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References from Sex hormones in the nucleus incertus: a novel perspective on sex/gender differences in memory and mood dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Alzheimer’s disease: An update and insights into pathophysiology.
10.3389/fnagi.2022.742408 · 2022 · External reference
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The role of estrogen therapy as a protective factor for Alzheimer’s disease and dementia in postmenopausal women: A comprehensive review of the literature.
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Sex modifies the APOE-related risk of developing Alzheimer disease.
10.1002/ana.24135 · 2014 · External reference
2024 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.
10.1002/alz.13809 · 2024 · External reference
3D comparison of hippocampal atrophy in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1093/brain/awl274 · 2006 · External reference
Use of menopausal hormone therapy beyond age 65 years and its effects on women’s health outcomes by types, routes, and doses.
10.1097/gme.0000000000002335 · 2024 · External reference
Swim stress excitation of nucleus incertus and rapid induction of relaxin-3 expression via CRF1 activation.
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.06.019 · 2010 · External reference
Sex differences in the clinical manifestations of Alzheimer disease pathology.
10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.685 · 2005 · External reference
Progestagens and progesterone receptor modulation: Effects on the brain, mood, stress, and cognition in females.
10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101160 · 2025 · External reference
Sex differences in the association of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers and cognition in a multicenter memory clinic study.
10.1186/s13195-025-01684-z · 2025 · External reference
Stages of the pathologic process in Alzheimer disease: Age categories from 1 to 100 years.
10.1097/nen.0b013e318232a379 · 2011 · External reference
Sex differences in the association of global amyloid and regional tau deposition measured by positron emission tomography in clinically normal older adults.
10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.4693 · 2019 · External reference
Synergy between amyloid-β and tau in Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1038/s41593-020-0687-6 · 2020 · External reference
Why sex matters for neuroscience.
10.1038/nrn1909 · 2006 · External reference
Stress differentially regulates brain expression of corticotropin-releasing factor in binge-like eating prone and resistant female rats.
10.1016/j.appet.2016.09.010 · External reference
Sex-specific effects of chronic administration of relaxin-3 on food intake, body weight and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in rats.
10.1111/jne.12439 · External reference
Role of relaxin-3/RXFP3 system in stress-induced binge-like eating in female rats.
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.014 · External reference
Gender and incidence of dementia in the Framingham Heart Study from mid-adult life.
10.1016/j.jalz.2013.10.005 · 2015 · External reference
Association of age at menopause and hormone therapy use with tau and β-amyloid positron emission tomography.
10.1001/jamaneurol.2023.0455 · 2023 · External reference
Associations between hormone therapy use and tau accumulation in brain regions vulnerable to Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1126/sciadv.adt1288 · 2025 · External reference
Multi-platform proteomic analysis of Alzheimer’s disease cerebrospinal fluid and plasma reveals network biomarkers associated with proteostasis and the matrisome.
10.1186/s13195-022-01113-5 · 2022 · External reference
Estrous cycle modulation of feeding and relaxin-3/Rxfp3 mRNA expression: Implications for estradiol action.
10.1159/000513830 · 2021 · External reference
Unveiling a novel memory center in human brain: Neurochemical identification of the nucleus incertus, a key pontine locus implicated in stress and neuropathology.
10.1186/s40659-024-00523-z · 2024 · External reference
Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in cerebrospinal fluid: Correlations with amyloid peptides Aβ1-42 and tau proteins in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment.
10.3389/fnagi.2018.00297 · 2018 · External reference
Sex differences in neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease dementia: A meta-analysis.
10.1186/s13195-022-00991-z · 2022 · External reference
Sex/gender differences in the clinical trajectory of Alzheimer’s disease: Insights into diagnosis and cognitive reserve.
10.1016/j.yfrne.2025.101184 · 2025 · External reference
Sex differences in the progression to Alzheimer’s disease: A combination of functional and structural markers.
10.1007/s11357-023-01020-z · 2024 · External reference
New landscape of the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01294-2 · 2025 · External reference
Integrated multimodal cell atlas of Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1038/s41593-024-01774-5 · 2024 · External reference
Relaxin-3 innervation from the nucleus incertus to the parahippocampal cortex of the rat.
