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References from Smoldering neuroinflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis: mechanisms, imaging biomarkers, and therapeutic opportunities. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Progressive multiple sclerosis: evaluating current therapies and exploring future treatment strategies
10.1016/j.neurot.2025.e00601 · 2025 · External reference
Pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and emerging neurotherapeutic targets for progressive multiple sclerosis: the age of PIRA
10.1016/j.ncl.2023.07.002 · 2024 · External reference
Promising treatment for multiple sclerosis: mitochondrial transplantation
10.3390/ijms23042245 · 2022 · External reference
Choroid plexus as a mediator of CNS inflammation in multiple sclerosis
10.1177/13524585241292974 · 2024 · External reference
Multiple sclerosis: role of meningeal lymphoid aggregates in progression independent of relapse activity
10.1016/j.it.2023.02.002 · 2023 · External reference
Neurofilaments in progressive multiple sclerosis: a systematic review
10.1007/s00415-020-09917-x · 2021 · External reference
Human endogenous retrovirus type-W and multiple sclerosis-related smoldering neuroinflammation
10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00121 · 2025 · External reference
Cellular architecture of evolving neuroinflammatory lesions and multiple sclerosis pathology
10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.030 · 2024 · External reference
Serum vitamin D3 as a potential biomarker for neuronal damage in smoldering multiple sclerosis
10.3390/ijms251910502 · 2024 · External reference
A lymphocyte-microglia-astrocyte axis in chronic active multiple sclerosis
10.1038/s41586-021-03892-7 · 2021 · External reference
Granulocyte and astrocyte markers distinguish MOG-antibody disease and neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis
10.1093/brain/awaf345 · 2026 · External reference
CLEC16A in astrocytes promotes mitophagy and limits pathology in a multiple sclerosis mouse model
10.1038/s41593-025-01875-9 · 2025 · External reference
A HIF1A variant impacts long-term disability and smoldering inflammation in multiple sclerosis
10.1007/s00401-026-02984-w · 2026 · External reference
Positron emission tomography with [(18) F]-DPA-714 unveils a smoldering component in most multiple sclerosis lesions which drives disease progression
10.1002/ana.26657 · 2023 · External reference
A focus on the normal-appearing white and gray matter within the multiple sclerosis brain: a link to smoldering progression
10.1007/s00401-025-02923-1 · 2025 · External reference
Pathogenic mechanisms associated with different clinical courses of multiple sclerosis
10.3389/fimmu.2018.03116 · 2018 · External reference
Immunological differences between classical phenothypes of multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.jns.2014.12.035 · 2015 · External reference
Predictors of relapse severity in multiple sclerosis
10.1007/s13760-023-02456-y · 2024 · External reference
Contribution of relapse-independent progression vs relapse-associated worsening to overall confirmed disability accumulation in typical relapsing multiple sclerosis in a pooled analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials
10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1568 · 2020 · External reference
Harmonizing definitions for progression independent of relapse activity in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review
10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.3331 · 2023 · External reference
Myelin injury precedes axonal injury and symptomatic onset in multiple sclerosis
10.1038/s41591-025-04014-w · 2026 · External reference
Bone and soft tissue changes in patients with spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis
10.1515/folmed-2015-0002 · 2014 · External reference
Hypoxia-like tissue injury as a component of multiple sclerosis lesions
10.1016/s0022-510x(02)00421-5 · 2003 · External reference
Mechanisms of inflammation induced tissue injury in multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.jns.2008.04.003 · 2008 · External reference
Molecular signature of slowly expanding lesions in progressive multiple sclerosis
10.1093/brain/awaa158 · 2020 · External reference
Chronic white matter inflammation and serum neurofilament levels in multiple sclerosis
10.1212/wnl.0000000000012326 · 2021 · External reference
Associations between chronic active lesions and clinical outcomes in multiple sclerosis: a systematic literature review
10.18553/jmcp.2025.24294 · 2025 · External reference
Pro-inflammatory c-Met(+) CD4 T cells in multiple sclerosis
10.1002/ana.78035 · 2026 · External reference
T cell-neuron interaction in inflammatory and progressive multiple sclerosis biology
10.1016/j.conb.2022.102588 · 2022 · External reference
Astrocytes and inflammatory T helper cells: a dangerous liaison in multiple sclerosis
10.3389/fimmu.2022.824411 · 2022 · External reference
