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References from Paradigm shift in macrophage polarization in osteoarthritis: from M1/M2 imbalance to macrophage state reprogramming in the ageing immune microenvironment. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Osteoarthritis: novel molecular mechanisms increase our understanding of the disease pathology
10.3390/jcm10091938 · 2021 · External reference
Research progress on macrophage polarization during osteoarthritis disease progression: a review
10.1186/s13018-024-05052-9 · 2024 · External reference
Role of innate immunity in initiation and progression of osteoarthritis, with emphasis on horses
10.3390/ani11113247 · 2021 · External reference
Phenotypic alteration of macrophages during osteoarthritis: a systematic review
10.1186/s13075-021-02457-3 · 2021 · External reference
The role of macrophages in osteoarthritis and cartilage repair
10.1016/j.joca.2019.12.007 · 2020 · External reference
Mechanisms of synovial macrophage polarization in osteoarthritis pathogenesis and their therapeutic implications
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1637731 · 2025 · External reference
Ros-responsive boronate-stabilized polyphenol-poloxamer 188 assembled dexamethasone nanodrug for macrophage repolarization in osteoarthritis treatment
10.1002/adhm.202100883 · 2021 · External reference
Eucommia ulmoides polysaccharides attenuate rabbit osteoarthritis by regulating the function of macrophages
10.3389/fphar.2021.730557 · 2021 · External reference
Angelicin alleviates post-trauma osteoarthritis progression by regulating macrophage polarization via Stat3 signaling pathway
10.3389/fphar.2021.669213 · 2021 · External reference
Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of the extracellular vesicles derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on osteoarthritis via M2 macrophages
10.1186/s12951-021-01236-1 · 2022 · External reference
Folate receptor expression by human monocyte-derived macrophage subtypes and effects of corticosteroids
10.1177/19476035221081469 · 2022 · External reference
Correlation between Cd163 expression and resting pain in patients with hip osteoarthritis: possible contribution of Cd163+ monocytes/macrophages to pain pathogenesis
10.1002/jor.25157 · 2022 · External reference
Macrophage polarization: a bridge connecting osteoarthritis and osteoporosis
10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.153322 · 2026 · External reference
Development of a macrophage polarization-modulating therapeutic agent for osteoarthritis treatment
10.1186/s13018-025-05679-2 · 2025 · External reference
Macrophage polarization in osteoarthritis progression: a promising therapeutic target
10.3389/fcell.2023.1269724 · 2023 · External reference
Emerging roles of macrophage polarization in osteoarthritis: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies
10.1111/os.13993 · 2024 · External reference
S-propargyl-cysteine attenuates temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis by regulating macrophage polarization via inhibition of Jak/Stat signaling
10.1186/s10020-025-01186-6 · 2025 · External reference
Asic1a-Cmpk2-mediated M1 macrophage polarization exacerbates chondrocyte senescence in osteoarthritis through Il-18
10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110878 · 2023 · External reference
Wine-processed Cornus officinalis ameliorates osteoarthritis via modulating M1/M2 macrophage polarization
10.1111/jcmm.71113 · 2026 · External reference
Biocompatible ionized air alleviates rat osteoarthritis by modulating polarization from M1 to M2 macrophages
10.1038/s41598-024-83198-6 · 2024 · External reference
Denosumab-functionalized nanoparticles target macrophages to mitigate age-related osteoarthritis and osteoporosis
10.1039/d5tb01165e · 2026 · External reference
Disrupting the senescence-associated secretory phenotype-M1macrophage feedback loop in synovitis using dual nano-switches to restore joint homeostasis
10.1021/acsnano.5c15543 · 2026 · External reference
Reprogramming mitochondrial metabolism to enhance macrophages polarization by ros-responsive nanoparticles for osteoarthritis
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123395 · 2025 · External reference
Opsonized nanoparticles target and regulate macrophage polarization for osteoarthritis therapy: a trapping strategy
10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.037 · 2022 · External reference
S100a12 is involved in the pathology of osteoarthritis by promoting M1 macrophage polarization via the Nf-κb pathway
10.1080/03008207.2024.2310852 · 2024 · External reference
Targeted knockdown of Piezo1 in synovial macrophages attenuates osteoarthritis development
10.1016/j.jot.2026.101053 · 2026 · External reference
