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References from Beyond the tumor microenvironment: a hierarchical immune-circuit model of immune checkpoint blockade resistance. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
10.1056/nejmoa1915745 · 2020 · External reference
Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable lung cancer
10.1056/nejmoa2202170 · 2022 · External reference
Intratumoral Tcf1+PD-1+CD8+ T cells with stem-like properties promote tumor control in response to vaccination and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy
10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.021 · 2019 · External reference
Subsets of exhausted CD8+ T cells differentially mediate tumor control and respond to checkpoint blockade
10.1038/s41590-019-0312-6 · 2019 · External reference
Clonal replacement of tumor-specific T cells following PD-1 blockade
10.1038/s41591-019-0522-3 · 2019 · External reference
Antitumor immune responses in B2M-deficient cancers
10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0139 · 2023 · External reference
An intra-tumoral niche maintains and differentiates stem-like CD8 T cells
10.1038/s41586-019-1836-5 · 2019 · External reference
Tertiary lymphoid structures improve immunotherapy and survival in melanoma
10.1038/s41586-019-1914-8 · 2020 · External reference
A reservoir of stem-like CD8+ T cells in the tumor-draining lymph node preserves the ongoing antitumor immune response
10.1126/sciimmunol.abg7836 · 2021 · External reference
CD8+ T cell activation in cancer comprises an initial activation phase in lymph nodes followed by effector differentiation within the tumor
10.1016/j.immuni.2022.12.002 · 2023 · External reference
Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle
10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.012 · 2013 · External reference
Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point
10.1038/nature21349 · 2017 · External reference
Cancer immunology. The "cancer immunogram"
10.1126/science.aaf2834 · 2016 · External reference
Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8alpha+ dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity
10.1126/science.1164206 · 2008 · External reference
Cancer immunotherapy with immunomodulatory anti-CD137 and anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies requires BATF3-dependent dendritic cells
10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0510 · 2016 · External reference
Critical role for CD103(+)/CD141(+) dendritic cells bearing CCR7 for tumor antigen trafficking and priming of T cell immunity in melanoma
10.1016/j.ccell.2016.06.003 · 2016 · External reference
Mutations associated with acquired resistance to PD-1 blockade in melanoma
10.1056/nejmoa1604958 · 2016 · External reference
Rescue of exhausted CD8 T cells by PD-1-targeted therapies is CD28-dependent
10.1126/science.aaf0683 · 2017 · External reference
Type I interferon is selectively required by dendritic cells for immune rejection of tumors
10.1084/jem.20101158 · 2011 · External reference
Successful anti-PD-1 cancer immunotherapy requires T cell-dendritic cell crosstalk involving the cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12
10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.024 · 2018 · External reference
Peripheral T cell expansion predicts tumour infiltration and clinical response
10.1038/s41586-020-2056-8 · 2020 · External reference
In vivo labeling reveals continuous trafficking of TCF-1+ T cells between tumor and lymphoid tissue
10.1084/jem.20210749 · 2022 · External reference
Chemotherapy but not the tumor draining lymph nodes determine the immunotherapy response in secondary tumors
10.1016/j.isci.2020.101056 · 2020 · External reference
Tumor-draining lymph nodes are pivotal in PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint therapy
10.1172/jci.insight.124507 · 2018 · External reference
Dynamic CD8+ T cell responses to cancer immunotherapy in human regional lymph nodes are disrupted in metastatic lymph nodes
10.1016/j.cell.2023.02.021 · 2023 · External reference
STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing promotes radiation-induced type I interferon-dependent antitumor immunity in immunogenic tumors
10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.019 · 2014 · External reference
Elective nodal irradiation attenuates the combinatorial efficacy of stereotactic radiation therapy and immunotherapy
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3427 · 2018 · External reference
Systemic immunity is required for effective cancer immunotherapy
10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.022 · 2017 · External reference
Matrix architecture defines the preferential localization and migration of T cells into the stroma of human lung tumors