The relation between MRI measures of inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.jns.2005.03.001 · 2005 · External reference
Brain atrophy measurement over a MRI scanner change in multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103148 · 2022 · External reference
Effectiveness of regional diffusion MRI measures in distinguishing multiple sclerosis abnormalities within the cervical spinal cord
10.1002/brb3.3159 · 2023 · External reference
Association of chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions with disability in vivo
10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2399 · 2019 · External reference
New imaging markers in multiple sclerosis and related disorders: smoldering inflammation and the central vein sign
10.1016/j.nic.2024.03.004 · 2024 · External reference
Reconciling lesions, relapses and smouldering associated worsening: a unifying model for multiple sclerosis pathogenesis
10.1016/j.msard.2024.105706 · 2024 · External reference
Deeply 3D-T1-TFE hypointense voxels are characteristic of phase-rim lesions in multiple sclerosis
10.1007/s00330-023-09784-w · 2024 · External reference
Long-term dynamics of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions
10.1016/j.msard.2021.103340 · 2022 · External reference
Longitudinal magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of metabolite changes over 2 years in relapsing and primary progressive multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab
10.1177/13524585261456964 · 2026 · External reference
The hypoxia-inflammation cycle as a key mechanism of smoldering inflammation and progression in multiple sclerosis
10.1007/s00401-026-03021-6 · 2026 · External reference
AMP-activated protein kinase as a mediator of mitochondrial dysfunction of multiple sclerosis in animal models: a systematic review
10.1002/jcp.31230 · 2024 · External reference
Impact of the combination of epigallocatechin gallate and ellagic acid supplemented with ketone bodies on energetic restoration of mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic inefficiencies in patients with multiple sclerosis: a review
10.3390/ijms27052168 · 2026 · External reference
Mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction of peripheral immune cells in multiple sclerosis
10.1186/s12974-024-03016-8 · 2024 · External reference
The corpus callosum in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and other CNS demyelinating and inflammatory diseases
10.1136/jnnp-2014-309649 · 2015 · External reference
Polyneuropathies and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy in multiple sclerosis
10.1212/wnl.84.14_supplement.s42.001 · 2019 · External reference
Apolipoprotein D expression dynamics during cuprizone-induced demyelination and remyelination in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis
10.3390/ijms26178692 · 2025 · External reference
Ceramide kinase knockout ameliorates multiple sclerosis-like behaviors and demyelination in cuprizone-treated mice
10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120446 · 2022 · External reference
GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in microglia exacerbates demyelination and neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis: insights from humans and cuprizone-induced demyelination model mice
10.1038/s41418-025-01537-0 · 2025 · External reference
Multiple sclerosis: limited diversity of the V delta 2-J delta 3 T-cell receptor in chronic active lesions
10.1002/ana.410370210 · 1995 · External reference
The landscape of myeloid and astrocyte phenotypes in acute multiple sclerosis lesions
10.1186/s40478-019-0779-2 · 2019 · External reference
Reactive astrocytes in chronic active lesions of multiple sclerosis express co-stimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2
10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00462-9 · 2003 · External reference
Bcl-2 expressing T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis lesions
10.1046/j.1365-2990.1998.00110.x · 1998 · External reference
Cortical axonal loss is associated with both gray matter demyelination and white matter tract pathology in progressive multiple sclerosis: Evidence from a combined MRI-histopathology study
10.1177/1352458520918978 · 2021 · External reference
Examining the relative contribution of slow-burning inflammation and chronic demyelination to axonal damage in chronic multiple sclerosis lesions
10.1016/j.msard.2024.105828 · 2024 · External reference
Axonal loss results in spinal cord atrophy, electrophysiological abnormalities and neurological deficits following demyelination in a chronic inflammatory model of multiple sclerosis
10.1093/brain/123.3.519 · 2000 · External reference
Targeting demyelination and virtual hypoxia with high-dose biotin as a treatment for progressive multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.028 · 2016 · External reference
Clinico-pathological evidence that axonal loss underlies disability in progressive multiple sclerosis
10.1177/1352458510364992 · 2010 · External reference
