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References from Integrating olfactory assessments in consciousness disorders: methodologies and therapeutic potential. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Disorders of consciousness diagnosis, interventions, and prognostication for the intensivist: report of the 2025 ISICEM roundtable
10.1007/s00134-025-08224-1 · 2026 · External reference
Practice guideline update recommendations summary: disorders of consciousness: report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology; the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine; and the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research
10.1212/wnl.0000000000005926 · 2018 · External reference
Reliability and diagnostic characteristics of the JFK coma recovery scale-revised: exploring the influence of rater's level of experience
10.1097/htr.0b013e3181cec841 · 2010 · External reference
The repetition of behavioral assessments in diagnosis of disorders of consciousness
10.1002/ana.24962 · 2017 · External reference
Behavioral assessment with the coma recovery scale-revised is safe and feasible in critically ill patients with disorders of consciousness
10.1097/cce.0000000000001101 · 2024 · External reference
Estimating the minimal number of repeated examinations for random responsiveness with the coma recovery scale-revised as an example
10.3389/fnint.2021.745196 · 2021 · External reference
Simplified evaluation of CONsciousness disorders (SECONDs) in individuals with severe brain injury: a validation study
10.1016/j.rehab.2020.09.001 · 2021 · External reference
Recovery from disorders of consciousness: mechanisms, prognosis and emerging therapies
10.1038/s41582-020-00428-x · 2021 · External reference
Sleuthing subjectivity: a review of covert measures of consciousness
10.1038/s41583-025-00934-1 · 2025 · External reference
New behavioral signs of consciousness in patients with severe brain injuries
10.1055/a-1883-0861 · 2022 · External reference
International clinical assessment of smell: an international, cross-sectional survey of current practice in the assessment of olfaction
10.1111/coa.14123 · 2024 · External reference
Patient experience and preferences for the assessment of olfaction: the patient international clinical assessment of smell survey
10.1159/000535794 · 2024 · External reference
The olfactory system: basic anatomy and physiology for general otorhinolaryngologists
10.21053/ceo.2023.00185 · 2023 · External reference
Functional organization of olfactory system
10.1002/(sici)1097-4695(199605)30:1<123::aid-neu11>3.0.co;2-n · 1996 · External reference
Attention to odor modulates thalamocortical connectivity in the human brain
10.1523/jneurosci.5607-07.2008 · 2008 · External reference
Thalamic olfaction: characterizing odor processing in the mediodorsal thalamus of the rat
10.1152/jn.00741.2013 · 2014 · External reference
Spared and impaired olfactory abilities after thalamic lesions
10.1523/jneurosci.2114-09.2009 · 2009 · External reference
Olfactory sniffing signals consciousness in unresponsive patients with brain injuries
10.1038/s41586-020-2245-5 · 2020 · External reference
Finding the brain in the nose
10.1146/annurev-neuro-102119-103452 · 2020 · External reference
Aromatherapy facts and fictions: a scientific analysis of olfactory effects on mood, physiology and behavior
10.1080/00207450802333953 · 2009 · External reference
Olfactory stimulation and the diagnosis of patients with disorders of consciousness: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial
10.3389/fnins.2022.712891 · 2022 · External reference
Olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases
10.1016/j.arr.2021.101416 · 2021 · External reference
Olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases: is there a common pathological substrate?
