References

First-line pembrolizumab + chemotherapy versus placebo + chemotherapy for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer: Final overall survival results of keynote-826

10.1200/jco.23.00914 · 2023 · External reference

Pembrolizumab for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer

10.1056/nejmoa2112435 · 2021 · External reference

Survival with cemiplimab in recurrent cervical cancer

10.1056/nejmoa2112187 · 2022 · External reference

Pembrolizumab or placebo with chemoradiotherapy followed by pembrolizumab or placebo for newly diagnosed, high-risk, locally advanced cervical cancer (ENGOT-cx11/GOG-3047/KEYNOTE-A18): overall survival results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01808-7 · 2024 · External reference

Pembrolizumab or placebo with chemoradiotherapy followed by pembrolizumab or placebo for newly diagnosed, high-risk, locally advanced cervical cancer (ENGOT-cx11/GOG-3047/KEYNOTE-A18): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial

10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00317-9 · 2024 · External reference

Durvalumab versus placebo with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (CALLA): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial

10.1016/s1470-2045(23)00479-5 · 2023 · External reference

Immune correlates of therapy outcomes in women with cervical cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy: A systematic review

10.1002/cam4.4017 · 2021 · External reference

Cervical cancer immunotherapy: Facts and hopes

10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2833 · 2021 · External reference

Reprogramming the tumor immune microenvironment in cervical cancer: Synergy between radiotherapy and immunotherapy

10.1186/s12943-026-02600-1 · 2026 · External reference

Spatiotemporal immune determinants of response to immune rechallenge in advanced cervical cancer

10.1158/2159-8290.cd-25-0467 · 2026 · External reference

10.1186/s41073-019-0064-8 · 2019 · Admitted local publication

Cervical cancer immune microenvironment: Mechanisms of HPV-mediated immune evasion and advances in immunotherapy (review)

10.3892/ol.2025.15375 · 2026 · External reference

Epithelial cell responses to infection with human papillomavirus

10.1128/cmr.05028-11 · 2012 · External reference

High-risk human papillomavirus E7 expression reduces cell-surface MHC class I molecules and increases susceptibility to natural killer cells

10.1038/sj.onc.1210798 · 2008 · External reference

Down-regulation of HLA class I antigen in human papillomavirus type 16 E7 expressing HaCaT cells: Correlate with TAP-1 expression

10.1111/igc.0b013e3181cceec5 · 2010 · External reference

Human papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins alter the abundance of proteins associated with DNA damage response, immune signaling and epidermal differentiation

10.3390/v14081764 · 2022 · External reference

Cutaneous human papillomavirus E6 impairs the cGAS-STING pathway

10.1128/msphere.00859-25 · 2026 · External reference

Tumor-infiltrating CD14-positive myeloid cells and CD8-positive T-cells prolong survival in patients with cervical carcinoma

10.1002/ijc.28309 · 2013 · External reference

Nodal metastasis in cervical cancer occurs in clearly delineated fields of immune suppression in the pelvic lymph catchment area

10.18632/oncotarget.5398 · 2015 · External reference

HPV infection and the immune microenvironment in cervical cancer

10.3389/fimmu.2025.1645019 · 2025 · External reference

LAG3 as a tumor suppressor and immune regulator in cervical cancer: From functional validation to therapeutic strategy

10.1002/cam4.71278 · 2025 · External reference

PD-L1 expression and immune stromal features in HPV-independent cervical adenocarcinoma

10.1111/his.14435 · 2021 · External reference

CMTM6 recruits T cells within the endocervical adenocarcinoma microenvironment and suppresses cell proliferation via the p53 pathway

10.1002/jmv.28605 · 2023 · External reference

Cellular senescence and SASP in tumor progression and therapeutic opportunities

10.1186/s12943-024-02096-7 · 2024 · External reference

HPV viral load predicts immune exhaustion and prognosis in cervical neoplasia

10.3389/fimmu.2026.1840435 · 2026 · External reference

Improved efficacy of neoadjuvant compared to adjuvant immunotherapy to eradicate metastatic disease

10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0577 · 2016 · External reference

Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade before chemoradiation for cervical squamous carcinoma (GINECO window-of-opportunity COLIBRI study): a phase II trial

10.1038/s41467-025-67646-z · 2026 · External reference

STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing promotes radiation-induced type I interferon-dependent antitumor immunity in immunogenic tumors

10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.019 · 2014 · External reference

The efficacy of radiotherapy relies upon induction of type I interferon-dependent innate and adaptive immunity

10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2820 · 2011 · External reference

DNA exonuclease Trex1 regulates radiotherapy-induced tumour immunogenicity

10.1038/ncomms15618 · 2017 · External reference

ZBP1-MLKL necroptotic signaling potentiates radiation-induced antitumor immunity via intratumoral STING pathway activation

