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References from From metabolic antagonism to homeostatic restoration: rewiring hepatic stellate cell bioenergetics for liver fibrosis reversal. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Sarcopenia and frailty combined increases the risk of mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis
10.1177/20406223221109651 · 2022 · External reference
Global epidemiology of cirrhosis - aetiology, trends and predictions
10.1038/s41575-023-00759-2 · 2023 · External reference
Chinese Expert consensus on the diagnosis of cirrhotic portal hypertension by ultrasound elastography (2023 version)
10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20230513-00782 · 2023 · External reference
Liver fibrosis
10.1172/jci24282 · 2005 · External reference
Burden of liver diseases in the world
10.1016/j.jhep.2018.09.014 · 2019 · External reference
Molecular crosstalk between the hepatitis C virus and the extracellular matrix in liver fibrogenesis and early carcinogenesis
10.3390/cancers13092270 · 2021 · External reference
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its regression
10.1038/s41575-020-00372-7 · 2021 · External reference
Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation
10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 · 2011 · External reference
Fundamentals of cancer metabolism
10.1126/sciadv.1600200 · 2016 · External reference
The emerging hallmarks of cancer metabolism
10.1016/j.cmet.2015.12.006 · 2016 · External reference
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
10.1038/s41575-020-00366-5 · 2021 · External reference
Kidney lipid dysmetabolism and lipid droplet accumulation in chronic kidney disease
10.1038/s41581-023-00741-w · 2023 · External reference
Dihydromyricetin alleviates pulmonary fibrosis by regulating abnormal fibroblasts through the STAT3/p-STAT3/GLUT1 signaling pathway
10.3389/fphar.2022.834604 · 2022 · External reference
Metabolic reprogramming in liver fibrosis
10.1016/j.cmet.2024.05.003 · 2024 · External reference
The power of plasticity-metabolic regulation of hepatic stellate cells
10.1016/j.cmet.2020.10.026 · 2021 · External reference
Liver fibrosis: from basic science towards clinical progress, focusing on the central role of hepatic stellate cells
10.3390/ijms25147873 · 2024 · External reference
Roles and potential mechanisms of hepatic stellate cells activation mediated by epigenetics through insulin like growth factor 1 and receptor: a review
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147642 · 2025 · External reference
Exploring the therapeutic potential of TGF-beta inhibitors for liver fibrosis: targeting multiple signaling pathways
10.14218/jcth.2025.00029 · 2025 · External reference
AMPK Maintains the activation of hepatic stellate cells through mitophagy-induced metabolic reprogramming
10.1093/jmcb/mjaf030 · 2026 · External reference
RXRalpha modulates hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis by targeting CaMKKbeta-AMPKalpha axis
10.1016/j.apsb.2025.05.023 · 2025 · External reference
Multi-modal analysis of human hepatic stellate cells identifies novel therapeutic targets for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
10.1016/j.jhep.2024.10.044 · 2025 · External reference
Dysregulated hepatic expression of glucose transporters in chronic disease: contribution of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase to hepatic glucose uptake
10.1152/ajpgi.00377.2013 · 2014 · External reference
Hypoxia-Inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1alpha): an essential regulator in cellular metabolic control
10.7759/cureus.63852 · 2024 · External reference
Flavonoids targeting HIF-1: implications on cancer metabolism
10.3390/cancers13010130 · 2021 · External reference
Exosomes from activated hepatic stellate cells contain GLUT1 and PKM2: a role for exosomes in metabolic switch of liver nonparenchymal cells
10.1096/fj.201802675r · 2019 · External reference
Transforming growth factor beta-1 upregulates glucose transporter 1 and glycolysis through canonical and noncanonical pathways in hepatic stellate cells
10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.6908 · 2021 · External reference
Targeting src SH3 domain-mediated glycolysis of HSC suppresses transcriptome, myofibroblastic activation, and colorectal liver metastasis
10.1097/hep.0000000000000763 · 2024 · External reference
Lack of PCK1 in hepatic stellate cells causes liver fibrosis by fueling tricarboxylic acid cycle and increasing glycolysis
10.1016/j.cmet.2026.01.016 · 2026 · External reference
Deficiency of gluconeogenic enzyme PCK1 promotes metabolic-associated fatty liver disease through PI3 K/AKT/PDGF axis activation in male mice
10.1038/s41467-023-37142-3 · 2023 · External reference
Lactate and lactylation in liver diseases: energy metabolism, inflammatory immunity and tumor microenvironment
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1581582 · 2025 · External reference
Hexokinase 2-mediated gene expression via histone lactylation is required for hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis
10.1016/j.cmet.2023.06.013 · 2023 · External reference
