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References from Multidimensional iron dysmetabolism and gut-brain axis interactions in restless legs syndrome: from peripheral deficiency to central dysregulation. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
MRI measurement of brain iron in patients with restless legs syndrome.
10.1212/wnl.0000000000001145 · 2015 · External reference
Evidence-based and consensus clinical practice guidelines for the iron treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease in adults and children: An IRLSSG task force report.
10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1126 · 2018 · External reference
Restless legs syndrome: Diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the national institutes of health.
10.1016/s1389-9457(03)00010-8 · 2003 · External reference
Iron deficiency in adults: A review.
10.1001/jama.2025.0452 · 2025 · External reference
Restless legs syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.10.019 · 2025 · External reference
Apo- and holo-transferrin differentially interact with hephaestin and ferroportin in a novel mechanism of cellular iron release regulation.
10.1186/s12929-023-00934-2 · 2023 · External reference
An exploratory analysis of routine ferritin measurement upon admission and the prognostic implications of low-grade ferritinemia during inflammation.
10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.04.033 · 2024 · External reference
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth-pathophysiology and its implications for definition and management.
10.1053/j.gastro.2022.04.002 · 2022 · External reference
Iron deficiency screening is a key issue in chronic inflammatory diseases: A call to action.
10.1111/joim.13503 · 2022 · External reference
How I treat anemia with red blood cell transfusion and iron.
10.1182/blood.2022018521 · 2023 · External reference
The impact of iron and heme availability on the healthy human gut microbiome in vivo and in vitro.
10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.12.001 · 2023 · External reference
A crosstalk between hepcidin and IRE/IRP pathways controls ferroportin expression and determines serum iron levels in mice.
10.7554/elife.81332 · 2022 · External reference
Aluminum exposure impairs electrochemically measured vesicular storage and exocytosis via iron homeostasis dysregulation.
10.1002/anie.202514166 · 2025 · External reference
Iron at the crossroads of host-microbiome interactions in health and disease.
10.1038/s41564-025-02001-y · 2025 · External reference
Targeting the human gut microbiota-between conventional therapy and precision genetic engineering.
10.3390/nu18121958 · 2026 · External reference
Dopamine receptors in restless legs syndrome and augmentation: A novel perspective focused on D1 and D3 receptor dynamics.
10.1002/mds.30274 · 2025 · External reference
Neuropathological examination suggests impaired brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome.
10.1212/01.wnl.0000078887.16593.12 · 2003 · External reference
Profile of altered brain iron acquisition in restless legs syndrome.
10.1093/brain/awr012 · 2011 · External reference
The heterotetrameric structure of the adenosine A1-dopamine D1 receptor complex: Pharmacological implication for restless legs syndrome.
10.1016/bs.apha.2019.01.001 · 2019 · External reference
The microbiota-gut-brain axis.
10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · 2019 · External reference
The intricate interplay between acute pancreatitis and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: Unraveling the unknown.
10.1016/j.clnu.2025.06.008 · 2025 · External reference
Restless legs syndrome, periodic leg movements, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.
10.1161/circresaha.125.325677 · 2025 · External reference
Association between serum hepcidin level and restless legs syndrome.
10.1002/mds.27287 · 2018 · External reference
HMGB1 induces hepcidin upregulation in astrocytes and causes an acute iron surge and subsequent ferroptosis in the postischemic brain.
10.1038/s12276-023-01111-z · 2023 · External reference
Current iron therapy in the light of regulation, intestinal microbiome, and toxicity: Are we prescribing too much iron?
10.1080/10408363.2024.2331477 · 2024 · External reference
Abnormalities in CSF concentrations of ferritin and transferrin in restless legs syndrome.
10.1212/wnl.54.8.1698 · 2000 · External reference
Altered brain iron homeostasis and dopaminergic function in restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease).
10.1016/j.sleep.2014.05.009 · 2014 · External reference
Clinical efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose for treatment of restless legs syndrome: A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
10.1093/sleep/zsae095 · 2024 · External reference
Prevalence of restless leg syndrome and its association with iron deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease: A cross-sectional observational study.