10.1126/sciadv.abf6290 · 2021 · External reference

Combining radiation and the ATR inhibitor berzosertib activates STING signaling and enhances immunotherapy via inhibiting SHP1 function in colorectal cancer

10.1002/cac2.12412 · 2023 · External reference

Activation of STING inhibits cervical cancer tumor growth through enhancing the anti-tumor immune response

10.1007/s11010-020-03967-5 · 2021 · External reference

Effects of irradiation on the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I antigen and adhesion costimulation molecules ICAM-1 in human cervical cancer

10.1016/s0360-3016(97)00372-6 · 1997 · External reference

MHC class I upregulation contributes to the therapeutic response to radiotherapy in combination with anti-PD-L1/anti-TGF-β in squamous cell carcinomas with enhanced CD8 T cell memory-driven response

10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217347 · 2025 · External reference

Calreticulin exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death

10.1038/nm1523 · 2007 · External reference

Toll-like receptor 4-dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy

10.1038/nm1622 · 2007 · External reference

Immunologic correlates of the abscopal effect in a patient with melanoma

10.1056/nejmoa1112824 · 2012 · External reference

Local radiotherapy and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to generate abscopal responses in patients with metastatic solid tumours: a proof-of-principle trial

10.1016/s1470-2045(15)00054-6 · 2015 · External reference

Cisplatin-induced antitumor immunomodulation: a review of preclinical and clinical evidence

10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1298 · 2014 · External reference

Platinum derivatives effects on anticancer immune response

10.3390/biom10010013 · 2019 · External reference

Radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy: the dawn of cancer treatment

10.1038/s41392-022-01102-y · 2022 · External reference

Kinetics of intratumoral immune cell activation during chemoradiation for cervical cancer

10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.06.404 · 2018 · External reference

The dynamic alternation of local and systemic tumor immune microenvironment during concurrent chemoradiotherapy of cervical cancer: a prospective clinical trial

10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.03.003 · 2021 · External reference

Decreased local immune response and retained HPV gene expression during chemoradiotherapy are associated with treatment resistance and death from cervical cancer

10.1002/ijc.32793 · 2020 · External reference

Exploratory analysis of the cervix tumoral HPV antigen-specific T-cell repertoire during chemoradiation and after brachytherapy

10.1016/j.brachy.2023.10.007 · 2024 · External reference

Acquired resistance to fractionated radiotherapy can be overcome by concurrent PD-L1 blockade

10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1258 · 2014 · External reference

Tumor cells suppress radiation-induced immunity by hijacking caspase 9 signaling

10.1038/s41590-020-0641-5 · 2020 · External reference

Regulatory T cells in radiotherapeutic responses

10.3389/fonc.2012.00090 · 2012 · External reference

PET-based radiomics visualizes tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cell exhaustion to optimize radiotherapy/immunotherapy combination in mouse models of lung cancer

10.1186/s40364-023-00454-z · 2023 · External reference

The influence of severe radiation-induced lymphopenia on overall survival in solid tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.1695 · 2021 · External reference

Radiation-induced lymphopenia and the survival of women with cervical cancer: a meta-analysis

10.1080/01443615.2023.2194991 · 2023 · External reference

Radiation-induced lymphopenia is a causal mediator of survival after chemoradiation therapy for esophagus cancer

10.1016/j.adro.2024.101579 · 2024 · External reference

Levels of systemic inflammatory markers in women with cervical cancer undergoing definitive chemoradiotherapy depend primarily on pre-treatment and post-teletherapy tumor volume, rather than on the prescribed radiation dose

10.2174/0113892010413911251122074226 · 2026 · External reference

Anti-PD-L1/TGF-βR fusion protein (SHR-1701) overcomes disrupted lymphocyte recovery-induced resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in lung cancer

10.1002/cac2.12244 · 2022 · External reference

Overcoming resistance to combination radiation-immunotherapy: A focus on contributing pathways within the tumor microenvironment

10.3389/fimmu.2018.03154 · 2018 · External reference

Radiotherapy in combination with PD-1 and TIGIT blockade mediate antitumor abscopal effects and immune memory via CD8(+) T cells

10.1016/j.canlet.2025.217935 · 2025 · External reference

Dynamic immune changes after bone marrow sparing VMAT in women with locally advanced cervical cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy

10.1016/j.ctro.2026.101107 · 2026 · External reference

Positron emission tomography-guided bone marrow-sparing radiation therapy for locoregionally advanced cervix cancer: Final results from the INTERTECC phase II/III trial

10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.08.019 · 2022 · External reference

The impact of pelvic nodal radiotherapy on hematologic toxicity: A systematic review with focus on leukopenia, lymphopenia and future perspectives in prostate cancer treatment

10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103497 · 2021 · External reference