Lysyl oxidase-like 1 (Loxl1) up-regulation in chondrocytes promotes M1 macrophage activation in osteoarthritis via Nf-κb and Stat3 signaling
10.2147/itt.s512768 · 2025 · External reference
Upregulation of Acsl1 in synovial macrophages promotes lipid peroxidation via the Iκb/Nf-κb pathway to accelerate osteoarthritis
10.1016/j.jot.2025.04.016 · 2025 · External reference
Mir-155-5p regulates macrophage M1 polarization and apoptosis in the synovial fluid of patients with knee osteoarthritis
10.3892/etm.2020.9500 · 2021 · External reference
Ultrasmall PRussian blue nanozyme attenuates osteoarthritis by scavenging reactive oxygen species and regulating macrophage phenotype
10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c03314 · 2024 · External reference
Molybdenum nanoclusters as potent antioxidants for the treatment of osteoarthritis
10.1039/d5tb02482j · 2026 · External reference
Photobiomodulation mitigates chondrocyte catabolism in osteoarthritis by modulating macrophage M1 polarization through the Il-6/Jak/Stat pathway
10.1186/s13018-025-06506-4 · 2025 · External reference
Complexity of synovial fluid-derived monocyte-macrophage-lineage cells in knee osteoarthritis
10.1016/j.celrep.2024.115011 · 2024 · External reference
Single-cell Rna-seq reveals changes in immune landscape in post-traumatic osteoarthritis
10.3389/fimmu.2022.938075 · 2022 · External reference
Single-cell multi-dimensional data analysis reveals the role of Arl4c in driving rheumatoid arthritis progression and macrophage polarization dynamics
10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112987 · 2024 · External reference
Evaluation of biomarkers and immune microenvironment of osteoarthritis: evidence from omics data and machine learning
10.3389/fgene.2022.905027 · 2022 · External reference
Mitophagy in degenerative joint diseases
10.1080/15548627.2020.1822097 · 2021 · External reference
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in osteoarthritis: a novel perspective on the pathogenesis and treatment
10.14336/ad.2022.0725 · 2023 · External reference
Nrf2-mediated anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages as therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis
10.3389/fimmu.2022.967193 · 2022 · External reference
Lmwf5a suppresses cytokine release by modulating select inflammatory transcription factor activity in stimulated Pbmc
10.1186/s12967-020-02626-z · 2020 · External reference
Yap in synovial macrophages mitigates mechanically-induced osteoarthritis by preserving mitochondrial fusion
10.1016/j.cellsig.2026.112430 · 2026 · External reference
Mechanical loading mitigates osteoarthritis symptoms by regulating the inflammatory microenvironment in a mouse model
10.1111/nyas.14760 · 2022 · External reference
Betulinic acid self-assembled nanodelivery system attenuates osteoarthritis by dually modulating macrophage polarization and macrophage-chondrocyte crosstalk via disruption of the Gsk3β/Nf-κb/Ccl20 axis
10.1002/smll.202509306 · 2025 · External reference
Mir-9-5p promotes M1 cell polarization in osteoarthritis progression by regulating Nf-κb and Ampk signaling pathways by targeting Sirt1
10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108207 · 2021 · External reference
Circular Rna hsa_circ_0005567 overexpression promotes M2 type macrophage polarization through Mir-492/Socs2 axis to inhibit osteoarthritis progression
10.1080/21655979.2021.1989999 · 2021 · External reference
Immunonutritional biomarkers in osteoarthritis: mechanistic insights and prognostic potential
10.3389/fimmu.2026.1769089 · 2026 · External reference
Osteoarthritis year in review 2020: biology
10.1016/j.joca.2020.10.006 · 2021 · External reference
Screening of osteoarthritis diagnostic markers based on immune-related genes and immune infiltration
10.1038/s41598-021-86319-7 · 2021 · External reference
Cordycerebroside a inhibits Icam-1-dependent M1 monocyte adhesion to osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts
10.1111/jfbc.14108 · 2022 · External reference
Oleamide-mediated polarization of M1 macrophages and Il-1β production by regulating Nlrp3-inflammasome activation in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages
10.3389/fimmu.2022.856296 · 2022 · External reference
Semaphorin 6d alleviates osteoarthritis by inhibiting Nlrp3 inflammasome activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress
10.2147/jir.s525953 · 2025 · External reference
Association of dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (Cd26) with chondrocyte senescence and radiographic progression in knee osteoarthritis
10.1002/art.42455 · 2023 · External reference
In situ remodeling of efferocytosis via lesion-localized microspheres to reverse cartilage senescence
10.1002/advs.202400345 · 2024 · External reference