Lactate and lactylation: novel perspectives on fibrosis pathogenesis and therapeutic directions
10.1186/s12967-025-06748-0 · 2025 · External reference
Progressive deactivation of hydroxylases controls hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha-coordinated cellular adaptation to graded hypoxia
10.34133/research.0651 · 2025 · External reference
Hepatic stellate cell lipid droplets: a specialized lipid droplet for retinoid storage
10.1016/j.bbalip.2008.11.001 · 2009 · External reference
Hepatic stellate cells retain the capacity to synthesize retinyl esters and to store neutral lipids in small lipid droplets in the absence of LRAT
10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.10.013 · 2017 · External reference
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-related liver fibrosis: mechanisms, treatment and prevention
10.21037/atm-20-4354 · 2021 · External reference
Lipid droplets, the holy grail of hepatic stellate cells: in health and hepatic fibrosis
10.1002/ar.25138 · 2023 · External reference
Metabolism of hepatic stellate cells in chronic liver diseases: emerging molecular and therapeutic interventions
10.7150/thno.106597 · 2025 · External reference
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition improves multiple dimensions of NASH pathogenesis in model systems
10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.06.001 · 2020 · External reference
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition disrupts metabolic reprogramming during hepatic stellate cell activation
10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.037 · 2020 · External reference
The characteristics of activated portal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts in liver fibrosis
10.1016/j.diff.2016.07.001 · 2016 · External reference
An autocrine signaling circuit in hepatic stellate cells underlies advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
10.1126/scitranslmed.add3949 · 2023 · External reference
Regulation of hepatic stellate cell phenotypes in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis
10.1053/j.gastro.2025.03.010 · 2025 · External reference
PPAR-gamma signaling in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets
10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108391 · 2023 · External reference
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: a key link between lipid metabolism and cancer progression
10.1016/j.clnu.2023.12.005 · 2024 · External reference
The agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma for liver fibrosis
10.2147/dddt.s310163 · 2021 · External reference
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation ameliorates liver fibrosis-differential action of transcription factor EB and autophagy on hepatocytes and stellate cells
10.1097/hc9.0000000000000154 · 2023 · External reference
Hematopoietic stem cells preferentially traffic misfolded proteins to aggresomes and depend on aggrephagy to maintain protein homeostasis
10.1016/j.stem.2023.02.010 · 2023 · External reference
Autophagy regulates the maturation of hematopoietic precursors in the embryo
10.1038/s41467-024-46453-y · 2024 · External reference
Autophagy releases lipid that promotes fibrogenesis by activated hepatic stellate cells in mice and in human tissues
10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.044 · 2012 · External reference
Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces fibrogenic activity in hepatic stellate cells through autophagy
10.1016/j.jhep.2013.02.016 · 2013 · External reference
The L-arginine transporter solute carrier family 7 member 2 mediates the immunopathogenesis of attaching and effacing Bacteria
10.1371/journal.ppat.1005984 · 2016 · External reference
Bone marrow niches orchestrate stem-cell hierarchy and immune tolerance
10.1038/s41586-024-08352-6 · 2025 · External reference
Arginase 1 expression is increased during hepatic stellate cell activation and facilitates collagen synthesis
10.1002/jcb.30403 · 2023 · External reference
Ornithine delta-aminotransferase is critical for floret development and seed setting through mediating nitrogen reutilization in rice
10.1111/tpj.14072 · 2018 · External reference
Mechanical stiffness promotes skin fibrosis through Piezo1-mediated arginine and proline metabolism
10.1038/s41420-023-01656-y · 2023 · External reference
Arginase-1-expressing macrophages suppress Th2 cytokine-driven inflammation and fibrosis
10.1371/journal.ppat.1000371 · 2009 · External reference
Increased glutaminolysis marks active scarring in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis progression
10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.12.006 · 2020 · External reference
YAPping about glutaminolysis in hepatic fibrosis
10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.007 · 2018 · External reference
Atractylenolide III ameliorates bile duct ligation-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting the PI3 K/AKT pathway and regulating glutamine metabolism
10.3390/molecules28145504 · 2023 · External reference
Glutaminolysis-ammonia-urea cycle axis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression and development of novel therapies
