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References from Tumor-associated macrophages in gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis: orchestrating immune evasion, niche remodeling, and therapeutic resistance. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Global cancer statistics 2024: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 34 cancers in 186 countries
10.3322/caac.70090 · 2026 · External reference
Editorial: Peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer: From basic research to clinical application
10.3389/fonc.2022.880497 · 2022 · External reference
Intraperitoneal metastasis of gastric cancer: New insights on resident macrophages
10.1097/js9.0000000000003944 · 2026 · External reference
Distinct immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis
10.5230/jgc.2025.25.e46 · 2025 · External reference
Resident and elicited murine macrophages differ in expression of their glycomes and glycan-binding proteins
10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.12.005 · 2021 · External reference
Targeting tumor-associated macrophages in gastric cancer progression and therapy: Insights from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic applications
10.3389/fphar.2025.1549694 · 2025 · External reference
Dual roles and therapeutic targeting of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor microenvironments
10.1038/s41392-025-02325-5 · 2025 · External reference
Tumor associated macrophages in gastric cancer: Dual roles in immune evasion and clinical implications for targeted therapy
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1706744 · 2025 · External reference
SPP1+ macrophages and the orchestration of spatially organized immunosuppression in cancer
10.3390/biomedicines14020294 · 2026 · External reference
Specific lineage transition of tumor-associated macrophages elicits immune evasion of ascitic tumor cells in gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis
10.1007/s10120-024-01486-6 · 2024 · External reference
CCL18 promotes the invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells via ERK1/2/NF-κB signaling pathway
10.1007/s13277-015-3825-0 · 2016 · External reference
Metabolic adaptations of immunosuppressive cells in cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutic targets
10.1038/s12276-026-01713-3 · 2026 · External reference
GATA6+ peritoneal resident macrophage: The immune custodian in the peritoneal cavity
10.3389/fphar.2022.866993 · 2022 · External reference
Monocyte-derived peritoneal macrophages protect C57BL/6 mice against surgery-induced adhesions
10.3389/fimmu.2022.1000491 · 2022 · External reference
MHC II+ resident peritoneal and pleural macrophages rely on IRF4 for development from circulating monocytes
10.1084/jem.20160486 · 2016 · External reference
Major pathways involved in macrophage polarization in cancer
10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026954 · 2022 · External reference
M1/M2 macrophages and their overlaps – myth or reality
10.1042/cs20220531 · 2023 · External reference
Macrophage polarization states in the tumor microenvironment
10.3390/ijms22136995 · 2021 · External reference
Macrophage plasticity and polarization: In vivo veritas
10.1172/jci59643 · 2012 · External reference
Single-cell genomic characterization reveals the cellular reprogramming of the gastric tumor microenvironment
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3231 · 2020 · External reference
Pancreatic cancer cells render tumor-associated macrophages metabolically reprogrammed by a GARP and DNA methylation-mediated mechanism
10.1038/s41392-021-00769-z · 2021 · External reference
Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages using STING or TLR agonists: A promising strategy to enhance immunotherapy in hormone-dependent cancers
10.1136/jitc-2024-010950 · 2025 · External reference
Lactate transmission from hypoxic tumor cells promotes macrophage senescence and M2 polarization via the DNMT1-NHE7 axis to accelerate endometrial cancer progression
10.1038/s41419-026-08411-y · 2026 · External reference
Lactic acid promotes macrophage polarization through MCT-HIF1α signaling in gastric cancer
10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111846 · 2020 · External reference
Glycolysis-driven immunosuppression in gastric cancer: Metabolic crosstalk between tumor cells and the immune microenvironment (Review)
10.3892/ijo.2026.5912 · 2026 · External reference
Metabolic regulation of gene expression by histone lactylation