Predicting lymphocyte dose and surviving fraction for VMAT and IMPT treatments with a dynamic lymphocyte flow model for locally advanced cervical cancer

10.1088/1361-6560/ae0d29 · 2025 · External reference

89Zr-pembrolizumab biodistribution is influenced by PD-1-mediated uptake in lymphoid organs

10.1136/jitc-2020-000938 · 2020 · External reference

Transient competitive inhibition bypasses the binding site barrier to improve tumor penetration of trastuzumab and enhance T-DM1 efficacy

10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3822 · 2021 · External reference

HPV ctDNA detection of high-risk HPV types during chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer

10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100154 · 2021 · External reference

Predictive impact of human papillomavirus circulating tumor DNA in treatment response monitoring of HPV-associated cancers; a meta-analysis on recurrent event endpoints

10.1002/cam4.6377 · 2023 · External reference

Detection, quantitation, and genotyping of human papillomavirus circulating tumor DNA by droplet digital PCR

10.1128/jcm.00585-25 · 2025 · External reference

Nanoplate based digital PCR assay for effective quantification of plasma HPV circulating tumor DNA

10.1038/s41698-026-01424-y · 2026 · External reference

Human papillomavirus mutational insertion: specific marker of circulating tumor DNA in cervical cancer patients

10.1371/journal.pone.0043393 · 2012 · External reference

The clinical application value of dynamic monitoring of HPV ctDNA in concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer

10.1038/s41698-026-01348-7 · 2026 · External reference

Circulating cell-free DNA as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for cervical cancer

10.1136/ijgc-2023-004873 · 2024 · External reference

Ultrasensitive detection and tracking of circulating tumor DNA to predict relapse and survival in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer: phase III CALLA trial analyses

10.1016/j.annonc.2025.05.533 · 2025 · External reference

ATR-mediated CD47 and PD-L1 up-regulation restricts radiotherapy-induced immune priming and abscopal responses in colorectal cancer

10.1126/sciimmunol.abl9330 · 2022 · External reference

STING agonist inflames the cervical cancer immune microenvironment and overcomes anti-PD-1 therapy resistance

10.3389/fimmu.2024.1342647 · 2024 · External reference

Chemoradiotherapy-induced ACKR2(+) tumor cells drive CD8(+) T cell senescence and cervical cancer recurrence

10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101550 · 2024 · External reference

Effect of immunotherapy on the immune microenvironment in advanced recurrent cervical cancer

10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108630 · 2022 · External reference

Association of primary treatment modality and programmed death-ligand 1 expression with survival outcomes in locally advanced human papillomavirus-independent endocervical adenocarcinoma

10.1016/j.ijgc.2026.104652 · 2026 · External reference

Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of gastric-type adenocarcinoma of the cervix: a systematic review

10.1016/j.xagr.2026.100623 · 2026 · External reference

An immunosuppressive tertiary lymphoid structure is associated with adverse prognosis in gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma

10.1093/jnci/djaf310 · 2026 · External reference

Distribution and maturity of tertiary lymphoid structures predict recurrence-free survival in cervical cancer

10.1016/j.ijgc.2025.102718 · 2026 · External reference

Tertiary lymphoid structures associated with enhanced anti-tumor immunity and favorable prognosis in cervical squamous carcinoma

10.18632/aging.205733 · 2024 · External reference

Single-cell dissection of cervical cancer reveals key subsets of the tumor immune microenvironment

10.15252/embj.2022110757 · 2023 · External reference

Multiomic analysis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma identifies cellular ecosystems with biological and clinical relevance

10.1038/s41588-023-01570-0 · 2023 · External reference

Deciphering the cellular and molecular landscape of cervical cancer progression through single-cell and spatial transcriptomics

10.1038/s41698-025-00948-z · 2025 · External reference

Integrated multi-omics analysis of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveals distinct hpv-associated immune microenvironment features and prognostic signatures in cervical cancer

10.3389/fimmu.2025.1612623 · 2025 · External reference

Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of the role of HPV16-positive macrophages in cervical cancer prognosis

10.1002/jmv.28410 · 2023 · External reference

Integrated multi-omics identifies a CD54(+) iCAF-ITGAL(+) macrophage niche driving immunosuppression via CXCL8-PDL1 axis in cervical cancer

10.1186/s12943-025-02471-y · 2025 · External reference

Interactions of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-expressing LAMP3(+) dendritic cells with CD4(+) regulatory T cells and CD8(+) exhausted T cells: synergistically remodeling of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in cervical cancer and therapeutic implications

10.1002/cac2.12486 · 2023 · External reference

Spatial architecture of myeloid and T cells orchestrates immune evasion and clinical outcome in lung cancer

10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-1380 · 2024 · External reference

Lymph node colonization induces tissue remodeling via immunosuppressive fibroblast-myeloid cell niches supporting metastatic tolerance