Profiling of inflammatory mediators in the synovial fluid related to pain in knee osteoarthritis
10.1186/s12891-020-3120-0 · 2020 · External reference
Synovial cell cross-talk with cartilage plays a major role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis
10.1038/s41598-020-67730-y · 2020 · External reference
Mfg-E8 regulated by Mir-99b-5p protects against osteoarthritis by targeting chondrocyte senescence and macrophage reprogramming via the Nf-κb pathway
10.1038/s41419-021-03800-x · 2021 · External reference
Cross-talk of inflammation and cellular senescence: A new insight into the occurrence and progression of osteoarthritis
10.1038/s41413-024-00375-z · 2024 · External reference
Senescent macrophages induce ferroptosis in skeletal muscle and accelerate osteoarthritis-related muscle atrophy
10.1038/s43587-025-00907-0 · 2025 · External reference
Administration with carnosic acid alleviates the development of osteoarthritis by attenuating macrophage polarization-mediated inflammation and cartilage oxidative damage and degradation via regulating Nrf2/Nf-Kb axis
10.3389/fimmu.2026.1710302 · 2026 · External reference
Modulating systemic anti-inflammatory response mitigates osteoarthritis progression and associated pain after low-dose radiotherapy
10.1016/j.intimp.2025.114815 · 2025 · External reference
Therapeutic effects of hypoxia-preconditioned cartilage progenitor cell-exosomes on osteoarthritis through autophagy activation and macrophage polarization modulation
10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102961 · 2026 · External reference
Substrate stiffness regulates the proliferation and inflammation of chondrocytes and macrophages through exosomes
10.1016/j.actbio.2024.12.021 · 2024 · External reference
Nanomedicines promote cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritis by synergistically enhancing chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells and regulating inflammatory environment
10.1021/acsnano.3c11848 · 2024 · External reference
Harnessing the dual immunomodulatory function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells to reshape the inflammatory microenvironment for osteoarthritis therapy
10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.102332 · 2025 · External reference
The interplay of aging and panoptosis in osteoarthritis pathogenesis: Implications for novel therapeutic strategies
10.2147/jir.s489613 · 2025 · External reference
Dendrobine alleviates cellular senescence and osteoarthritis via the Ros/Nf-κb axis
10.3390/ijms24032365 · 2023 · External reference
Transcriptomic changes during the replicative senescence of human articular chondrocytes
10.1101/2023.11.07.565835 · 2023 · External reference
Intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide sustains macrophage levels and aggravates osteophytosis during degenerative joint disease in mice
10.1111/bph.15780 · 2022 · External reference
Cleavage of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (Comp) by Adamts4 generates a neoepitope associated with osteoarthritis and other forms of degenerative joint disease
10.1016/j.matbio.2024.12.005 · 2024 · External reference
The ganglioside Gd3 and its synthase (St8sia1) as novel senescence markers associated with osteoarthritis
10.1007/s11357-025-01903-3 · 2026 · External reference
Comparison of the effects of oxidative and inflammatory stresses on rat chondrocyte senescence
10.1038/s41598-023-34825-1 · 2023 · External reference
Senescent synovial intimal fibroblasts aggravate osteoarthritis by regulating macrophage polarization and chondrocyte phenotype through Angptl4-α5β1 axis
10.1002/advs.202518056 · 2026 · External reference
Inflammatory fibroblast-like synoviocyte-derived exosomes aggravate osteoarthritis via enhancing macrophage glycolysis
10.1002/advs.202307338 · 2024 · External reference
Senescence-associated secretory phenotype: The “pathogenic” factor driving orthopedic degenerative diseases and its regulation
10.3389/fragi.2026.1818021 · 2026 · External reference
Epigenetic programming of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and trained innate immunity
10.1126/science.1251086 · 2014 · External reference
Itaconate attenuates osteoarthritis by inhibiting Sting/Nf-κb axis in chondrocytes and promoting M2 polarization in macrophages
10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114935 · 2022 · External reference
Mtor- and Hif-1α-mediated aerobic glycolysis as metabolic basis for trained immunity
10.1126/science.1250684 · 2014 · External reference
Mscs-Evs harboring Oa immune memory reprogram macrophage phenotype via modulation of the Mt-Nd3/Nadh-Coq axis for Oa treatment
10.1186/s12951-025-03216-1 · 2025 · External reference
Remodeling of senescent macrophages in synovium alleviates trauma- and aging-induced osteoarthritis
