-5 · 2025 · External reference

Diabetes, antidiabetic medications and risk of dementia: a systematic umbrella review and meta-analysis

10.1111/dom.15331 · 2024 · External reference

Involvement of the gut microbiota and barrier function in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis

10.1002/jbmr.3947 · 2020 · External reference

The gut microbiome in Alzheimer's disease: what we know and what remains to be explored

10.1186/s13024-023-00595-7 · 2023 · External reference

Gut microbiome dysbiosis in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1371/journal.pone.0285346 · 2023 · External reference

Drug-resistant E. coli bacteremia transmitted by fecal microbiota transplant

10.1056/nejmoa1910437 · 2019 · External reference

Physical activity and cognitive decline among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.54285 · 2024 · External reference

Pharmacological inhibition of the Nod-Like Receptor Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 inflammasome with MCC950

10.1124/pharmrev.120.000171 · 2021 · External reference

The cGAS-STING pathway as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases

10.1038/s41577-021-00524-z · 2021 · External reference

Apoptotic stress causes mtDNA release during senescence and drives the SASP

10.1038/s41586-023-06621-4 · 2023 · External reference

Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation: intertwined roads to neurodegeneration

10.3390/antiox9080647 · 2020 · External reference

Mechanisms of NLRP3 priming in inflammaging and age related diseases

10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.08.003 · 2020 · External reference

Disease-specific plasma levels of mitokines FGF21, GDF15, and Humanin in type II diabetes and Alzheimer's disease in comparison with healthy aging

10.1007/s11357-020-00287-w · 2021 · External reference

Adjusting for age improves identification of gut microbiome alterations in multiple diseases

10.7554/elife.50240 · 2020 · External reference

The gut microbiome as a modulator of healthy ageing

10.1038/s41575-022-00605-x · 2022 · External reference

Gut microbiome pattern reflects healthy ageing and predicts survival in humans

10.1038/s42255-021-00348-0 · 2021 · External reference

Longevity of centenarians is reflected by the gut microbiome with youth-associated signatures

10.1038/s43587-023-00389-y · 2023 · External reference

Immunosenescence and inflammaging in the aging process: age-related diseases or longevity

10.1016/j.arr.2021.101422 · 2021 · External reference

Immunosenescence: molecular mechanisms and diseases

10.1038/s41392-023-01451-2 · 2023 · External reference

The interplay between immunosenescence and age-related diseases

10.1007/s00281-020-00806-z · 2020 · External reference

L1 drives IFN in senescent cells and promotes age-associated inflammation

10.1038/s41586-018-0784-9 · 2019 · External reference

Bone remodeling: an operational process ensuring survival and bone mechanical competence

10.1038/s41413-022-00219-8 · 2022 · External reference

Osteoblast-osteoclast communication and bone homeostasis

10.3390/cells9092073 · 2020 · External reference

Mechanisms of bone development and repair

10.1038/s41580-020-00279-w · 2020 · External reference

The osteocyte: new insights

10.1146/annurev-physiol-021119-034332 · 2020 · External reference

Regulation of osteoclast differentiation by cytokine networks

10.4110/in.2018.18.e8 · 2018 · External reference

Membrane-bound or soluble, mesenchymal or myeloid: which RANKL drives osteoclastogenesis

10.20517/jtgg.2025.146 · 2026 · External reference

Cellular senescence and the skeleton: pathophysiology and therapeutic implications

10.1172/jci154888 · 2022 · External reference

Nuclear factor-kappa B regulation of osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis

10.3803/enm.2023.501 · 2023 · External reference

IL-6 trans-signalling mediates trabecular, but not cortical, bone loss after ovariectomy

10.1016/j.bone.2018.04.015 · 2018 · External reference

Cellular senescence and inflammaging in the bone: pathways, genetics, anti-aging strategies and interventions

10.3390/ijms25137411 · 2024 · External reference

Deletion of IL-17ra in osteoclast precursors increases bone mass by decreasing osteoclast precursor abundance

10.1016/j.bone.2021.116310 · 2022 · External reference

Roles of non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways in bone biology