10.14218/jcth.2021.00247 · 2022 · External reference
Proline metabolism and redox; maintaining a balance in health and disease
10.1007/s00726-021-03051-2 · 2021 · External reference
Emerging role for branched-chain amino acids metabolism in fibrosis
10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106604 · 2023 · External reference
Metabolic signature of hepatic fibrosis: from individual pathways to systems biology
10.3390/cells8111423 · 2019 · External reference
SHMT2 Reduces fatty liver but is necessary for liver inflammation and fibrosis in mice
10.1038/s42003-024-05861-y · 2024 · External reference
Amplifying hepatic L-aspartate levels suppresses CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis by reversing glucocorticoid receptor beta-mediated mitochondrial malfunction
10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107294 · 2024 · External reference
Mechanisms of fibrogenesis
10.3181/0707-mr-190 · 2008 · External reference
Development of a high throughput system to screen compounds that revert the activated hepatic stellate cells to a quiescent-like state
10.1038/s41598-024-58989-6 · 2024 · External reference
Structural characterization and anti-hepatic fibrosis effects of a novel polysaccharide from Astragalus complanatus seeds
10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124661 · 2026 · External reference
Myofibroblasts revert to an inactive phenotype during regression of liver fibrosis
10.1073/pnas.1201840109 · 2012 · External reference
Regulation of hepatic stellate cell proliferation and activation by glutamine metabolism
10.1371/journal.pone.0182679 · 2017 · External reference
Class I histone deacetylases (HDAC1-3) are histone lysine delactylases
10.1126/sciadv.abi6696 · 2022 · External reference
Hedgehog-YAP signaling pathway regulates glutaminolysis to control activation of hepatic stellate cells
10.1053/j.gastro.2017.12.022 · 2018 · External reference
Butyrate protects against diet-induced NASH and liver fibrosis and suppresses specific non-canonical TGF-beta signaling pathways in human hepatic stellate cells
10.3390/biomedicines9121954 · 2021 · External reference
Propionic acid secreted by Akkermansia muciniphila alleviates hepatic fibrosis by antioxidant regulation across the gut-liver axis
10.1093/lifemeta/loaf036 · 2026 · External reference
Molecular and cellular mediators of the gut-liver axis in the progression of liver diseases
10.3389/fmed.2021.725390 · 2021 · External reference
Indole-3-propionic acid promotes hepatic stellate cells inactivation
10.1186/s12967-025-06266-z · 2025 · External reference
Gut Microbiota metabolite 3-indolepropionic acid directly activates hepatic stellate cells by ROS/JNK/p38 signaling pathways
10.3390/biom13101464 · 2023 · External reference
Gut-derived indole propionic acid alleviates liver fibrosis by targeting profibrogenic macrophages via the gut‒liver axis
10.1038/s41423-025-01339-x · 2025 · External reference
Metabolic sparks in the liver: metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming in hepatic stellate cells activation and its implications for human metabolic diseases
10.4093/dmj.2025.0195 · 2025 · External reference
Resmetirom: first approval
10.1007/s40265-024-02045-0 · 2024 · External reference
Randomized, controlled trial of the FGF21 analogue pegozafermin in NASH
10.1056/nejmoa2304286 · 2023 · External reference
A phase 2 randomized trial of survodutide in MASH and fibrosis
10.1056/nejmoa2401755 · 2024 · External reference
Rifaximin-alpha for liver fibrosis in patients with alcohol-related liver disease (GALA-RIF): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial
10.1016/s2468-1253(23)00010-9 · 2023 · External reference
Rifaximin and lubiprostone mitigate liver fibrosis development by repairing gut barrier function in diet-induced rat steatohepatitis
10.1016/j.dld.2022.04.012 · 2022 · External reference
Intercellular communication interference through energy metabolism-related exosome secretion inhibition for liver fibrosis treatment
10.1016/j.apsb.2025.07.008 · 2025 · External reference
Dual inhibition of ACLY and ACSS2 by EVT0185 reduces steatosis, hepatic stellate cell activation, and fibrosis in mouse models of MASH
10.1016/j.cmet.2025.11.015 · 2026 · External reference
Senkyunolide I suppresses hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis by reprogramming VDR-dependent fatty acid metabolism
10.1186/s13020-025-01133-x · 2025 · External reference
Efimosfermin alfa (BOS-580) once per month in people with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis with F2 or F3 fibrosis: results from a 24-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial
10.1016/s0140-6736(25)02276-7 · 2026 · External reference
Antisense oligonucleotide DGAT-2 inhibitor, ION224, for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (ION224-CS2): results of a 51-week, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial
10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00979-1 · 2025 · External reference
Selective targeting of endothelial and perivascular angiocrine ROCK2 treats liver fibrosis
10.1016/j.cell.2026.02.001 · 2026 · External reference