Pirfenidone mitigates demyelination and electrophysiological alterations in multiple sclerosis: Targeting NF-κB, sirt1, and neurotrophic genes
10.1007/s00210-024-03496-8 · 2025 · External reference
Deletion of voltage-gated calcium channels in astrocytes decreases neuroinflammation and demyelination in a murine model of multiple sclerosis
10.1186/s12974-023-02948-x · 2023 · External reference
The emerging role of the microglia triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) 2 in multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.115071 · 2025 · External reference
Interleukin-9 protects from microglia- and TNF-mediated synaptotoxicity in experimental multiple sclerosis
10.1186/s12974-024-03120-9 · 2024 · External reference
Remibrutinib (LOU064) inhibits neuroinflammation driven by B cells and myeloid cells in preclinical models of multiple sclerosis
10.1186/s12974-023-02877-9 · 2023 · External reference
Myeloid cell iron uptake pathways and paramagnetic rim formation in multiple sclerosis
10.1007/s00401-023-02627-4 · 2023 · External reference
Comparing RNA-sequencing datasets from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia in multiple sclerosis identifies novel dysregulated genes relevant to inflammation and myelination
10.1002/wsbm.1594 · 2023 · External reference
Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling in astrocytes: Implications for progressive multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.jns.2015.12.022 · 2016 · External reference
Reactive astrocytes in multiple sclerosis impair neuronal outgrowth through TRPM7-mediated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan production
10.1002/glia.23526 · 2019 · External reference
iPSC-derived reactive astrocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis protect cocultured neurons in inflammatory conditions
10.1172/jci164637 · 2023 · External reference
Paramagnetic rim lesions in early multiple sclerosis: a 7 Tesla imaging study
10.1093/braincomms/fcaf215 · 2025 · External reference
Paramagnetic rim lesions lead to pronounced diffuse periplaque white matter damage in multiple sclerosis
10.1177/13524585231197954 · 2023 · External reference
Soma and neurite density abnormalities of paramagnetic rim lesions and core-sign lesions in multiple sclerosis
10.1007/s00415-025-12887-7 · 2025 · External reference
Juxtacortical paramagnetic rim: A new MRI marker to characterize focal cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis
10.1212/wnl.0000000000208085 · 2024 · External reference
Paramagnetic rim lesions as a biomarker to discriminate between multiple sclerosis and cerebral small vessel disease
10.3389/fneur.2024.1429698 · 2024 · External reference
Vitamin D3 supplementation modulates inflammatory protein CHI3L1/YKL-40 and oxidative stress status in multiple sclerosis
10.1002/npr2.70076 · 2025 · External reference
Oxidative stress and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in multiple sclerosis: focus on certain exogenous and endogenous nrf2 activators and therapeutic plasma exchange modulation
10.3390/ijms242417223 · 2023 · External reference
Ferroptosis promotes T-cell activation-induced neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
10.1038/s41423-022-00883-0 · 2022 · External reference
A distinct hibiscus sabdariffa extract prevents iron neurotoxicity, a driver of multiple sclerosis pathology
10.3390/cells11030440 · 2022 · External reference
Inflammation alters myeloid cell and oligodendroglial iron-handling in multiple sclerosis
10.1186/s40478-025-02020-0 · 2025 · External reference
Evaluation of the blood-brain barrier, demyelination, and neurodegeneration in paramagnetic rim lesions in multiple sclerosis on 7 tesla MRI
10.1002/jmri.28847 · 2024 · External reference
Iron deposition and atrophy in cerebral grey matter and their possible association with serum iron in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.09.006 · 2021 · External reference
Insulin resistance, atherogenicity, and iron metabolism in multiple sclerosis with and without depression: Associations with inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and uric acid
10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.039 · 2017 · External reference
Significance and in vivo detection of iron-laden microglia in white matter multiple sclerosis lesions
10.3389/fimmu.2018.00255 · 2018 · External reference
White matter lesions in multiple sclerosis are enriched for CD20(dim) CD8(+) tissue-resident memory T cells
10.1002/eji.202048665 · 2021 · External reference
Accumulation of meningeal lymphocytes correlates with white matter lesion activity in progressive multiple sclerosis
10.1172/jci.insight.151683 · 2022 · External reference
Role of CXCL13 in the formation of the meningeal tertiary lymphoid organ in multiple sclerosis
10.12688/f1000research.14556.3 · 2018 · External reference
High efficacy therapy to prevent the formation of meningeal tertiary lymphoid organs after CXCL13 index screening in early multiple sclerosis
10.3389/fnins.2025.1558810 · 2025 · External reference
