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References from The plasticity and metabolic reprogramming of macrophage in ulcerative colitis. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Ulcerative colitis
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Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets
10.1038/nri3073 · 2011 · External reference
Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease
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Macrophage-based nanotherapeutic strategies in ulcerative colitis
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Ilya Metchnikoff, the phagocytic theory, and how things often work in science
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Monocyte recruitment during infection and inflammation
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Tissue-resident macrophage ontogeny and homeostasis
10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.024 · 2016 · External reference
A guide to immunometabolism for immunologists
10.1038/nri.2016.70 · 2016 · External reference
Ly6C hi monocytes in the inflamed colon give rise to proinflammatory effector cells and migratory antigen-presenting cells
10.1016/j.immuni.2012.08.026 · 2012 · External reference
Tissue-resident macrophages in the intestine are long lived and defined by Tim-4 and CD4 expression
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Macrophages: subtypes, distribution, polarization, immunomodulatory functions, and therapeutics
10.1002/mco2.70304 · 2025 · External reference
Roles of macrophages on ulcerative colitis and colitis-associated colorectal cancer
10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103617 · 2023 · External reference
Origin, differentiation, and function of intestinal macrophages
10.3389/fimmu.2018.02733 · 2018 · External reference
Macrophages in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation
10.1111/imr.12192 · 2014 · External reference
Resident and pro-inflammatory macrophages in the colon represent alternative context-dependent fates of the same Ly6Chi monocyte precursors
10.1038/mi.2012.89 · 2013 · External reference
Selective oxidative protection leads to tissue topological changes orchestrated by macrophage during ulcerative colitis
10.1038/s41467-023-39173-2 · 2023 · External reference
Tissue resident colonic macrophages persist through acute inflammation and adapt to aid tissue repair
10.1101/2025.09.19.677333 · 2026 · External reference
Single-cell analysis of Crohn's disease lesions identifies a pathogenic cellular module associated with resistance to anti-TNF therapy
10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.008 · 2019 · External reference
Development, validation and implementation of an in vitro model for the study of metabolic and immune function in normal and inflamed human colonic epithelium
2015 · External reference
Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease
10.1002/jcp.26429 · 2018 · External reference
NLRP3 inflammasome mediates M1 macrophage polarization and IL-1β production in inflammatory root resorption
10.1111/jcpe.13258 · 2020 · External reference
Berberine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles alleviate ulcerative colitis by targeting IL-6/IL-6R axis
10.1186/s12967-024-05682-x · 2024 · External reference
Exogenous IL-25 ameliorates airway neutrophilia via suppressing macrophage M1 polarization and the expression of IL-12 and IL-23 in asthma
10.1186/s12931-023-02557-5 · 2023 · External reference
M1 macrophages induce PD-L1(hi) cell-led collective invasion in HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via TNF-α/CDK4/UPS14
10.1016/b978-0-12-817868-3.00015-9 · 2023 · External reference
The gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide aggravates GVHD by inducing M1 macrophage polarization in mice
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L-arginine-modified selenium nanozymes targeting M1 macrophages for oral treatment of ulcerative colitis
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Immunosuppressive effects of morphine on macrophage polarization and function
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Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of macrophages and neutrophils inducing ulcerative colitis progression
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1615340 · 2025 · External reference
Macrophage polarization in inflammatory bowel disease
10.1186/s12964-023-01386-9 · 2023 · External reference
Selenoprotein S maintains intestinal homeostasis in ulcerative colitis by inhibiting necroptosis of colonic epithelial cells through modulation of macrophage polarization
10.7150/thno.97005 · 2024 · External reference
Macrophage efferocytosis in health and disease
10.1002/cbf.3780 · 2023 · External reference
Exosomes derived from M2b macrophages attenuate DSS-induced colitis
10.3389/fimmu.2019.02346 · 2019 · External reference
Intra- and inter-cellular rewiring of the human colon during ulcerative colitis
10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.029 · 2019 · External reference
A future avenue of treatment ulcerative colitis targeting macrophage polarization: a phytochemical application
10.1093/crocol/otae070 · 2024 · External reference
Two distinct colonic CD14(+) subsets characterized by single-cell RNA profiling in Crohn's disease
10.1038/s41385-018-0126-0 · 2019 · External reference
Self-maintaining gut macrophages are essential for intestinal homeostasis
10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.048 · 2018 · External reference
Crosstalk between muscularis macrophages and enteric neurons regulates gastrointestinal motility
10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.002 · 2014 · External reference
Targeting PKM2-dependent glycolysis reprogrammes monocytes into Cadm1+ macrophages to promote mucosal repair and attenuate colitis progression
10.1136/gutjnl-2025-337344 · 2026 · External reference
Macrophages in intestinal inflammation and resolution: a potential therapeutic target in IBD
10.1038/s41575-019-0172-4 · 2019 · External reference
IFNγ: signalling, epigenetics and roles in immunity, metabolism, disease and cancer immunotherapy