10.3390/ijms221910840 · 2021 · External reference

New emerging biomarkers for bone disease: Sclerostin and Dickkopf-1 (DKK1)

10.1007/s00223-022-01020-9 · 2023 · External reference

Inhibitors of the Wnt pathway in osteoporosis: A review of mechanisms of action and potential as therapeutic targets

10.17305/bb.2024.11200 · 2025 · External reference

Aged skeletal stem cells generate an inflammatory degenerative niche

10.1038/s41586-021-03795-7 · 2021 · External reference

Accelerated osteocyte senescence and skeletal fragility in mice with type 2 diabetes

10.1172/jci.insight.135236 · 2020 · External reference

Osteocyte cellular senescence

10.1007/s11914-020-00619-x · 2020 · External reference

Osteocytes regulate senescence of bone and bone marrow

10.7554/elife.81480 · 2022 · External reference

The role of cellular senescence in ageing and endocrine disease

10.1038/s41574-020-0335-y · 2020 · External reference

Skeletal aging

10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.03.011 · 2022 · External reference

Magnetic resonance assessment of bone quality in metabolic bone diseases

10.1055/s-0044-1788693 · 2024 · External reference

Advanced glycation and glycoxidation end products in bone

10.1016/j.bone.2023.116880 · 2023 · External reference

Osteocyte apoptosis: the roles and key molecular mechanisms in resorption-related bone diseases

10.1038/s41419-020-03059-8 · 2020 · External reference

Inflammatory microenvironment accelerates bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell aging

10.3389/fbioe.2022.870324 · 2022 · External reference

Reciprocal effect of environmental stimuli to regulate the adipogenesis and osteogenesis fate decision in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs)

10.3390/cells12101400 · 2023 · External reference

MicroRNA-188 regulates age-related switch between osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation

10.1172/jci77716 · 2015 · External reference

Mechanisms of marrow adiposity and its implications for skeletal health

10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.013 · 2017 · External reference

Age-related inflammation triggers skeletal stem/progenitor cell dysfunction

10.1073/pnas.1810692116 · 2019 · External reference

Microglial response to aging and neuroinflammation in the development of neurodegenerative diseases

10.4103/1673-5374.385845 · 2024 · External reference

Ageing as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease

10.1038/s41582-019-0244-7 · 2019 · External reference

Microglial regional heterogeneity and its role in the brain

10.1038/s41380-019-0609-8 · 2020 · External reference

Microglia in physiology and disease

10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034406 · 2017 · External reference

Aged microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: Microglia lifespan and culture methods

10.3389/fnagi.2021.766267 · 2022 · External reference

Clearance of senescent glial cells prevents tau-dependent pathology and cognitive decline

10.1038/s41586-018-0543-y · 2018 · External reference

The major risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: Age, sex, and genes modulate the microglia response to Aβ plaques

10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.099 · 2019 · External reference

Disease-associated microglia: a universal immune sensor of neurodegeneration

10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.003 · 2018 · External reference

Blood-brain barrier: From physiology to disease and back

10.1152/physrev.00050.2017 · 2019 · External reference

Aging of the blood-brain barrier and altered permeability to peripheral immune cells: implications for central nervous system disorders

10.14336/ad.2026.0013 · 2026 · External reference

New insight into neurological degeneration: Inflammatory cytokines and blood-brain barrier

10.3389/fnmol.2022.1013933 · 2022 · External reference

Blood-brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction

10.1038/s41591-018-0297-y · 2019 · External reference

The crucial role of the blood-brain barrier in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanisms of disruption and therapeutic implications

10.3390/jcm14020386 · 2025 · External reference

Impact of peripheral inflammation on blood-brain barrier dysfunction and its role in neurodegenerative diseases

10.3390/ijms26062440 · 2025 · External reference

How neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration

10.1126/science.aag2590 · 2016 · External reference

A body-brain circuit that regulates body inflammatory responses

10.1038/s41586-024-07469-y · 2024 · External reference

Neural representation of cytokines by vagal sensory neurons

10.1038/s41467-025-59248-6 · 2025 · External reference

Peripheral nerve stimulation and immunity: the expanding opportunities for providing mechanistic insight and therapeutic intervention

