Research graph
References from Insertion outside the supersite in the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein may contribute to evasion of neutralizing antibodies. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
High-resolution mapping reveals the mechanism and contribution of genome insertions and deletions to RNA virus evolution
10.1073/pnas.2304667120 · 2023 · External reference
The protein data bank
10.1093/nar/28.1.235 · 2000 · External reference
“Fidelity Variants and RNA Quasispecies,”
10.1007/82_2015_483 · 2015 · External reference
Structural dynamics in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein
10.1038/s41467-023-36745-0 · 2023 · External reference
BLAST+: architecture and applications
10.1186/1471-2105-10-421 · 2009 · External reference
Potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies directed against spike N-terminal domain target a single supersite
10.1016/j.chom.2021.03.005 · 2021 · External reference
A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2
10.1126/science.abc6952 · 2020 · External reference
Structural and functional characterizations of infectivity and immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron
10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.019 · 2022 · External reference
Puzzles, challenges, and information reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 quasispecies
10.1128/jvi.01511-23 · 2023 · External reference
“Species Concepts: Viral Quasispecies,”
10.1016/b978-0-12-800049-6.00239-0 · 2016 · External reference
MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput
10.1093/nar/gkh340 · 2004 · External reference
Insertion in the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein affects antibody recognition and phenotypic properties
10.3390/v18030277 · 2026 · External reference
SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape
10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0 · 2021 · External reference
SARS-CoV-2 journey: from alpha variant to omicron and its sub-variants
10.1007/s15010-024-02223-y · 2024 · External reference
N-terminal domain mutations of the spike protein are structurally implicated in epitope recognition in emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains
10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.004 · 2021 · External reference
Mutational hotspot in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein N-terminal domain conferring immune escape potential
10.3390/v13112114 · 2021 · External reference
MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms
10.1093/molbev/msy096 · 2018 · External reference
Quasispecies theory and the behavior of RNA viruses
10.1371/journal.ppat.1001005 · 2010 · External reference
Role of glycosylation mutations at the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 XEC variant in immune evasion, cell-cell fusion, and spike stability
10.1128/jvi.00242-25 · 2025 · External reference
Antibodies targeting a quaternary site on SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein prevent viral receptor engagement by conformational locking
10.1016/j.immuni.2023.09.003 · 2023 · External reference
Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike
10.1038/s41586-020-2571-7 · 2020 · External reference
Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 Infection via Crosslinking of Adjacent Spike Proteins by N-Terminal Domain-Targeting Antibodies
10.3390/v15122421 · 2023 · External reference
N-terminal domain antigenic mapping reveals a site of vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2
10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.028 · 2021 · External reference
UCSF ChimeraX : tools for structure building and analysis
10.1002/pro.4792 · 2023 · External reference
Incorporation of SARS-CoV-2 spike NTD to RBD protein vaccine improves immunity against viral variants
10.1016/j.isci.2023.106256 · 2023 · External reference
Epistasis and background dependence in the evolution of Omicron variants of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
10.1093/molbev/msag100 · 2026 · External reference
Sialoglycan binding triggers spike opening in a human coronavirus
10.1038/s41586-023-06599-z · 2023 · External reference
SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants display enhanced spike-mediated syncytia formation
10.15252/embj.2021108944 · 2021 · External reference
EMBOSS: the European molecular biology open software suite
10.1016/s0168-9525(00)02024-2 · 2000 · External reference
SARS-CoV-2 can recruit a heme metabolite to evade antibody immunity
10.1126/sciadv.abg7607 · 2021 · External reference
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the neuroendocrine system
10.1159/000542164 · 2024 · External reference
Structural characterization of human monoclonal antibodies targeting uncommon antigenic sites on spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV
10.1172/jci178880 · 2025 · External reference
Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2
10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6 · 2021 · External reference
Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes
10.1126/science.abg5268 · 2021 · External reference
Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations reveals neutralization escape mechanisms and the ability to use ACE2 receptors from additional species
10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.003 · 2021 · External reference
Comparative protein structure modeling using MODELLER
10.1002/cpbi.3 · 2016 · External reference
ProSA-web: interactive web service for the recognition of errors in three-dimensional structures of proteins
10.1093/nar/gkm290 · 2007 · External reference
Structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
10.1016/j.coviro.2021.08.010 · 2021 · External reference
Defining the features and structure of neutralizing antibody targeting the silent face of the SARS-CoV-2 spike N-terminal domain
10.1002/mco2.70008 · 2024 · External reference
Comparative protein structure modeling using MODELLER