10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.09.016 · 2026 · External reference
Ldha-mediated Ros generation in chondrocytes is a potential therapeutic target for osteoarthritis
10.1038/s41467-020-17242-0 · 2020 · External reference
Synovial inflammatory macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles exacerbate cartilage lesions with a Fmrp-selectively sorted manner in osteoarthritis
10.1038/s41413-025-00502-4 · 2026 · External reference
Single-cell sequencing reveals a senescent immune landscape in bone marrow lesions inducing articular cartilage damage in osteoarthritis
10.1038/s41413-025-00467-4 · 2025 · External reference
Coactivator condensation at super-enhancers links phase separation and gene control
10.1126/science.aar3958 · 2018 · External reference
DNA-induced liquid phase condensation of Cgas activates innate immune signaling
10.1126/science.aat1022 · 2018 · External reference
Synergistic targeting of senolytic and senomorphic action with dual-engineered biomimetic macrophage nanovesicles for mitigating osteoarthritis
10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.11.047 · 2026 · External reference
Anti-inflammatory effects of naproxen sodium on human osteoarthritis synovial fluid immune cells
10.1016/j.joca.2020.01.013 · 2020 · External reference
Transcriptomic profiling of osteoarthritis synovial macrophages reveals a tolerized phenotype compounded by a weak corticosteroid response
10.1093/rheumatology/keae161 · 2025 · External reference
Il-19 suppresses Hippo signaling via modulating Yap1 phosphorylation in osteoarthritis
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1630253 · 2025 · External reference
Alpha defensin-1 attenuates surgically induced osteoarthritis in association with promoting M1 to M2 macrophage polarization
10.1016/j.joca.2021.04.006 · 2021 · External reference
Annexin A5 derived from cell-free fat extract attenuates osteoarthritis via macrophage regulation
10.7150/ijbs.92802 · 2024 · External reference
Tissuegene-C promotes an anti-inflammatory micro-environment in a rat monoiodoacetate model of osteoarthritis via polarization of M2 macrophages leading to pain relief and structural improvement
10.1007/s10787-020-00738-y · 2020 · External reference
Triamcinolone acetonide-loaded nanoparticles encapsulated by Cd90+ Mcss-derived microvesicles drive anti-inflammatory properties and promote cartilage regeneration after osteoarthritis
10.1186/s12951-022-01367-z · 2022 · External reference
Thermosensitive hydrogel loaded with primary chondrocyte-derived exosomes promotes cartilage repair by regulating macrophage polarization in osteoarthritis
10.1007/s13770-022-00437-5 · 2022 · External reference
Nanomaterial-based strategies to modulate macrophage polarization in osteoarthritis: A systematic review
10.1016/j.bioadv.2025.214662 · 2025 · External reference
A novel thermosensitive curcumin-loaded hydrogel that modulates macrophage M1/M2 polarization for osteoarthritis therapy
10.3390/gels12010007 · 2025 · External reference
Pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: Mechanisms of action of disulfidptosis and targeted therapeutic strategies
10.2147/dddt.s606941 · 2026 · External reference
Nanotherapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis: Targeting aging, metabolism and inflammation
10.2147/ijn.s584027 · 2026 · External reference
Pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of osteoarthritis: Roles of immune cells, inflammatory mediators, and pathogenic signaling pathways
10.1007/s44466-025-00022-0 · 2026 · External reference
Metabolic reprogramming of macrophages by a nano-sized opsonization strategy to restore M1/M2 balance for osteoarthritis therapy
10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.02.005 · 2025 · External reference
M2-Sevs-based immunotherapy for alleviation of osteoarthritis-related pain by regulating synovial macrophage Ngf expression via the Notch pathway
10.1080/17435889.2026.2623975 · 2026 · External reference
Injectable chondroitin sulfate methacrylate hydrogel microspheres co-loaded with Glpm nanozyme, dexamethasone, and stem cells for synergistic osteoarthritis therapy
10.1002/advs.202517083 · 2026 · External reference
Artificial M2 macrophages for disease-modifying osteoarthritis therapeutics
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120865 · 2021 · External reference
High-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid inhibits Il-1β-induced synovial inflammation and macrophage polarization through the Grp78-Nf-κb signaling pathway
10.3390/ijms222111917 · 2021 · External reference
Ellagic acid improves osteoarthritis by inhibiting Pge2 production in M1 macrophages via targeting Ptgs2
10.1111/1440-1681.13918 · 2024 · External reference