10.7759/cureus.86188 · 2025 · External reference
Djulis Hull enhances the efficacy of ferric citrate supplementation via restoring normal iron efflux through the IL-6-hepcidin-ferroportin pathway in high-fat-diet-induced obese rats.
10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02826 · 2023 · External reference
The hepcidin-ferroportin axis modulates liver endothelial cell BMP expression to influence iron homeostasis in mice.
10.1182/blood.2024024795 · 2025 · External reference
Mechanisms of blood-brain barrier protection by microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids.
10.3390/cells12040657 · 2023 · External reference
Aerobic exercise as a non-pharmacological approach to restless legs syndrome: Evidence from an ID-induced model.
10.1016/j.lfs.2026.124422 · 2026 · External reference
Ascaris lumbricoides diagnosed during evaluation of iron deficiency anemia by capsule endoscopy.
10.7759/cureus.25208 · 2022 · External reference
Hepcidin and iron regulation, 10 years later.
10.1182/blood-2011-01-258467 · 2011 · External reference
Treatment of sleep, motor and sensory symptoms with the orexin antagonist suvorexant in adults with idiopathic restless legs syndrome: A randomized double-blind crossover proof-of-concept study.
10.1007/s40263-023-01055-y · 2024 · External reference
Restless legs syndrome: Contemporary diagnosis and treatment.
10.1007/s13311-021-01019-4 · 2021 · External reference
Absence of gut microbiota alleviates iron overload-induced colitis by modulating ferroptosis in mice.
10.1016/j.jare.2024.12.030 · 2025 · External reference
The microbiota-gut-brain axis in Huntington’s disease: Evidence, mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.
10.1016/j.yfrne.2026.101247 · 2026 · External reference
How does iron cross the abluminal membrane of the blood-brain barrier.
10.1038/s12276-026-01734-y · 2026 · External reference
The ins and outs of ferric citrate.
10.1016/j.kint.2021.12.032 · 2022 · External reference
The effect of prebiotics on human iron absorption: A review.
10.1093/advances/nmac079 · 2022 · External reference
review of the effect of iron supplementation on the gut microbiota of children in developing countries and the impact of prebiotics.
10.1017/s0954422424000118 · 2025 · External reference
Tissue-specific regulation of ferroportin in Wild-Type and Hjv-/- mice following dietary iron manipulations.
10.1002/hep4.1780 · 2021 · External reference
Fecal iron measurement in studies of the human intestinal microbiome.
10.1093/cdn/nzac143 · 2022 · External reference
Iron transport kinetics through blood-brain barrier endothelial cells.
10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.02.010 · 2018 · External reference
Diagnosing aceruloplasminemia: Navigating through red herrings.
10.1007/s00277-024-05743-7 · 2024 · External reference
Change of iron content in brain regions after intravenous iron therapy in restless legs syndrome: Quantitative susceptibility mapping study.
10.1093/sleep/zsad154 · 2023 · External reference
Striatal mechanism of the restless legs syndrome.
10.1093/sleep/zsac110 · 2022 · External reference
Transferrin saturation is a better predictor than ferritin of metabolic and hemodynamic exercise responses in HFpEF.
10.1016/j.jchf.2025.02.024 · 2025 · External reference
Structures of ferroportin in complex with its specific inhibitor vamifeport.
10.7554/elife.83053 · 2023 · External reference
Defining small intestinal bacterial overgrowth by culture and high throughput sequencing.
10.1016/j.cgh.2023.06.001 · 2024 · External reference
Brain iron deficiency in idiopathic restless legs syndrome measured by quantitative magnetic susceptibility at 7 tesla.
10.1016/j.sleep.2016.05.001 · 2016 · External reference
Dietary iron attenuates Clostridioides difficile infection via modulation of intestinal immune response and gut microbiota.
10.1080/21505594.2025.2529454 · 2025 · External reference
Restless legs syndrome in patients with epilepsy: Risk analysis, polysomnography, and quality of life evaluation.