10.1038/s41577-018-0029-z · 2018 · External reference
Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines
10.1016/j.immuni.2014.07.009 · 2014 · External reference
Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis
10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.015 · 2016 · External reference
IL-13 effector functions
10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141142 · 2003 · External reference
The JAK-STAT signaling pathway: input and output integration
10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.2623 · 2007 · External reference
Transforming growth factor-beta regulation of immune responses
10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090737 · 2006 · External reference
Chemokines and chemokine receptors in mucosal homeostasis at the intestinal epithelial barrier in inflammatory bowel disease
10.1002/ibd.20480 · 2008 · External reference
The CXCL12/CXCR4 chemokine ligand/receptor axis in cardiovascular disease
10.3389/fphys.2014.00212 · 2014 · External reference
A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif
10.1038/385640a0 · 1997 · External reference
Intestinal stroma guides monocyte differentiation to macrophages through GM-CSF
10.1038/s41467-024-46076-3 · 2024 · External reference
Interleukin 34: a new modulator of human and experimental inflammatory bowel disease
10.1042/cs20150176 · 2015 · External reference
Vascular endothelial growth factor in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1111/eci.14361 · 2025 · External reference
Growth factors in inflammatory bowel disease
10.1002/ibd.3780050108 · 1999 · External reference
Vedolizumab: potential mechanisms of action for reducing pathological inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases
10.3389/fcell.2021.612830 · 2021 · External reference
5-Lipoxygenase modulates colitis through the regulation of adhesion molecule expression and neutrophil migration
10.1038/labinvest.3700276 · 2005 · External reference
Anti-inflammatory drugs and endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression in murine vascular beds
10.1136/gut.44.2.186 · 1999 · External reference
Membrane proteins with immunoglobulin-like domains--a master superfamily of interaction molecules
10.1016/s1044-5323(03)00047-2 · 2003 · External reference
Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses
10.1038/ni1112 · 2004 · External reference
Dendritic cells and the control of immunity
10.1038/32588 · 1998 · External reference
CD40 and CD154 in cell-mediated immunity
10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.111 · 1998 · External reference
How regulatory T cells work
10.1038/nri2343 · 2008 · External reference
Phagocyte partnership during the onset and resolution of inflammation
10.1038/nri2779 · 2010 · External reference
Inflammation. Neutrophil extracellular traps license macrophages for cytokine production in atherosclerosis
10.1126/science.aaa8064 · 2015 · External reference
Self-maintaining gut macrophages are essential for intestinal homeostasis
10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.048 · 2019 · External reference
The role of the anaphylatoxins in health and disease
10.1016/j.molimm.2009.04.027 · 2009 · External reference
Complement: a key system for immune surveillance and homeostasis
10.1038/ni.1923 · 2010 · External reference
Intracellular complement activation sustains T cell homeostasis and mediates effector differentiation
10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.018 · 2013 · External reference
Intracellular complement - the complosome - in immune cell regulation
10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.012 · 2017 · External reference
HMGB1 modulates macrophage metabolism and polarization in ulcerative colitis by inhibiting Cpt1a expression
10.31083/j.fbl2911387 · 2024 · External reference
Agmatine attenuates the severity of immunometabolic disorders by suppressing macrophage polarization: an in vivo study using an ulcerative colitis mouse model
10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117549 · 2024 · External reference
Immunometabolic reprogramming of macrophages by gut microbiota-derived cadaverine controls colon inflammation
10.1016/j.chom.2025.09.009 · 2025 · External reference
Hypoxia: an alarm signal during intestinal inflammation
10.1038/nrgastro.2010.39 · 2010 · External reference
The short chain fatty acid butyrate imprints an antimicrobial program in macrophages
10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.018 · 2019 · External reference
Human intestinal macrophages display profound inflammatory anergy despite avid phagocytic and bacteriocidal activity
10.1172/jci200519229 · 2005 · External reference
Mitochondria in innate immune responses
10.1038/nri2975 · 2011 · External reference
CLUH functions as a negative regulator of inflammation in human macrophages and determines ulcerative colitis pathogenesis
10.1172/jci.insight.161096 · 2023 · External reference
ORMDL3 regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by maintaining ER-mitochondria contacts in human macrophages and dictates ulcerative colitis patient outcome
10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107120 · 2024 · External reference
Succinate is an inflammatory signal that induces IL-1β through HIF-1α
10.1038/nature11986 · 2013 · External reference
Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates Hif-1α activity and IL-1β induction and is a critical determinant of the warburg effect in LPS-activated macrophages
10.1016/j.cmet.2014.12.005 · 2015 · External reference
Mitochondrial fusion and fission in mammals
10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010305.104638 · 2006 · External reference
Mitochondrial fusion and fission in cell life and death
10.1038/nrm3013 · 2010 · External reference
Conditional deletion of myeloid-specific mitofusin 2 but not mitofusin 1 promotes kidney fibrosis
10.1681/asn.20203110s1229d · 2022 · External reference
Macrophage Akt1 kinase-mediated mitophagy modulates apoptosis resistance and pulmonary fibrosis
10.1016/j.immuni.2016.01.001 · 2016 · External reference
Mitophagy-dependent macrophage reprogramming protects against kidney fibrosis