Meningeal inflammation changes the balance of TNF signalling in cortical grey matter in multiple sclerosis
10.1186/s12974-019-1650-x · 2019 · External reference
B cell rich meningeal inflammation associates with increased spinal cord pathology in multiple sclerosis
10.1111/bpa.12841 · 2020 · External reference
ODC1 restricts meningeal B cell age-associated-like phenotype and function in multiple sclerosis: A human and experimental study
10.1073/pnas.2526147123 · 2026 · External reference
Ocrelizumab reduces cortical and deep grey matter loss compared to the S1P-receptor modulator in multiple sclerosis
10.1007/s00415-023-12179-y · 2024 · External reference
Grey matter atrophy and its relationship with white matter lesions in patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and multiple sclerosis
10.1002/ana.26951 · 2024 · External reference
Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis
10.1093/brain/awh641 · 2005 · External reference
Cortical and white matter lesion topology influences focal corpus callosum atrophy in multiple sclerosis
10.1111/jon.12977 · 2022 · External reference
Subcortical plaques and inflammation reflect cortical and meningeal pathologies in progressive multiple sclerosis
10.1111/bpa.13314 · 2025 · External reference
Meningeal inflammation and cortical demyelination in acute multiple sclerosis
10.1002/ana.25365 · 2018 · External reference
Persistent elevation of intrathecal pro-inflammatory cytokines leads to multiple sclerosis-like cortical demyelination and neurodegeneration
10.1186/s40478-020-00938-1 · 2020 · External reference
Meningeal tertiary lymphoid tissues and multiple sclerosis: A gathering place for diverse types of immune cells during CNS autoimmunity
10.3389/fimmu.2015.00657 · 2015 · External reference
Demyelinated lesion associated compartmental inflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis brains
10.1186/s40478-025-02122-9 · 2025 · External reference
Regulation of microglial TMEM119 and P2RY12 immunoreactivity in multiple sclerosis white and grey matter lesions is dependent on their inflammatory environment
10.1186/s40478-019-0850-z · 2019 · External reference
Automatic multiple sclerosis lesion detection in brain MRI by FLAIR thresholding
10.1016/j.cmpb.2014.04.006 · 2014 · External reference
Structural and functional MRI techniques in multiple sclerosis related cognitive dysfunction
10.2478/folmed-2018-0031 · 2018 · External reference
Complement activation and increased anaphylatoxin receptor expression are associated with cortical grey matter lesions and the compartmentalised inflammatory response of multiple sclerosis
10.3389/fncel.2023.1094106 · 2023 · External reference
Increased cortical lesion load contributed to pathological changes beyond focal lesion in cortical gray matter of multiple sclerosis: a diffusion kurtosis imaging analysis
10.1093/cercor/bhad332 · 2023 · External reference
CX3CR1(+)/UCHL1(+) microglial extracellular vesicles in blood: a potential biomarker for multiple sclerosis
10.1186/s12974-024-03243-z · 2024 · External reference
Drug-induced microglial phagocytosis in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and the underlying mechanisms
10.1007/s11033-022-07968-z · 2023 · External reference
NLRC5-mediated epigenetic and proteomic regulation of microglial panoptosis drives neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis
10.1007/s12035-025-05365-8 · 2025 · External reference
Evaluation of microglial activation in multiple sclerosis patients using positron emission tomography
10.3389/fneur.2018.00181 · 2018 · External reference
Decoding thalamic glial interplay in multiple sclerosis through proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography
10.3390/ijms26178656 · 2025 · External reference
Amyloid positron emission tomography in multiple sclerosis: Between amyloid deposition and myelin damage
10.1002/ana.25759 · 2020 · External reference
TSPO PET in multiple sclerosis: Emerging insights into pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment monitoring
10.1016/j.msard.2025.106546 · 2025 · External reference
Longitudinal accumulation of glial activation measured by TSPO-PET predicts later brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis
10.1186/s12974-025-03519-y · 2025 · External reference
Serum glial fibrillary acid protein associates with TSPO-expressing lesions in multiple sclerosis brain
10.1177/17562864251352998 · 2025 · External reference
Cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 densities measured using positron emission tomography are not altered in the brains of individuals with stable multiple sclerosis
10.1177/0271678x251332490 · 2025 · External reference
Slowly expanding/evolving lesions as a magnetic resonance imaging marker of chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions
10.1177/1352458518814117 · 2019 · External reference
Slowly expanding lesions differentiate pediatric multiple sclerosis from myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease
10.1002/ana.27066 · 2024 · External reference
RNA binding protein dysfunction links smoldering/slowly expanding lesions to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
10.1002/ana.27114 · 2025 · External reference
Long-term evolution of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions in 7 T MRI
10.1093/brain/awaa436 · 2021 · External reference
Disease correlates of rim lesions on quantitative susceptibility mapping in multiple sclerosis
10.1038/s41598-022-08477-6 · 2022 · External reference
Associations between paramagnetic rim lesion evolution and clinical and radiologic disease progression in persons with multiple sclerosis
10.1212/wnl.0000000000210004 · 2024 · External reference
Presence of slowly expanding lesions in multiple sclerosis predicts progressive demyelination within lesions and normal-appearing tissue over time
10.1177/13524585251316519 · 2025 · External reference
Association of slowly expanding lesions on MRI with disability in people with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
10.1212/wnl.0000000000200144 · 2022 · External reference
Lesion-level correspondence and longitudinal properties of paramagnetic rim and slowly expanding lesions in multiple sclerosis
10.1177/13524585231162262 · 2023 · External reference
Quantitative susceptibility mapping versus phase imaging to identify multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions with demyelination
10.1111/jon.12987 · 2022 · External reference
Quantitative susceptibility mapping is more sensitive and specific than phase imaging in detecting chronic active multiple sclerosis lesion rims: pathological validation
10.1093/braincomms/fcaf011 · 2025 · External reference
Comparative effectiveness of teriflunomide and ocrelizumab on smoldering activity in multiple sclerosis: an observational study in the Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Cohort
10.1007/s00415-025-13221-x · 2025 · External reference
T1-based stratification of paramagnetic rim lesions in multiple sclerosis: Evidence of microstructural heterogeneity and clinical implications
10.1177/13524585251389809 · 2025 · External reference
TSPO-detectable chronic active lesions predict disease progression in multiple sclerosis
10.1212/nxi.0000000000200133 · 2023 · External reference
Rim lesions in MS at 3T: clinical correlation and possible radiological alternatives for daily practice at lower field strength
10.1016/j.neurad.2023.10.010 · 2024 · External reference
Broad rim lesions are a new pathological and imaging biomarker for rapid disease progression in multiple sclerosis
10.1038/s41591-025-03625-7 · 2025 · External reference
Magnetic susceptibility increases as diamagnetic molecules breakdown: Myelin digestion during multiple sclerosis lesion formation contributes to increase on QSM
10.1002/jmri.25997 · 2018 · External reference
QSM is an imaging biomarker for chronic glial activation in multiple sclerosis lesions
10.1002/acn3.51338 · 2021 · External reference
Reliability of paramagnetic rim lesion classification on quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in people with multiple sclerosis: Single-site experience and systematic review
10.1016/j.msard.2023.104968 · 2023 · External reference
Subvoxel quantitative susceptibility mapping of chronic white matter lesions: Enhancing lesion heterogeneity characterization and providing complementary biomarkers for myelin integrity in multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.msard.2025.106698 · 2025 · External reference
Longitudinal change in magnetic susceptibility of new enhanced multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions measured on serial quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM)
10.1002/jmri.25144 · 2016 · External reference
MR susceptibility separation for quantifying lesion paramagnetic and diamagnetic evolution in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
10.1002/jmri.29266 · 2024 · External reference
Quantitative T1 mapping detects blood-brain barrier breakdown in apparently non-enhancing multiple sclerosis lesions
10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103509 · 2023 · External reference
Inflammation-induced TRPV4 channels exacerbate blood-brain barrier dysfunction in multiple sclerosis
10.1186/s12974-024-03069-9 · 2024 · External reference
Endothelial ETS1 inhibition exacerbate blood-brain barrier dysfunction in multiple sclerosis through inducing endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition
10.1038/s41419-022-04888-5 · 2022 · External reference
Interaction between neutrophils and elements of the blood-brain barrier in the context of multiple sclerosis and ischemic stroke
10.3390/ijms26094437 · 2025 · External reference
Electroacupuncture alleviates blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation via astrocytic MC4R in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis
10.1186/s12974-025-03667-1 · 2025 · External reference
Chronic white matter lesion activity predicts clinical progression in primary progressive multiple sclerosis