10.1093/sleep/zsad054 · 2024 · External reference
Dietary iron modulates gut microbiota and induces SLPI secretion to promote colorectal tumorigenesis.
10.1080/19490976.2023.2221978 · 2023 · External reference
The role of iron in intestinal mucus: Perspectives from both the host and gut microbiota.
10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100307 · 2024 · External reference
Patients with breath test positive are necessary to be identified from irritable bowel syndrome: A clinical trial based on microbiomics and rifaximin sensitivity.
10.1097/cm9.0000000000002294 · 2022 · External reference
Microbiota-gut-brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases.
10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1 · 2024 · External reference
Association of serum iron metabolism with muscle mass and frailty in older adults: A cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older adults.
10.1097/md.0000000000039348 · 2024 · External reference
Bisphenol P exposure in C57BL/6 mice caused gut microbiota dysbiosis and induced intestinal barrier disruption via LPS/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.
10.1016/j.envint.2023.107949 · 2023 · External reference
Boundaries and integration between microbiota, the nervous system, and immunity.
10.1016/j.immuni.2023.07.011 · 2023 · External reference
Brain iron dysregulation in iron deficiency anemia-related restless leg syndrome revealed by neuron-derived extracellular vesicles: A case-control study.
10.1002/ana.26941 · 2024 · External reference
The role of iron in host-microbiota crosstalk and its effects on systemic glucose metabolism.
10.1038/s41574-022-00721-3 · 2022 · External reference
Analysis of gut microbiota in restless legs syndrome: Searching for a metagenomic signature.
10.1093/sleep/zsaf383 · 2026 · External reference
Hepcidin-ferroportin interaction controls systemic iron homeostasis.
10.3390/ijms22126493 · 2021 · External reference
Hepcidin and iron in health and disease.
10.1146/annurev-med-043021-032816 · 2023 · External reference
Apicobasal transferrin receptor localization and trafficking in brain capillary endothelial cells.
10.1186/s12987-022-00404-1 · 2023 · External reference
The microbiota and the host organism switch between cooperation and competition based on dietary iron levels.
10.1080/19490976.2024.2361660 · 2024 · External reference
Iron from the gut: The role of divalent metal transporter 1.
10.3164/jcbn.23-47 · 2024 · External reference
Short chain fatty acids: Microbial metabolites for gut-brain axis signalling.
10.1016/j.mce.2022.111572 · 2022 · External reference
Cerebrospinal fluid from restless legs syndrome patients reduces iron uptake in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells by disrupting the regulation of transferrin receptors.
10.1002/ana.78221 · 2026 · External reference
Intact FGF23 and markers of iron homeostasis, inflammation, and bone mineral metabolism in acute pediatric infections.
10.3390/biology13090728 · 2024 · External reference
Mechanism and regulation of iron absorption throughout the life cycle.
10.1016/j.jare.2025.01.002 · 2025 · External reference
Biomarkers of brain dysfunction in perinatal iron deficiency.
10.3390/nu16071092 · 2024 · External reference
Brain iron deficiency changes the stoichiometry of adenosine receptor subtypes in cortico-striatal terminals: Implications for restless legs syndrome.
10.3390/molecules27051489 · 2022 · External reference
Adenosine receptor mRNA expression in frontal cortical neurons in schizophrenia.
10.3390/cells13010032 · 2023 · External reference
A randomized double-blind pilot study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of intravenous iron versus oral iron for the treatment of restless legs syndrome in patients with iron deficiency anemia.
10.1002/ajh.27290 · 2024 · External reference
Putative animal models of restless legs syndrome: A systematic review and evaluation of their face and construct validity.
10.1007/s13311-022-01334-4 · 2023 · External reference
Mitochondrial ferritin in the substantia nigra in restless legs syndrome.
10.1097/nen.0b013e3181bdc44f · 2009 · External reference
Glucopyranose from Pleurotus geesteranus prevent alcoholic liver diseases by regulating Nrf2/HO-1-TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathways and gut microbiota.