10.1038/s41586-019-1678-1 · 2019 · External reference
Lactate and lactylation in cancer
10.1038/s41392-024-02082-x · 2025 · External reference
Targeting lipid metabolism of macrophages: A new strategy for tumor therapy
10.1016/j.jare.2024.02.009 · 2024 · External reference
The impact of aberrant lipid metabolism on the immune microenvironment of gastric cancer: A mini review
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1639823 · 2025 · External reference
Decoding the tumor microenvironment: Exosome-mediated macrophage polarization and therapeutic frontiers
10.7150/ijbs.114222 · 2025 · External reference
The role of hypoxia-regulated microRNAs (Hypoxamirs) in tumor-associated macrophage polarization: A systematic review
10.7759/cureus.109827 · 2026 · External reference
N6-methyladenosine-regulated exosome biogenesis orchestrates an immunosuppressive pre-metastatic niche in gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis
10.1002/cac2.70034 · 2025 · External reference
The role of macrophages in gastric cancer
10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282176 · 2023 · External reference
MAPK4 silencing in gastric cancer drives liver metastasis by positive feedback between cancer cells and macrophages
10.1038/s12276-023-00946-w · 2023 · External reference
Methionine restriction promotes the polarization of macrophages towards M1 and the immunotherapy effect of PD-L1/PD-1 blockades by inhibiting the secretion of MIF by gastric carcinoma cells
10.1016/j.tranon.2024.102181 · 2024 · External reference
Macrophage-derived cathepsin L promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and M2 polarization in gastric cancer
10.3748/wjg.v30.i47.5032 · 2024 · External reference
Molecular mechanisms and potential rationale of immunotherapy in peritoneal metastasis of advanced gastric cancer
10.3390/biomedicines10061376 · 2022 · External reference
Hallmarks of cancer—then and now, and beyond
10.1016/j.cell.2025.12.049 · 2026 · External reference
The crosstalk between tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor cells and the corresponding targeted therapy
10.3389/fonc.2020.590941 · 2020 · External reference
Pre-metastatic niche: Formation, characteristics and therapeutic implication
10.1038/s41392-024-01937-7 · 2024 · External reference
Stimulation of peritoneal mesothelial cells to secrete matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) by TNF-α: A role in the invasion of gastric carcinoma cells
10.3390/ijms19123961 · 2018 · External reference
Macrophage-derived FN1 promotes peritoneal cavity metastasis of gastric cancer by inhibiting the Hippo signaling pathway via SDC4
10.1016/j.bbamcr.2025.120063 · 2026 · External reference
Systematic analysis of anoikis-related genes identifies SRPX2-FAK/AKT-IL-6 axis in the progression and peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer
10.3389/fgene.2025.1736097 · 2025 · External reference
Targeting macrophages in cancer immunotherapy
10.1038/s41392-021-00506-6 · 2021 · External reference
Gas6/AXL pathway: Immunological landscape and therapeutic potential
10.3389/fonc.2023.1121130 · 2023 · External reference
The nerve-tumour regulatory axis GDNF-GFRA1 promotes tumour dormancy, imatinib resistance and local recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumours by achieving autophagic flux
10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215639 · 2022 · External reference
Tumor-associated macrophage-derived GDNF promotes gastric cancer liver metastasis via a GFRA1-modulated autophagy flux
10.1007/s13402-022-00751-z · 2023 · External reference
Endoplasmic reticulum stress orchestrates tumor metabolism and immunity: New insights into immunometabolic therapeutics
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1674163 · 2025 · External reference
A new perspective on the therapeutic potential of tumor metastasis: Targeting the metabolic interactions between TAMs and tumor cells
10.7150/ijbs.99680 · 2024 · External reference
A guide to the types, structures, and multifaceted functions of matrix metalloproteinases in cancer
10.1111/febs.70296 · 2026 · External reference
MiR-29b may suppresses peritoneal metastases through inhibition of the mesothelial–mesenchymal transition (MMT) of human peritoneal mesothelial cells
10.1038/s41598-021-04065-2 · 2022 · External reference
Relationship between SPP1 (Osteopontin) and extracellular matrix dynamics: a comprehensive review
10.3389/fmed.2025.1700652 · 2025 · External reference
Tumor-associated macrophages: an effective player of the tumor microenvironment