10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30123-0 · 2017 · External reference
European Academy of Neurology guideline on the diagnosis of coma and other disorders of consciousness
10.1111/ene.14151 · 2020 · External reference
Sensory stimulation for patients with disorders of consciousness following a traumatic brain injury (June 2013–October 2020)
10.5014/ajot.2022/76s2004 · 2022 · External reference
The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal
10.1111/jsr.12371 · 2016 · External reference
Neurobiology of sleep (review)
10.3892/etm.2021.9703 · 2021 · External reference
Control of sleep and wakefulness
10.1152/physrev.00032.2011 · 2012 · External reference
Neuro-orchestration of sleep and wakefulness
10.1038/s41593-022-01236-w · 2023 · External reference
Clinical neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness
10.1212/con.0000000000001260 · 2023 · External reference
MRI in disorders of consciousness
10.1097/wco.0000000000000873 · 2020 · External reference
Effects of traumatic brain injury on the orexin/hypocretin system
10.1089/neur.2024.0111 · 2025 · External reference
Causes, consequences, and treatments of sleep and circadian disruption in the ICU: an official American Thoracic Society Research Statement
10.1164/rccm.202301-0184st · 2023 · External reference
Disruption of the circadian rhythm of melatonin: a biomarker of critical illness severity
10.1016/j.sleep.2023.07.033 · 2023 · External reference
Glutamatergic projection neurons in the basal forebrain underlie learned olfactory associational valence assignments
10.1038/s41467-026-68313-7 · 2026 · External reference
Reciprocal relationships between sleep and smell
10.3389/fncir.2022.1076354 · 2022 · External reference
Basal forebrain cholinergic input mediates adaptive attention allocation to enhance olfactory discrimination
10.1371/journal.pbio.3003374 · 2025 · External reference
Adaptive filters at the first olfactory synapse
10.1371/journal.pbio.3003405 · 2025 · External reference
Multiple output pathways of the basal forebrain: organization, chemical heterogeneity, and roles in vigilance
10.1016/s0166-4328(00)00254-0 · 2000 · External reference
Different subgroups of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain are distinctly innervated by the olfactory regions and activated differentially in olfactory memory retrieval
10.3389/fncir.2018.00099 · 2018 · External reference
Whole-brain monosynaptic afferent inputs to basal forebrain cholinergic system
10.3389/fnana.2016.00098 · 2016 · External reference
Sleep and olfactory cortical plasticity
10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00134 · 2014 · External reference
Function of orexin-1 receptor signaling in the olfactory tubercle in odor-guided attraction and aversion
10.1038/s42003-024-07438-1 · 2024 · External reference
VTA dopaminergic neurons regulate ethologically relevant sleep-wake behaviors
10.1038/nn.4377 · 2016 · External reference
Heterogeneous extracellular dopamine regulation in the subregions of the olfactory tubercle
10.1111/jnc.14069 · 2017 · External reference
Development and study of ezzence: a modular scent wearable to improve wellbeing in home sleep environments
10.3389/fpsyg.2022.791768 · 2022 · External reference
Nocturnal olfactory stimulation for improvement of sleep quality in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized exploratory intervention trial
10.1002/jts.22359 · 2019 · External reference
Local targeted memory reactivation in human sleep
10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.091 · 2020 · External reference
Autonomic nervous system responses to odours: the role of pleasantness and arousal
10.1093/chemse/27.8.703 · 2002 · External reference
Olfaction modulates cortical arousal independent of perceived odor intensity and pleasantness
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120843 · 2024 · External reference
Sleep in disorders of consciousness: a brief overview on a still under investigated issue
10.3390/brainsci13020275 · 2023 · External reference
Responses to the activation of different intranasal trigeminal receptors: evidence from behavioral, peripheral and central levels
10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115371 · 2025 · External reference
From blindsight to blindsmell: a mini review
10.1515/tnsci-2015-0002 · 2014 · External reference
Central olfactory processing in patients with disorders of consciousness
10.1111/ene.12907 · 2016 · External reference
Post-traumatic olfactory loss and brain response beyond olfactory cortex
10.1038/s41598-021-83621-2 · 2021 · External reference