10.1093/brain/awz212 · 2019 · External reference
Slowly expanding lesions predict 9-year multiple sclerosis disease progression
10.1212/nxi.0000000000001139 · 2022 · External reference
Structural disconnectivity from paramagnetic rim lesions is related to disability in multiple sclerosis
10.1002/brb3.2353 · 2021 · External reference
Neurological disability correlates with spinal cord axonal loss and reduced N-acetyl aspartate in chronic multiple sclerosis patients
10.1007/978-88-470-2109-9_3 · 2000 · External reference
The pathology of multiple sclerosis is the result of focal inflammatory demyelination with axonal damage
10.1007/s00415-005-5002-7 · 2005 · External reference
The topograpy of demyelination and neurodegeneration in the multiple sclerosis brain
10.1093/brain/awv398 · 2016 · External reference
Axonal pathology and loss precede demyelination and accompany chronic lesions in a spontaneously occurring animal model of multiple sclerosis
10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00332.x · 2010 · External reference
Serum neurofilament-light and glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in hydroxychloroquine-treated primary progressive multiple sclerosis
10.1111/ene.15588 · 2023 · External reference
Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein compared with neurofilament light chain as a biomarker for disease progression in multiple sclerosis
10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.5250 · 2023 · External reference
Quantitation of neurofilament light chain protein in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis using the MSD R-PLEX NfL assay
10.1515/dx-2022-0125 · 2023 · External reference
Serum neurofilament light chain correlates with myelin and axonal magnetic resonance imaging markers in multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.msard.2021.103366 · 2022 · External reference
Paramagnetic rim lesions predict greater long-term relapse rates and clinical progression over 10 years
10.1177/13524585241229956 · 2024 · External reference
Association of cortical lesion burden on 7-T magnetic resonance imaging with cognition and disability in multiple sclerosis
10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1241 · 2015 · External reference
Cladribine is associated with stable cortical gray matter lesion burden in multiple sclerosis: A 7T MRI study
10.1111/jon.70032 · 2025 · External reference
The action of TH17 cells on blood brain barrier in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
10.1016/j.humimm.2020.02.009 · 2020 · External reference
Involvement of NINJ2 protein in inflammation and blood-brain barrier transmigration of monocytes in multiple sclerosis
10.3390/genes13111946 · 2022 · External reference
RGMa participates in the blood-brain barrier dysfunction through BMP/BMPR/YAP signaling in multiple sclerosis
10.3389/fimmu.2022.861486 · 2022 · External reference
Systematic literature review and validity evaluation of the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC) in patients with multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.jval.2013.08.1560 · 2014 · External reference
Correlation between EDSS scores and cervical spinal cord atrophy at 3T MRI in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.msard.2019.101426 · 2020 · External reference
Understanding the pathophysiology and magnetic resonance imaging of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
10.3348/kjr.2023.0360 · 2023 · External reference
Optical coherence tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
10.3390/ijms17111894 · 2016 · External reference
Real-world persistence and adherence of ofatumumab versus oral and injectable disease-modifying therapies in patients with multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.msard.2024.105888 · 2024 · External reference
Disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: Common and divergent current and future strategies
10.1111/cei.12195 · 2014 · External reference
Perspectives for managed care organizations on the burden of multiple sclerosis and the cost-benefits of disease-modifying therapies
10.18553/jmcp.2013.19.s1.s41 · 2013 · External reference
Soluble CD40 ligand contributes to blood-brain barrier breakdown and central nervous system inflammation in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.01.024 · 2017 · External reference
Potential for interferon beta-induced serum antibodies in multiple sclerosis to inhibit endogenous interferon-regulated chemokine/cytokine responses within the central nervous system
10.1001/jama.1951.03670250069029 · 2006 · External reference
FGF/FGFR system in the central nervous system demyelinating disease: Recent progress and implications for multiple sclerosis
10.1111/cns.14176 · 2023 · External reference
B cell depletion therapy does not resolve chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions
10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104701 · 2023 · External reference