10.1172/jci.insight.132826 · 2019 · External reference
Mechanisms of mitophagy
10.1038/nrm3028 · 2011 · External reference
A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation
10.1038/nature09663 · 2011 · External reference
NF-κB restricts inflammasome activation via elimination of damaged mitochondria
10.1016/j.cell.2015.12.057 · 2016 · External reference
The MICOS complex regulates mitochondrial structure and oxidative stress during age-dependent structural deficits in the kidney
10.1101/2024.06.09.598108 · 2026 · External reference
Mitochondrial calcium uptake in organ physiology: from molecular mechanism to animal models
10.1007/s00424-018-2123-2 · 2018 · External reference
Critical role for calcium mobilization in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome
10.1073/pnas.1117765109 · 2012 · External reference
Diversity, mechanisms, and significance of macrophage plasticity
10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012718 · 2020 · External reference
Lycium barbarum polysaccharide alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammatory bowel disease by regulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization via the STAT1 and STAT6 pathways
10.3389/fphar.2023.1044576 · 2023 · External reference
Targeted V-type peptide-decorated nanoparticles prevent colitis by inhibiting endosomal TLR signaling and modulating intestinal macrophage polarization
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122843 · 2025 · External reference
An orally-administered nanotherapeutics with carbon monoxide supplying for inflammatory bowel disease therapy by scavenging oxidative stress and restoring gut immune homeostasis
10.1021/acsnano.3c04819 · 2023 · External reference
A novel pharmaceutical preparation of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. regulates macrophage polarization to alleviate inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis
10.1093/jpp/rgad078 · 2023 · External reference
Transcriptional regulation of macrophage polarization: enabling diversity with identity
10.1038/nri3088 · 2011 · External reference
Multi-omics computational analysis unveils the involvement of AP-1 and CTCF in hysteresis of chromatin states during macrophage polarization
10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304778 · 2023 · External reference
Modulation of gut microbiota combined with upregulation of intestinal tight junction explains anti-inflammatory effect of corylin on colitis-associated cancer in mice
10.3390/ijms23052667 · 2022 · External reference
Integrin CD11b attenuates colitis by strengthening Src-Akt pathway to polarize anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression
10.1038/srep26252 · 2016 · External reference
Chemerin aggravates DSS-induced colitis by suppressing M2 macrophage polarization
10.1038/cmi.2014.15 · 2014 · External reference
Ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate ameliorates colitis by promoting M2 macrophage polarization through the STAT6-dependent signaling pathway
10.1186/s12916-022-02352-x · 2022 · External reference
Shared genes of PPARG and NOS2 in Alzheimer's disease and ulcerative colitis drive macrophages and microglia polarization: Evidence from bioinformatics analysis and following validation
10.3390/ijms24065651 · 2023 · External reference
Extracellular vesicle activities regulating macrophage- and tissue-mediated injury and repair responses
10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.014 · 2021 · External reference
Krüppel-like factor-4-mediated macrophage polarization and phenotypic transitions drive intestinal fibrosis in THP-1 monocyte models in vitro
10.3390/medicina60050713 · 2024 · External reference
Short-chain fatty acid-producing bacterial strains attenuate experimental ulcerative colitis by promoting M2 macrophage polarization via JAK/STAT3/FOXO3 axis inactivation
10.1186/s12967-024-05122-w · 2024 · External reference
Toll-like receptor signalling
10.1038/nri1391 · 2004 · External reference
High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal
10.1038/nri1594 · 2005 · External reference
The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
10.1056/nejmra1004965 · 2011 · External reference
Macrophages in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
10.1016/j.cell.2011.04.005 · 2011 · External reference
Big data in IBD: big progress for clinical practice
10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320065 · 2020 · External reference
Transcriptomic and immunophenotypic profiling reveals molecular and immunological hallmarks of colorectal cancer tumourigenesis
10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327608 · 2023 · External reference
Immune responses in checkpoint myocarditis across heart, blood and tumour
10.1038/s41586-024-08105-5 · 2024 · External reference
The E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH2 controls TNF-α mediated inflammation by autoubiquitination
10.1186/s12964-025-02260-6 · 2025 · External reference
A functional genomics predictive network model identifies regulators of inflammatory bowel disease
10.1038/ng.3947 · 2017 · External reference
Methyl 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzoate attenuates inflammatory bowel disease by regulating TLR/NF-κB pathways
10.3843/glowm.412693 · 2025 · External reference
Protective effect of butyrate against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in mice by promoting the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and mucosal defense mechanisms
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Substrate-specific recognition of IKKs mediated by USP16 facilitates autoimmune inflammation
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Network integration of parallel metabolic and transcriptional data reveals metabolic modules that regulate macrophage polarization
10.1016/j.immuni.2015.02.005 · 2015 · External reference
Mucosal profiling of pediatric-onset colitis and IBD reveals common pathogenics and therapeutic pathways
10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.027 · 2019 · External reference
MCPIP1 restrains mucosal inflammation by orchestrating the intestinal monocyte to macrophage maturation via an ATF3-AP1S2 axis