Olfactory-auditory sensory integration in the lateral entorhinal cortex
10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102399 · 2023 · External reference
Olfactory response is a potential sign of consciousness: electroencephalogram findings
10.3389/fnins.2023.1187471 · 2023 · External reference
Altered functional connectivity of primary olfactory cortex-hippocampus-frontal cortex in subjective cognitive decline during odor stimulation
10.1002/hbm.26814 · 2024 · External reference
Circuit dynamics of the olfactory pathway during olfactory learning
10.3389/fncir.2024.1437575 · 2024 · External reference
The value of identity: olfactory notes on orbitofrontal cortex function
10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06268.x · 2011 · External reference
The human orbitofrontal cortex, vmPFC, and anterior cingulate cortex effective connectome: emotion, memory, and action
10.1093/cercor/bhac070 · 2022 · External reference
Conscious olfaction: content, function, and localization
10.1017/s0140525x15002186 · 2016 · External reference
The olfactory system as the gateway to the neural correlates of consciousness
10.3389/fpsyg.2013.01011 · 2014 · External reference
Stepwise connectivity of the modal cortex reveals the multimodal organization of the human brain
10.1523/jneurosci.0759-12.2012 · 2012 · External reference
Stepwise pathways from the olfactory cortex to central hub regions in the human brain
10.1002/hbm.26760 · 2024 · External reference
Olfactory modulation of the medial prefrontal cortex circuitry: implications for social cognition
10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.03.022 · 2022 · External reference
Anchoring the human olfactory system within a functional gradient
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116863 · 2020 · External reference
Anterior insula as a gatekeeper of executive control
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104736 · 2022 · External reference
Excitable axonal domains adapt to sensory deprivation in the olfactory system
10.1523/jneurosci.0305-21.2021 · 2022 · External reference
Monorhinal and birhinal odor processing in humans: an fMRI investigation
10.1093/chemse/bjae038 · 2024 · External reference
Gustatory cortex neurons perform reliability-dependent integration of multisensory flavor inputs
10.1016/j.cub.2024.12.015 · 2025 · External reference
Congruency of multisensory olfactory stimuli
10.1093/chemse/bjaf034 · 2025 · External reference
Human olfactory-auditory integration requires phase synchrony between sensory cortices
10.1038/s41467-019-09091-3 · 2019 · External reference
Olfactory-trigeminal integration in the primary olfactory cortex
10.1002/hbm.26772 · 2024 · External reference
Time to smell: a cascade model of human olfactory perception based on response-time (RT) measurement
10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00033 · 2014 · External reference
Two separate neural pathways, lateral and medial, for sensory decisions in mammals: switching of attention between the outer and inner cognitive worlds
10.3389/fnins.2025.1640801 · 2025 · External reference
Associative learning and recollection of olfactory memory during the respiratory cycle in mammals: how is the self cognized in consciousness?
10.3389/fnins.2024.1513396 · 2025 · External reference
Posttraumatic olfactory loss
10.1159/000093753 · 2006 · External reference
Head trauma and olfactory function
10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.02.001 · 2018 · External reference
A critical period in postnatal neuroplasticity of Olfaction: a pediatric tracheostomy model
10.1001/jamaoto.2015.2946 · 2016 · External reference
Effect of a tracheostomy speaking valve on secretions, arterial oxygenation, and olfaction: a quantitative evaluation
10.1044/jshr.3803.549 · 1995 · External reference
Diazepam increases GABA mediated inhibition in the olfactory cortex slice
10.1007/bf00580267 · 1983 · External reference
Sniffing out pharmacology: interactions of drugs with human olfaction
10.1016/j.tips.2012.01.004 · 2012 · External reference
Epidemiology of smell and taste dysfunction
10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00001-0 · 2019 · External reference
The influence of circadian timing on olfactory sensitivity
10.1093/chemse/bjx067 · 2017 · External reference
The influences of age on olfaction: a review
10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00020 · 2014 · External reference
The western neuro sensory stimulation profile: a tool for assessing slow-to-recover head-injured patients
10.1037/t28459-000 · 1989 · External reference