10.1016/j.ccell.2026.01.003 · 2026 · External reference

Tertiary lymphoid structures in gynecological cancers: prognostic role, methods for evaluating, antitumor immunity, and induction for therapy

10.3389/fonc.2023.1276907 · 2023 · External reference

High Treg and PMN-MDSC densities are a hallmark of tertiary lymphoid structures in fatal cases of cervical cancer

10.1136/jitc-2025-012613 · 2025 · External reference

MHC proteins confer differential sensitivity to CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade in untreated metastatic melanoma

10.1126/scitranslmed.aar3342 · 2018 · External reference

Nivolumab plus chemoradiotherapy in locally-advanced cervical cancer: the NICOL phase 1 trial

10.1038/s41467-023-39383-8 · 2023 · External reference

Immunotherapy and radiation therapy sequencing: State of the data on timing, efficacy, and safety

10.1002/cncr.33424 · 2021 · External reference

Efficacy and safety of sequential versus concurrent administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors with radiotherapy in solid tumors: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

10.1007/s00262-025-04277-9 · 2026 · External reference

Mathematical modeling predicts optimal immune checkpoint inhibitor and radiotherapy combinations and timing of administration

10.1158/2326-6066.cir-24-0610 · 2025 · External reference

Nivolumab added to cisplatin and radiotherapy versus cisplatin and radiotherapy alone after surgery for people with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck at a high risk of relapse (GORTEC 2018-01 NIVOPOST-OP): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial

10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01850-1 · 2026 · External reference

Immunotherapy in locally advanced cervical carcinoma: A narrative review

10.3390/cancers18091409 · 2026 · External reference

Facts and hopes in radioimmunotherapy for localized stages of cancer

10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-25-1603 · 2026 · External reference

Update on safety and feasibility of the combination of pembrolizumab and pelvic chemoradiation in locally advanced cervical cancer

10.1002/cncr.35757 · 2025 · External reference

Single-cell RNA sequencing of baseline PBMCs predicts ICI efficacy and irAE severity in patients with NSCLC

10.1136/jitc-2025-011636 · 2025 · External reference

Spatial predictors of immunotherapy response in triple-negative breast cancer

10.1038/s41586-023-06498-3 · 2023 · External reference

IFN-γ-related mRNA profile predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade

10.1172/jci91190 · 2017 · External reference

Conserved interferon-γ Signaling drives clinical response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy in melanoma

10.1016/j.ccell.2020.08.005 · 2020 · External reference

Dynamic peripheral T-cell analysis identifies on-treatment prognostic biomarkers of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in hepatocellular carcinoma

10.1159/000541181 · 2025 · External reference

Radiomics signature for dynamic monitoring of tumor inflamed microenvironment and immunotherapy response prediction

10.1136/jitc-2024-009140 · 2025 · External reference

Distinct immune cell dynamics associated with immune-related adverse events during combined chemoradiation and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy

10.1038/s41467-025-67689-2 · 2025 · External reference

Noninvasive early identification of therapeutic benefit from immune checkpoint inhibition

10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.001 · 2020 · External reference

Prognostic and predictive impact of circulating tumor DNA in patients with advanced cancers treated with immune checkpoint blockade

10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0047 · 2020 · External reference

Circulating tumor DNA clearance as a predictive biomarker of pathologic complete response in patients with solid tumors treated with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1016/j.annonc.2025.03.019 · 2025 · External reference

Complete regression of metastatic cervical cancer after treatment with human papillomavirus-targeted tumor-infiltrating T cells

10.1200/jco.2014.58.9093 · 2015 · External reference

A phase II study of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy for human papillomavirus-associated epithelial cancers

10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2722 · 2019 · External reference

Engineered T cell therapy for viral and non-viral epithelial cancers

10.1016/j.ccell.2022.10.016 · 2023 · External reference

Pembrolizumab plus GX-188E therapeutic DNA vaccine in patients with HPV-16-positive or HPV-18-positive advanced cervical cancer: interim results of a single-arm, phase 2 trial

10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30486-1 · 2020 · External reference

Combining immune checkpoint blockade and tumor-specific vaccine for patients with incurable human papillomavirus 16-related cancer: A phase 2 clinical trial

10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.4051 · 2019 · External reference

Safety and efficacy of the therapeutic DNA-based vaccine VB10.16 in combination with atezolizumab in persistent, recurrent or metastatic HPV16-positive cervical cancer: a multicenter, single-arm phase 2a study

10.1136/jitc-2024-010827 · 2025 · External reference

Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer (CheckMate 358): a phase 1-2, open-label, multicohort trial

10.1016/s1470-2045(24)00088-3 · 2024 · External reference

Phase II evaluation of nivolumab in the treatment of persistent or recurrent cervical cancer (NCT02257528/NRG-GY002)

10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.12.034 · 2020 · External reference