10.3389/fnana.2021.674649 · 2021 · External reference
Discovery and characterization of the first nonpeptide antagonists for the relaxin-3/RXFP3 system.
10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00508 · 2022 · External reference
Endogenous estradiol and risk of dementia in women and men: The Rotterdam Study.
10.1002/ana.10521 · 2003 · External reference
Involvement of the nucleus incertus and relaxin-3/RXFP3 signaling system in explicit and implicit memory.
10.3389/fnana.2021.637922 · 2021 · External reference
Nucleus incertus projections to rat medial septum and entorhinal cortex: Rare collateralization and septal-gating of temporal lobe theta rhythm activity.
10.1007/s00429-023-02650-x · 2023 · External reference
Connections of the nucleus incertus.
10.1002/cne.1303 · 2001 · External reference
One size does not fit all: How type of menopause and hormone therapy matters for brain health.
10.1192/bjp.2025.52 · 2025 · External reference
Development of diphenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole analogues as allosteric modulators of the RXFP3 receptor: Evaluation of importance of the N-substituted-2-pyrrolidone moiety in RLX-33.
10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c00361 · 2025 · External reference
Early-life adversity alters adult nucleus incertus neurons: Implications for neuronal mechanisms of increased stress and compulsive behavior vulnerability.
10.1038/s41386-025-02089-0 · 2025 · External reference
Sex specific molecular networks and key drivers of Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1186/s13024-023-00624-5 · 2023 · External reference
Relaxin-3 inputs target hippocampal interneurons and deletion of hilar relaxin-3 receptors in floxed-RXFP3 mice impairs spatial memory.
10.1002/hipo.22709 · 2017 · External reference
Septal GABA and glutamate neurons express RXFP3 mRNA and depletion of septal RXFP3 impaired spatial search strategy and long-term reference memory in adult mice.
10.3389/fnana.2019.00030 · 2019 · External reference
Effects of gonadal hormones on cognitive behaviour in elderly men and women.
10.1111/jne.12080 · 2013 · External reference
The human raphe nuclei and the serotonergic system.
10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.10.002 · 2003 · External reference
Sex and age differences in atrophic rates: An ADNI study with n = 1368 MRI scans.
10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.04.033 · 2010 · External reference
Hormonal influences on cognition and risk for Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1007/s11910-010-0122-6 · 2010 · External reference
Thinking with your gonads: Testosterone and cognition.
10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.010 · 2006 · External reference
EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1016/j.clinph.2004.01.001 · 2004 · External reference
Brainstem atrophy in the early stage of Alzheimer’s disease: A voxel-based morphometry study.
10.1007/s11682-019-00231-3 · 2021 · External reference
Alzheimer disease.
10.1038/s41572-021-00269-y · 2021 · External reference
Sex and gender differences in Alzheimer’s disease: Genetic, hormonal, and inflammation impacts.
10.3390/ijms25158485 · 2024 · External reference
Relaxin’ the brain: A case for targeting the nucleus incertus network and relaxin-3/RXFP3 system in neuropsychiatric disorders.
10.1111/bph.13564 · 2017 · External reference
Among men, androgens are associated with a decrease in Alzheimer’s disease risk.
10.1002/alz.13013 · 2023 · External reference
Brainstem morphological changes in Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1097/wnr.0000000000000362 · 2015 · External reference
Sex-specific effects of relaxin-3 on food intake and brain expression of corticotropin-releasing factor in rats.
10.1210/en.2014-1743 · 2015 · External reference
Sex differences in the effects of chronic stress and food restriction on body weight gain and brain expression of CRF and relaxin-3 in rats.
10.1111/gbb.12028 · 2013 · External reference
Reproductive history and risk of cognitive impairment in elderly women: A cross-sectional study in eastern China.
10.3233/jad-150444 · 2016 · External reference
Brain sex matters: Estrogen in cognition and Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1016/j.mce.2013.12.018 · 2014 · External reference
Marked gender differences in progression of mild cognitive impairment over 8 years.