10.3389/fimmu.2023.1295257 · 2023 · External reference
M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages as key orchestrators of gastric cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance
10.1007/s12672-026-04730-w · 2026 · External reference
Dual role of miR-155 and exosomal miR-155 in tumor angiogenesis: implications for cancer progression and therapy
10.1186/s40001-025-02618-z · 2025 · External reference
Lymphatic endothelial cells and organ-associated lymphangiogenesis in tumor microenvironment
10.3390/cells15010028 · 2025 · External reference
Tumor-associated macrophage polarization in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment
10.3389/fonc.2023.1103149 · 2023 · External reference
Comprehensive analysis of the tumor immune microenvironment in gastric cancer and peritoneal metastasis based on single-cell RNA sequencing analysis
10.1038/s41598-025-13892-6 · 2025 · External reference
Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion
10.1038/nri3862 · 2015 · External reference
Tim-4+ cavity-resident macrophages impair anti-tumor CD8+ T cell immunity
10.1016/j.ccell.2021.05.006 · 2021 · External reference
Preferential Tim-3 expression on Treg and CD8(+) T cells, supported by tumor-associated macrophages, is associated with worse prognosis in gastric cancer
10.1166/ajtr.2016.8.3419 · 2016 · External reference
The diverse function of IL-6 in biological processes and the advancement of cancer
10.4110/in.2025.25.e22 · 2025 · External reference
Role of interleukin-6 in resistance to tumor therapy
10.1007/s12672-025-03644-3 · 2025 · External reference
Exosomal transfer of tumor-associated macrophage-derived miR-21 confers cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells
10.1186/s13046-017-0528-y · 2017 · External reference
Chemokine ligand 2: beyond chemotaxis—a multifaceted role in tumor progression
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1685474 · 2025 · External reference
A ERK/RSK-mediated negative feedback loop regulates M-CSF–evoked PI3K/AKT activation in macrophages
10.1096/fj.201700672rr · 2018 · External reference
CSF-1 receptor signaling in myeloid cells
10.1101/cshperspect.a021857 · 2014 · External reference
CSF1/CSF1R signaling inhibitor pexidartinib (PLX3397) reprograms tumor-associated macrophages and stimulates T-cell infiltration in the sarcoma microenvironment
10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0591 · 2021 · External reference
The regulatory network of transcription factors in macrophage polarization
10.2147/itt.s494550 · 2025 · External reference
PI3Kγ is a molecular switch that controls immune suppression
10.1038/nature19834 · 2016 · External reference
Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages in gastric cancer: a pathway to enhanced immunotherapy
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1558091 · 2025 · External reference
Radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy: the dawn of cancer treatment
10.1038/s41392-022-01102-y · 2022 · External reference
Interleukin 6 induces M2 macrophage differentiation by STAT3 activation that correlates with gastric cancer progression
10.1007/s00262-017-2052-5 · 2017 · External reference
CAF-macrophage crosstalk in tumour microenvironments governs the response to immune checkpoint blockade in gastric cancer peritoneal metastases
10.1136/gutjnl-2024-333617 · 2025 · External reference
HDAC1 inhibition by MS-275 in mesothelial cells limits cellular invasion and promotes MMT reversal
10.1038/s41598-018-26319-2 · 2018 · External reference
Cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor-associated macrophages in cancer and cancer immunotherapy
10.3389/fonc.2021.668731 · 2021 · External reference
Tumor-associated macrophages remodel the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment and targeted therapy for immunotherapy
10.1186/s13046-025-03377-9 · 2025 · External reference
Fibroblasts as a ruler of the immune microenvironment: measurement and modulation in tissue homeostasis and disease
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1752621 · 2025 · External reference
Spatial single-cell landscape of tumor-associated macrophages and their crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment
10.1038/s41421-026-00888-3 · 2026 · External reference
Tumor promoting roles of IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-35: Its implications in cancer immunotherapy
10.1177/20503121211069012 · 2022 · External reference