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Revealing lineage-related signals in single-cell gene expression using random matrix theory
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Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis
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Tofacitinib as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis
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Ustekinumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease
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Cenicriviroc, a CCR2/CCR5 antagonist, promotes the generation of type 1 regulatory T cells
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Macrophage-specific PPARgamma controls alternative activation and improves insulin resistance
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Berberine hydrochloride prevents postsurgery intestinal adhesion and inflammation in rats
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Therapeutic inhibition of the JAK-STAT pathway in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease
10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.07.008 · 2024 · External reference
Tofacitinib for induction and maintenance therapy of Crohn's disease: results of two phase IIb randomised placebo-controlled trials
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Tumor necrosis factor antagonist mechanisms of action: a comprehensive review
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Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases
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Up-regulated cathepsin C induces macrophage M1 polarization through FAK-triggered p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway
10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.06.017 · 2019 · External reference
LAG3(+) regulatory T cells restrain interleukin-23-producing CX3CR1(+) gut-resident macrophages during group 3 innate lymphoid cell-driven colitis
10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.007 · 2018 · External reference
An integrated taxonomy for monogenic inflammatory bowel disease
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Adoptive immune cell therapy for colorectal cancer
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Linking macrophage metabolism to function in the tumor microenvironment
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Oral nanotherapeutics of andrographolide/carbon monoxide donor for synergistically anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving treatment of ulcerative colitis
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Histone deacetylases as regulators of inflammation and immunity
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Class IIa HDAC inhibition reduces breast tumours and metastases through anti-tumour macrophages
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Suppression of inflammation by a synthetic histone mimic
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BET domain co-regulators in obesity, inflammation and cancer
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Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitors in cancer therapy
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Balanced regulation of ROS production and inflammasome activation in preventing early development of colorectal cancer
10.1111/imr.13417 · 2025 · External reference
Roles of macrophages in the development and treatment of gut inflammation
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Tertiary lymphoid structures and B cells: An intratumoral immunity cycle
10.1016/j.immuni.2023.08.009 · 2023 · External reference
Interleukin-24 immunobiology and its roles in inflammatory diseases
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Biological drug and drug delivery-mediated immunotherapy
10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.018 · 2021 · External reference
An injectable subcutaneous colon-specific immune niche for the treatment of ulcerative colitis
10.1038/s41551-023-01136-9 · 2024 · External reference
Neutrophil diversity and function in health and disease
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Inhibition of HMGB1 improves experimental mice colitis by mediating NETs and macrophage polarization
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Monocyte-macrophages modulate intestinal homeostasis in inflammatory bowel disease
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Find me" and "Eat me" signals: tools to drive phagocytic processes for modulating antitumor immunity
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Clearance of apoptotic cells by neutrophils in inflammation and cancer
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Tumor-resident probiotic Clostridium butyricum improves aPD-1 efficacy in colorectal cancer models by inhibiting IL-6-mediated immunosuppression
10.1016/j.ccell.2025.07.012 · 2025 · External reference
Outer membrane vesicles derived from probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 promote metabolic remodeling and M1 polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1501174 · 2025 · External reference
Interleukin-22 protects intestinal stem cells against genotoxic stress
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Preclinical evaluation of 3D185, a novel potent inhibitor of FGFR1/2/3 and CSF-1R, in FGFR-dependent and macrophage-dominant cancer models
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CCR5 and CCL5 in metastatic colorectal cancer
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Effect of colorectal cancer-derived extracellular vesicles on the immunophenotype and cytokine secretion profile of monocytes and macrophages
10.1186/s12964-018-0229-y · 2018 · External reference
Crohn's disease
10.3238/arztebl.2009.0123 · 2012 · External reference
Mechanisms, management, and treatment of fibrosis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases
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Maintenance infliximab for Crohn's disease: the ACCENT I randomised trial
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