10.1093/intimm/dxab068 · 2022 · External reference

Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes

10.1186/s40035-020-00221-2 · 2020 · External reference

Beyond neuroinflammation: Microglia at the crossroads of amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease

10.1007/s10072-025-08403-4 · 2025 · External reference

Targeting NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease treatment

10.3390/ijms23168979 · 2022 · External reference

Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease

10.1016/s1474-4422(15)70016-5 · 2015 · External reference

Neuroinflammation, memory, and depression: new approaches to hippocampal neurogenesis

10.1186/s12974-023-02964-x · 2023 · External reference

Reduced neurogenesis in human hippocampus with Alzheimer's disease

10.1111/bpa.13225 · 2024 · External reference

Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is abundant in neurologically healthy subjects and drops sharply in patients with Alzheimer's disease

10.1038/s41591-019-0375-9 · 2019 · External reference

Cytokines and cytokine networks target neurons to modulate long-term potentiation

10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.03.005 · 2017 · External reference

Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018

10.1038/s41418-017-0012-4 · 2018 · External reference

Crosstalk between bone and brain in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, applications, and perspectives

10.1002/alz.13864 · 2024 · External reference

Bone mineral density and the risk of incident dementia: A meta-analysis

10.1111/jgs.18638 · 2024 · External reference

Potential association of bone mineral density loss with cognitive impairment and central and peripheral amyloid-β changes: a cross-sectional study

10.1186/s12891-022-05580-7 · 2022 · External reference

Cognitive decline is associated with an accelerated rate of bone loss and increased fracture risk in women: a prospective study from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study

10.1002/jbmr.4402 · 2021 · External reference

Associated factors of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.3390/nu13124291 · 2021 · External reference

Pharmacological and resting state fMRI reveal Osteocalcin's effects on mouse brain regions with high Gpr37 and Gpr158 expression

10.1038/s41598-025-95000-2 · 2025 · External reference

The protective effects of osteocyte-derived extracellular vesicles against Alzheimer's disease diminished with aging

10.1002/advs.202105316 · 2022 · External reference

Osteocalcin ameliorates cognitive dysfunctions in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by reducing amyloid β burden and upregulating glycolysis in neuroglia

10.1038/s41420-023-01343-y · 2023 · External reference

Associations of plasma and CSF osteocalcin levels with CSF ATN biomarkers and cognitive functions in Alzheimer's disease

10.1002/mco2.70255 · 2025 · External reference

Causal effect of blood osteocalcin on the risk of Alzheimer's disease and the mediating role of energy metabolism

10.1038/s41398-024-02924-w · 2024 · External reference

Interaction of bone and brain: osteocalcin and cognition

10.1080/00207454.2020.1770247 · 2021 · External reference

Sclerostin: from molecule to clinical biomarker

10.3390/ijms23094751 · 2022 · External reference

Osteocyte-derived sclerostin impairs cognitive function during ageing and Alzheimer's disease progression

10.1038/s42255-024-00989-x · 2024 · External reference

Elevated plasma sclerostin is associated with high brain amyloid-β load in cognitively normal older adults

10.1038/s41514-023-00114-4 · 2023 · External reference

The fibroblast growth factor system in cognitive disorders and dementia

10.3389/fnins.2023.1136266 · 2023 · External reference

Regulation of bone metabolism mediated by β-adrenergic receptor and its clinical application

10.12998/wjcc.v9.i30.8967 · 2021 · External reference

Sympathetic innervation regulates osteocyte-mediated cortical bone resorption during lactation

10.1002/advs.202207602 · 2023 · External reference

Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications of the sympathetic nervous system in bone-related disorders: a brain-bone axis perspective

10.1038/s41413-025-00494-1 · 2025 · External reference

Potential mechanisms linking psychological stress to bone health

10.7150/ijms.50680 · 2021 · External reference

The role of NPY in the regulation of bone metabolism

10.3389/fendo.2022.833485 · 2022 · External reference

Neuropeptide Y-mediated gut microbiota alterations aggravate postmenopausal osteoporosis