Tumor-associated macrophages in tumor immunity
10.3389/fimmu.2020.583084 · 2020 · External reference
Galectin-9 interacts with PD-1 and TIM-3 to regulate T cell death and is a target for cancer immunotherapy
10.1038/s41467-021-21099-2 · 2021 · External reference
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer and cancer therapy
10.1038/s41571-023-00846-y · 2024 · External reference
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the era of increasing myeloid cell diversity
10.1038/s41577-020-00490-y · 2021 · External reference
Tumor-associated neutrophils and macrophages interaction contributes to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression by activating STAT3
10.1136/jitc-2020-001946 · 2021 · External reference
Exosomes: key players in cancer and potential therapeutic strategy
10.1038/s41392-020-00261-0 · 2020 · External reference
Exosome circATP8A1 induces macrophage M2 polarization by regulating the miR-1-3p/STAT6 axis to promote gastric cancer progression
10.1186/s12943-024-01966-4 · 2024 · External reference
Macrophage-derived exosomes regulate gastric cancer cell oxaliplatin resistance by wrapping circ 0008253
10.1080/15384101.2022.2146839 · 2023 · External reference
Gastric cancer cell-derived exosomal miR-541-5p induces M2 macrophage polarization through DUSP3/JAK2/STAT3 pathway
10.1186/s12885-024-12672-1 · 2024 · External reference
M2 tumor-associated macrophages-derived exosomal MALAT1 promotes glycolysis and gastric cancer progression
10.1002/advs.202309298 · 2024 · External reference
Exosomal miR-4745-5p/3911 from N2-polarized tumor-associated neutrophils promotes gastric cancer metastasis by regulating SLIT2
10.1186/s12943-024-02116-6 · 2024 · External reference
Macrophages reprogramming improves immunotherapy of IL-33 in peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer
10.1038/s44321-023-00012-y · 2024 · External reference
CCL2/CCR2 signaling pathway in tumorigenesis and metastasis (Review)
10.3892/ol.2025.15344 · 2025 · External reference
Tumor-associated macrophages and inflammatory microenvironment in gastric cancer: novel translational implications
10.3390/ijms22083805 · 2021 · External reference
Targeting M2-like tumor-associated macrophages is a potential therapeutic approach to overcome antitumor drug resistance
10.1038/s41698-024-00522-z · 2024 · External reference
TLR7/8-agonist-loaded nanoparticles promote the polarization of tumour-associated macrophages to enhance cancer immunotherapy
10.1038/s41551-018-0236-8 · 2018 · External reference
miR-let-7a suppresses gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis through IRS2-mediated M1 macrophage polarization and direct inhibition of gastric cancer cells
10.1016/j.intimp.2026.116180 · 2026 · External reference
Advancing CAR-based cell therapies for solid tumours: challenges, therapeutic strategies, and perspectives
10.1186/s12943-025-02386-8 · 2025 · External reference
How to use macrophages against cancer
10.3390/cells13231948 · 2024 · External reference
Unleashing the power of CAR-M therapy in solid tumors: a comprehensive review
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1615760 · 2025 · External reference
Efficacy evaluation of chimeric antigen receptor-modified human peritoneal macrophages in the treatment of gastric cancer
10.1038/s41416-023-02319-6 · 2023 · External reference
CAR-macrophages in solid tumors: promise, progress, and prospects
10.1038/s41698-025-01170-7 · 2025 · External reference
The clinical significance of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy combined with PD-1 inhibitor and systemic chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis: a single-center retrospective study
10.3389/fonc.2025.1728724 · 2026 · External reference
Hyperthermia promotes M1 polarization of macrophages via exosome-mediated HSPB8 transfer in triple negative breast cancer
10.1007/s12672-023-00697-0 · 2023 · External reference
Potential crosstalk between SPP1 + TAMs and CD8 + exhausted T cells promotes an immunosuppressive environment in gastric metastatic cancer
10.1186/s12967-023-04688-1 · 2024 · External reference
SPP1 regulates tumor progression through modulation of signaling pathways and the tumor microenvironment
10.1007/s12672-025-04273-6 · 2025 · External reference
Comprehensive analyses of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data from M2 macrophages to elucidate the immune prognostic signature in patients with gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis
10.2147/itt.s506143 · 2025 · External reference