10.1039/d1fo03486c · 2022 · External reference
Iron deficiency anemia: A critical review on iron absorption, supplementation and its influence on gut microbiota.
10.1039/d3fo04644c · 2024 · External reference
The microbiome-gut-brain axis in Parkinson disease - from basic research to the clinic.
10.1038/s41582-022-00681-2 · 2022 · External reference
Absolute and functional iron deficiency in the US, 2017-2020.
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.33126 · 2024 · External reference
Molecular mechanisms underlying the higher prevalence of anemia in Crohn’s disease compared with ulcerative colitis: A systematic review.
10.3390/ijms27125570 · 2026 · External reference
UBA6 and NDFIP1 regulate the degradation of ferroportin.
10.3324/haematol.2021.278530 · 2022 · External reference
Iron for the treatment of restless legs syndrome.
10.1002/14651858.cd007834.pub3 · 2019 · External reference
Serum ferritin/C-reactive protein ratio is a simple and effective biomarker for diagnosing iron deficiency in the context of systemic inflammation.
10.1093/qjmed/hcad218 · 2024 · External reference
Dopaminergic hypersensitivity of the opioid-responsive striatal-entopeduncular pathway in a rodent model of restless legs syndrome.
10.1038/s41386-026-02413-2 · 2026 · External reference
The neuroactive potential of the human gut microbiota in quality of life and depression.
10.1038/s41564-018-0337-x · 2019 · External reference
Bacteria-induced BBB breakdown.
10.1126/scisignal.adq7330 · 2024 · External reference
Review of the role of the endogenous opioid and melanocortin systems in the restless legs syndrome.
10.1093/brain/awad283 · 2024 · External reference
Microbiome and metabolites impact enteric and central nervous systems in ALS.
10.1080/19490976.2026.2692737 · 2026 · External reference
Unveiling gut microbiota’s role: Bidirectional regulation of drug transport for improved safety.
10.1002/med.22077 · 2025 · External reference
Local iron deficiency in the substantia nigra directly contributes to hyperlocomotion phenotypes.
10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105693 · 2022 · External reference
Gut microbiota alterations in sleep disturbances: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
10.1016/j.smrv.2026.102293 · 2026 · External reference
Treating severe refractory and augmented restless legs syndrome.
10.1016/j.chest.2022.05.014 · 2022 · External reference
Restless legs syndrome: A review.
10.1001/jama.2025.23247 · 2026 · External reference
Iron biology - An overview for laboratorians.
2023 · External reference
Modulation of adenosine signaling reverses 3-nitropropionic acid-induced bradykinesia and memory impairment in adult zebrafish.
10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110602 · 2022 · External reference
Four AAs increase DMT1 abundance in duodenal brush-border membrane vesicles and enhance iron absorption in iron-deprived mice.
10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005111 · 2022 · External reference
Gut microbiota bridges the iron homeostasis and host health.
10.1007/s11427-022-2302-5 · 2023 · External reference
LPS-induced systemic inflammation affects the dynamic interactions of astrocytes and microglia with the vasculature of the mouse brain cortex.
10.3390/cells12101418 · 2023 · External reference
Crosstalk between intestinal flora and human iron metabolism: The role in metabolic syndrome-related comorbidities and its potential clinical application.
10.1016/j.micres.2024.127667 · 2024 · External reference
A human brain vascular atlas reveals diverse mediators of Alzheimer’s risk.
10.1038/s41586-021-04369-3 · 2022 · External reference
Astrocyte-derived hepcidin controls iron traffic at the blood-brain-barrier via regulating ferroportin 1 of microvascular endothelial cells.
10.1038/s41419-022-05043-w · 2022 · External reference
Chlorogenic acid alleviates chronic stress-induced duodenal ferroptosis via the inhibition of the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in rats.
10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01196 · 2022 · External reference
Taurine alleviates experimental colitis by enhancing intestinal barrier function and inhibiting inflammatory response through TLR4/NF-κB signaling.
10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00662 · 2024 · External reference