10.1002/cpbi.3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Defining the features and structure of neutralizing antibody targeting the silent face of the SARS-CoV-2 spike N-terminal domain
10.1002/mco2.70008 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
UCSF ChimeraX : tools for structure building and analysis
10.1002/pro.4792 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
“Fidelity Variants and RNA Quasispecies,”
10.1007/82_2015_483 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
SARS-CoV-2 journey: from alpha variant to omicron and its sub-variants
10.1007/s15010-024-02223-y · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
“Species Concepts: Viral Quasispecies,”
10.1016/b978-0-12-800049-6.00239-0 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
N-terminal domain antigenic mapping reveals a site of vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2
10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.028 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Structural and functional characterizations of infectivity and immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron
10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.019 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies directed against spike N-terminal domain target a single supersite
10.1016/j.chom.2021.03.005 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Structure of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
10.1016/j.coviro.2021.08.010 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
N-terminal domain mutations of the spike protein are structurally implicated in epitope recognition in emerging SARS-CoV-2 strains
10.1016/j.csbj.2021.10.004 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations reveals neutralization escape mechanisms and the ability to use ACE2 receptors from additional species
10.1016/j.immuni.2021.06.003 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Antibodies targeting a quaternary site on SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein prevent viral receptor engagement by conformational locking
10.1016/j.immuni.2023.09.003 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Incorporation of SARS-CoV-2 spike NTD to RBD protein vaccine improves immunity against viral variants
10.1016/j.isci.2023.106256 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
EMBOSS: the European molecular biology open software suite
10.1016/s0168-9525(00)02024-2 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Structural dynamics in the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein
10.1038/s41467-023-36745-0 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2
10.1038/s41579-020-00468-6 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape
10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike
10.1038/s41586-020-2571-7 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Sialoglycan binding triggers spike opening in a human coronavirus
10.1038/s41586-023-06599-z · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
High-resolution mapping reveals the mechanism and contribution of genome insertions and deletions to RNA virus evolution
10.1073/pnas.2304667120 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Epistasis and background dependence in the evolution of Omicron variants of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
10.1093/molbev/msag100 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms
10.1093/molbev/msy096 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The protein data bank
10.1093/nar/28.1.235 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput
10.1093/nar/gkh340 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
ProSA-web: interactive web service for the recognition of errors in three-dimensional structures of proteins
10.1093/nar/gkm290 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
SARS-CoV-2 can recruit a heme metabolite to evade antibody immunity
10.1126/sciadv.abg7607 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A neutralizing human antibody binds to the N-terminal domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2
10.1126/science.abc6952 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Prevalent, protective, and convergent IgG recognition of SARS-CoV-2 non-RBD spike epitopes
10.1126/science.abg5268 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Role of glycosylation mutations at the N-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 XEC variant in immune evasion, cell-cell fusion, and spike stability
10.1128/jvi.00242-25 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Puzzles, challenges, and information reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 quasispecies
10.1128/jvi.01511-23 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the neuroendocrine system
10.1159/000542164 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Structural characterization of human monoclonal antibodies targeting uncommon antigenic sites on spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV
10.1172/jci178880 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
BLAST+: architecture and applications
10.1186/1471-2105-10-421 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Quasispecies theory and the behavior of RNA viruses
10.1371/journal.ppat.1001005 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants display enhanced spike-mediated syncytia formation
10.15252/embj.2021108944 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Mutational hotspot in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein N-terminal domain conferring immune escape potential
10.3390/v13112114 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 Infection via Crosslinking of Adjacent Spike Proteins by N-Terminal Domain-Targeting Antibodies
10.3390/v15122421 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Insertion in the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein affects antibody recognition and phenotypic properties
10.3390/v18030277 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