Neutropenia following immune-depletion, notably CD20 targeting, therapies in multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.msard.2023.105400 · 2024 · External reference
Ocrelizumab and other CD20(+) B-cell-depleting therapies in multiple sclerosis
10.1007/s13311-017-0557-4 · 2017 · External reference
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of ublituximab compared with other anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies for multiple sclerosis treatment
10.2174/011570159x392955250815095236 · 2026 · External reference
The immune receptor SLAMF5 regulates myeloid-cell mediated neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis
10.1371/journal.pbio.3003373 · 2025 · External reference
T-bet+ CXCR3+ B cells drive hyperreactive B-T cell interactions in multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.102027 · 2025 · External reference
Interleukin-3 coordinates glial-peripheral immune crosstalk to incite multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.013 · 2023 · External reference
Dimethyl fumarate reduces inflammation in chronic active multiple sclerosis lesions
10.1212/nxi.0000000000001138 · 2022 · External reference
An overview of pivotal trials and real-world evidence for CD20-depleting therapy in multiple sclerosis : Immunotherapy with rituximab, ocrelizumab, and ofatumumab
10.1007/s10354-022-00939-w · 2022 · External reference
Effects of anti-CD20 antibody therapy on immune cell dynamics in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
10.3390/cells14070552 · 2025 · External reference
NADPH oxidase expression in active multiple sclerosis lesions in relation to oxidative tissue damage and mitochondrial injury
10.1093/brain/aws012 · 2012 · External reference
Distribution of the immune inhibitory molecules CD200 and CD200R in the normal central nervous system and multiple sclerosis lesions suggests neuron-glia and glia-glia interactions
10.1097/nen.0b013e3181964113 · 2009 · External reference
Interferon-gamma and Ia antigen are present on astrocytes in active chronic multiple sclerosis lesions
10.1016/0165-5728(83)90036-x · 1988 · External reference
Matrix metalloproteinase-12 is expressed in phagocytotic macrophages in active multiple sclerosis lesions
10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00036-5 · 2003 · External reference
Anti-BCMA CAR-T cells attenuate microglial activation in progressive multiple sclerosis: Indicating a plasma cell-microglia crosstalk
10.1038/s41392-025-02510-6 · 2025 · External reference
CAR T cells for multiple sclerosis: Engineering T cells to disrupt chronic B cell-driven neuroinflammation
10.1016/j.msard.2025.106812 · 2025 · External reference
Relapse after anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in a patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis effectively treated by autologous stem cell transplantation
10.1016/j.ard.2025.03.018 · 2025 · External reference
Combining quantitative susceptibility mapping with automatic zero reference (QSM0) and myelin water fraction imaging to quantify iron-related myelin damage in chronic active MS lesions
10.3174/ajnr.a5482 · 2018 · External reference
Transcriptional regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2): A novel mechanism for re-myelination and/or myelin repair involved in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS)
10.1007/s12035-014-9074-1 · 2016 · External reference
Regulatory T cells promote remyelination in the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis following human neural stem cell transplant
10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104868 · 2020 · External reference
The Cambridge Centre for Myelin Repair trial Two (CCMR Two): A trial protocol for a phase 2a, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the ability of the combination of metformin and clemastine to promote remyelination in people with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis already on disease-modifying therapy
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Confirmation of CD19+ B-lymphocyte depletion prior to intake of the second dose of ocrelizumab in multiple sclerosis patients
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VISTA regulates microglia homeostasis and myelin phagocytosis, and is associated with MS lesion pathology
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TREM2 activation on microglia promotes myelin debris clearance and remyelination in a model of multiple sclerosis
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In vivo nanoparticle imaging of innate immune cells can serve as a marker of disease severity in a model of multiple sclerosis
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Molecular effects of FDA-approved multiple sclerosis drugs on glial cells and neurons of the central nervous system
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TSPO-PET-measurable neuroinflammation associates with brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis
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