10.1016/j.trci.2015.07.001 · 2015 · External reference
Sex-steroid-dependent plasticity of brain-stem autonomic circuits.
10.1152/ajpregu.00357.2019 · 2020 · External reference
Identification of relaxin-3/INSL7 as an endogenous ligand for the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPCR135.
10.1074/jbc.m308995200 · 2003 · External reference
Mechanisms of sex differences in Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1016/j.neuron.2024.01.024 · 2024 · External reference
Control of locomotor speed, arousal, and hippocampal theta rhythms by the nucleus incertus.
10.1038/s41467-019-14116-y · 2020 · External reference
Sleep and longitudinal cognitive performance in preclinical and early symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1093/brain/awab272 · 2021 · External reference
Estrogenic regulation of memory: The first 50 years.
10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104711 · 2020 · External reference
Membrane-associated estrogen receptor α prevents the amyloid β-induced suppression of GIRK channel activity in hippocampal neurons from female mice.
10.1186/s13293-025-00776-7 · 2025 · External reference
Nucleus incertus promotes cortical desynchronization and behavioral arousal.
10.1007/s00429-016-1230-0 · External reference
Relaxin-family peptide and receptor systems in brain: Insights from recent anatomical and functional studies.
10.1007/978-0-387-74672-2_9 · 2007 · External reference
Heterogeneous responses of nucleus incertus neurons to corticotrophin-releasing factor and coherent activity with hippocampal theta rhythm in the rat.
10.1113/jphysiol.2013.254300 · 2013 · External reference
Relaxin-3 in GABA projection neurons of nucleus incertus suggests widespread influence on forebrain circuits via G-protein-coupled receptor-135 in the rat.
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.072 · 2007 · External reference
Modulation of hippocampal theta oscillations and spatial memory by relaxin-3 neurons of the nucleus incertus.
10.1101/lm.1438109 · 2009 · External reference
Distribution, physiology and pharmacology of relaxin-3/RXFP3 systems in brain.
10.1111/bph.13659 · External reference
Estrogen effects on the brain: Actions beyond the hypothalamus via novel mechanisms.
10.1037/a0026708 · 2012 · External reference
Developmental expression and serotonergic regulation of relaxin 3/INSL7 in the nucleus incertus of rat brain.
10.1016/j.regpep.2007.08.010 · 2008 · External reference
Correction: Perimenopause and emergence of an Alzheimer’s bioenergetic phenotype in brain and periphery.
10.1371/journal.pone.0193314 · 2018 · External reference
Women twice as likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease as men - but scientists do not know why.
10.1038/s41591-025-03564-3 · 2025 · External reference
Reproductive period and dementia: A 44-year longitudinal population study of Swedish women.
10.1002/alz.12118 · 2020 · External reference
A spatially-resolved transcriptional atlas of the murine dorsal pons at single-cell resolution.
10.1038/s41467-024-45907-7 · 2024 · External reference
Mapping cell types and efferent pathways in the ascending relaxin-3 system of the nucleus incertus.
10.1523/eneuro.0272-20.2020 · 2020 · External reference
Nucleus incertus inactivation impairs spatial learning and memory in rats.
10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.014 · 2015 · External reference
Modulation of forebrain function by nucleus incertus and relaxin-3/RXFP3 signaling.
10.1111/cns.12862 · 2018 · External reference
Cytoarchitecture and efferent projections of the nucleus incertus of the rat.
10.1002/cne.10774 · 2003 · External reference
Biomarker discovery for disease status and symptom severity in children with autism.
10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.022 · 2018 · External reference
Sex and the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1002/jnr.23827 · 2017 · External reference
Cerebrospinal fluid proteome alterations related to depressive symptoms in cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1002/alz.71054 · 2025 · External reference
Population estimate of people with clinical Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment in the United States (2020-2060).
10.1002/alz.12362 · 2021 · External reference
Stress activates the nucleus incertus and modulates plasticity in the hippocampo-medial prefrontal cortical pathway.