Predictive value of the disorders of consciousness scale (DOCS)
10.1016/j.pmrj.2008.11.002 · 2009 · External reference
Assessment scales for disorders of consciousness: evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice and research
10.1016/j.apmr.2010.07.218 · 2010 · External reference
Olfactory discrimination in disorders of consciousness: a new sniff protocol
10.1002/brb3.1273 · 2019 · External reference
Intranasal trigeminal stimulation from odorous volatiles: psychometric responses from anosmic and normal humans
10.1016/0031-9384(78)90070-7 · 1978 · External reference
Intranasal chemosensory function of the trigeminal nerve and aspects of its relation to olfaction
10.1007/s00420-002-0315-7 · 2002 · External reference
Assessment of the sniff magnitude test as a clinical test of olfactory function
10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00965-4 · 2003 · External reference
Rapid olfactory processing implicates subcortical control of an olfactomotor system
10.1152/jn.00115.2003 · 2003 · External reference
A comparison of methods for sniff measurement concurrent with olfactory tasks in humans
10.1093/chemse/bjl021 · 2006 · External reference
Global features of neural activity in the olfactory system form a parallel code that predicts olfactory behavior and perception
10.1523/jneurosci.0398-10.2010 · 2010 · External reference
Electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies—during resting state and sensory stimulation in disorders of consciousness: a review
10.3389/fnins.2020.555093 · 2020 · External reference
EEG-detected olfactory imagery to reveal covert consciousness in minimally conscious state
10.3109/02699052.2015.1075251 · 2015 · External reference
Odor identity can be extracted from the reciprocal connectivity between olfactory bulb and piriform cortex in humans
10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118130 · 2021 · External reference
Non-invasive recording from the human olfactory bulb
10.1038/s41467-020-14520-9 · 2020 · External reference
Olfactory evaluation in clinical medical practice
10.3390/jcm11226628 · 2022 · External reference
Evaluation of post-traumatic anosmia with MRI and chemosensory ERPs
10.1007/s00405-014-3278-x · 2015 · External reference
Potential role of OERP as early marker of mild cognitive impairment
10.3389/fnagi.2018.00272 · 2018 · External reference
Altered glucose metabolism of the olfactory-related cortices in anosmia patients with traumatic brain injury
10.1007/s00405-021-06754-0 · 2021 · External reference
How the sense of smell influences cognition throughout life
10.1515/nf-2022-0007 · 2022 · External reference
Scent-evoked nostalgia
10.1080/09658211.2013.876048 · 2015 · External reference
Overnight olfactory enrichment using an odorant diffuser improves memory and modifies the uncinate fasciculus in older adults
10.3389/fnins.2023.1200448 · 2023 · External reference
Does olfactory training improve brain function and cognition? A systematic review
10.1007/s11065-022-09573-0 · 2024 · External reference
Efficacy of multimodal sensory therapy in adult acquired brain injury: a systematic review
10.1007/s11065-022-09560-5 · 2023 · External reference
Effects of multi-sensory stimulation on brain functional connectivity in patients with disorders of consciousness
10.3390/brainsci16030299 · 2026 · External reference
A review of advances in multimodal treatment strategies for chronic disorders of consciousness following severe traumatic brain injury
10.2147/ijgm.s502086 · 2025 · External reference
Ultra-slow mechanical stimulation of olfactory epithelium modulates consciousness by slowing cerebral rhythms in humans
10.1038/s41598-018-24924-9 · 2018 · External reference
Nasal air puff promotes default mode network activity in mechanically ventilated comatose patients: a noninvasive brain stimulation approach
10.1016/j.neurom.2021.11.003 · 2022 · External reference
Optimized electrode placements for non-invasive electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb and olfactory mucosa
10.3389/fnins.2020.581503 · 2020 · External reference
The development and testing of olfactory-based neurofeedback for the EEG alpha rhythm
10.1007/s11055-024-01580-3 · 2024 · External reference
An olfactory-based brain-computer interface: electroencephalography changes during odor perception and discrimination
10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1122849 · 2023 · External reference
Olfactory neurofeedback: current state and possibilities for further development
10.3389/fnhum.2024.1419552 · 2024 · External reference