10.1002/advs.202303015 · 2023 · External reference

The neuropeptide VIP limits human osteoclastogenesis: clinical associations with bone metabolism markers in patients with early arthritis

10.3390/biomedicines9121880 · 2021 · External reference

Vasoactive intestinal peptide exerts an osteoinductive effect in human mesenchymal stem cells

10.1002/biof.2062 · 2024 · External reference

Neuropeptides as regulators of bone metabolism: from molecular mechanisms to traditional Chinese medicine intervention strategies

10.3389/fphar.2025.1516038 · 2025 · External reference

Mechanisms of aging-related secretory phenotype regulation in osteoporosis: Network regulation, trade-offs and homeostasis

10.1016/j.prp.2025.156115 · 2025 · External reference

Inflammaging and brain aging

10.3390/ijms251910535 · 2024 · External reference

An overview of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases

10.3390/ijms23115938 · 2022 · External reference

Unraveling the bone-brain communication network

10.3390/biology14091279 · 2025 · External reference

Neuroinflammaging: A tight line between normal aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders

10.14336/ad.2023.1001 · 2024 · External reference

Aging brain: exploring the interplay between bone marrow aging, immunosenescence, and neuroinflammation

10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393324 · 2024 · External reference

Immunosenescence of brain accelerates Alzheimer's disease progression

10.1515/revneuro-2022-0021 · 2023 · External reference

Targeting cellular senescence: pathophysiology in multisystem age-related diseases

10.3390/biomedicines13071727 · 2025 · External reference

Mangiferin attenuates osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoblastic ferroptosis through Keap1/Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway

10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155282 · 2024 · External reference

The microbiota-gut-brain axis in psychiatric disorders

10.3390/ijms231911245 · 2022 · External reference

Short chain fatty acids: Microbial metabolites for gut-brain axis signalling

10.1016/j.mce.2022.111572 · 2022 · External reference

Gut microbiota in patients with Alzheimer's disease spectrum: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.18632/aging.203826 · 2022 · External reference

Microbiota in neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction: a focus on Alzheimer's disease

10.1186/s13024-022-00522-2 · 2022 · External reference

Duodenal alpha-synuclein pathology and enteric gliosis in advanced Parkinson's disease

10.1002/mds.29358 · 2023 · External reference

Gut microbiome, short-chain fatty acids, alpha-synuclein, neuroinflammation, and ROS/RNS: Relevance to Parkinson's disease and therapeutic implications

10.1016/j.redox.2024.103092 · 2024 · External reference

Metabolic syndrome in endometrial cancer patients: systematic review

10.1089/met.2018.0106 · 2019 · External reference

Understanding the impact of diabetes on bone health: A clinical review

10.1016/j.metop.2024.100330 · 2024 · External reference

Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson's disease

10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.018 · 2016 · External reference

Glycemic control and bone in diabetes

10.1007/s11914-022-00747-6 · 2022 · External reference

Insulin resistance exacerbates Alzheimer disease via multiple mechanisms

10.3389/fnins.2021.687157 · 2021 · External reference

The relationship between diabetes and the dementia risk: a meta-analysis

10.1186/s13098-024-01346-4 · 2024 · External reference

Effects of anti-diabetic drugs on fracture risk: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

10.3389/fendo.2021.735824 · 2021 · External reference

Cognitive impairment and risks of osteoporosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1016/j.archger.2022.104879 · 2023 · External reference

Chronic inflammation and the hallmarks of aging

10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101755 · 2023 · External reference

Connecting aging biology and inflammation in the omics era

10.1172/jci158448 · 2022 · External reference

Independent roles of estrogen deficiency and cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis: Evidence in young adult mice and older humans

10.1002/jbmr.3729 · 2019 · External reference

Inhibition of Nrf2 degradation alleviates age-related osteoporosis induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency

10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.010 · 2022 · External reference

Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies

10.1038/s41392-023-01502-8 · 2023 · External reference

Impact of dementia and mild cognitive impairment on bone health in older people

10.1007/s40520-024-02871-y · 2024 · External reference