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.10.010 · 2016 · External reference
Hippocampus and its involvement in Alzheimer’s disease: A review.
10.1007/s13205-022-03123-4 · 2022 · External reference
From structure to function: Development of relaxin-3 analogs and their role in RXFP3 signaling.
10.1002/cbic.202500664 · 2025 · External reference
Central relaxin-3 receptor (RXFP3) activation decreases anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours in the rat.
10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.034 · 2013 · External reference
Nucleus incertus–an emerging modulatory role in arousal, stress and memory.
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.02.004 · 2011 · External reference
Chronic activation of the relaxin-3 receptor on GABA neurons in rat ventral hippocampus promotes anxiety and social avoidance.
10.1002/hipo.23089 · 2019 · External reference
Hormone replacement therapy is associated with improved cognition and larger brain volumes in at-risk APOE4 women: Results from the European prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (EPAD) cohort.
10.1186/s13195-022-01121-5 · 2023 · External reference
APOE-by-sex interactions on brain structure and metabolism in healthy elderly controls.
10.18632/oncotarget.5185 · 2015 · External reference
Orienting and reorienting: The locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal.
10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.011 · 2012 · External reference
Recent advancements in the therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease treatment: Current and future perspective.
10.1039/d4md00630e · 2025 · External reference
Estrogen plus progestin and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: The women’s health initiative memory study: A randomized controlled trial.
10.1001/jama.289.20.2651 · 2003 · External reference
Neuroprotective role of steroidal sex hormones: An overview.
10.1111/cns.12538 · 2016 · External reference
Sex differences in grey matter atrophy patterns among AD and aMCI patients: Results from ADNI.
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.060 · 2011 · External reference
Relaxin-3 systems in the brain–the first 10 years.
10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.05.013 · 2011 · External reference
Distribution of relaxin-3 and RXFP3 within arousal, stress, affective, and cognitive circuits of mouse brain.
10.1002/cne.22442 · 2010 · External reference
The accumulation rate of tau aggregates is higher in females and younger amyloid-positive subjects.
10.1093/brain/awaa327 · 2020 · External reference
The intersection of amyloid beta and tau at synapses in Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.004 · 2014 · External reference
Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid in autism spectrum disorder - A systematic review.
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106202 · 2025 · External reference
Better verbal memory in women than men in MCI despite similar levels of hippocampal atrophy.
10.1212/wnl.0000000000002570 · 2016 · External reference
Sex differences in Alzheimer’s-related tau biomarkers and a mediating effect of testosterone.
10.1186/s13293-020-00310-x · 2020 · External reference
Functional neuroanatomy of the rat nucleus incertus-medial septum tract: Implications for the cell-specific control of the septohippocampal pathway.
10.3389/fncel.2022.836116 · 2022 · External reference
Brainstem nucleus incertus controls contextual memory formation.
10.1126/science.aaw0445 · 2019 · External reference
Neurons expressing relaxin 3/INSL 7 in the nucleus incertus respond to stress.
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03980.x · 2005 · External reference
Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1007/s13311-021-01146-y · 2022 · External reference
Involvement of relaxin-family peptide-3 receptor (RXFP3) in the ventral dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in spatial and fear memory in rats.
10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171244 · 2024 · External reference
CRF and the nucleus incertus: A node for integration of stress signals.
10.1038/nrn.2016.158 · 2017 · External reference
Sex differences in brain functional connectivity of hippocampus in mild cognitive impairment.
10.3389/fnagi.2022.959394 · 2022 · External reference
Global burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias in adults aged 65 years and older, 1991-2021: Population-based study.
10.3389/fpubh.2025.1585711 · 2025 · External reference
FSH blockade improves cognition in mice with Alzheimer’s disease.
10.1038/s41586-022-04463-0 · 2022 · External reference
Recent advances in Alzheimer’s disease: Mechanisms, clinical trials and new drug development strategies.
10.1038/s41392-024-01911-3 · 2024 · External reference
The neural basis of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease.
10.3389/fnagi.2024.1487875 · 2024 · External reference
Fear memory recall involves hippocampal somatostatin interneurons.
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