10.1172/jci45817 · 2012 · External reference
TGFβ attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells
10.1038/nature25501 · 2018 · External reference
Metabolic competition in the tumor microenvironment is a driver of cancer progression
10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.016 · 2015 · External reference
Overcoming resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy by targeting PI3Kγ in myeloid cells
10.1038/nature20554 · 2016 · External reference
PD-1 blockade induces responses by inhibiting adaptive immune resistance
10.1038/nature13954 · 2014 · External reference
Epacadostat plus pembrolizumab versus placebo plus pembrolizumab in patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma (ECHO-301/KEYNOTE-252): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind study
10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30274-8 · 2019 · External reference
The PD-1/PD-L1-checkpoint restrains T cell immunity in tumor-draining lymph nodes
10.1016/j.ccell.2020.09.001 · 2020 · External reference
Systemic dysfunction and plasticity of the immune macroenvironment in cancer models
10.1038/s41591-020-0892-6 · 2020 · External reference
Gut microbiome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors
10.1126/science.aan3706 · 2018 · External reference
Cross-cohort gut microbiome associations with immune checkpoint inhibitor response in advanced melanoma
10.1038/s41591-022-01695-5 · 2022 · External reference
Intestinal microbiota signatures of clinical response and immune-related adverse events in melanoma patients treated with anti-PD-1
10.1038/s41591-022-01698-2 · 2022 · External reference
Fecal microbiota transplant overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in melanoma patients
10.1126/science.abf3363 · 2021 · External reference
Fecal microbiota transplantation plus anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in advanced melanoma: a phase I trial
10.1038/s41591-023-02453-x · 2023 · External reference
Safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in solid cancers resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitors: results of the MITRIC trial
10.1136/jitc-2026-015122 · 2026 · External reference
Body composition and checkpoint inhibitor treatment outcomes in advanced melanoma: a multicenter cohort study
10.1093/jnci/djaf039 · 2025 · External reference
Correction of age-associated defects in dendritic cells enables CD4+ T cells to eradicate tumors
10.1016/j.cell.2024.05.026 · 2024 · External reference
T cell immune awakening in response to immunotherapy is age-dependent
10.1016/j.ejca.2021.11.015 · 2022 · External reference
Association of prior antibiotic treatment with survival and response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in patients with cancer
10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2785 · 2019 · External reference
Impact of baseline steroids on efficacy of programmed cell death-1 and programmed death-ligand 1 blockade in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer
10.1200/jco.2018.79.0006 · 2018 · External reference
Immune checkpoint inhibitor outcomes for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer receiving baseline corticosteroids for palliative versus nonpalliative indications
10.1200/jco.19.00189 · 2019 · External reference
Tumor interferon signaling regulates a multigenic resistance program to immune checkpoint blockade
10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.022 · 2016 · External reference
Sustained type I interferon signaling as a mechanism of resistance to PD-1 blockade
10.1038/s41422-019-0224-x · 2019 · External reference
Stromal elements act to restrain, rather than support, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.021 · 2014 · External reference
Depletion of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and fibrosis induces immunosuppression and accelerates pancreas cancer with reduced survival
10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.005 · 2014 · External reference
Expansion and activation of CD103(+) dendritic cell progenitors at the tumor site enhances tumor responses to therapeutic PD-L1 and BRAF inhibition
10.1016/j.immuni.2016.03.012 · 2016 · External reference
Tumour-retained activated CCR7+ dendritic cells are heterogeneous and regulate local anti-tumour cytolytic activity
10.1038/s41467-024-44787-1 · 2024 · External reference
Positioning and reversible suppression of CCR7+ dendritic cells in perivascular tumor niches shape cancer immunity
10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.020 · 2026 · External reference
TLR3-stimulated dendritic cells up-regulate B7-H1 expression and influence the magnitude of CD8 T cell responses to tumor vaccination
10.4049/jimmunol.0900974 · 2009 · External reference
Multi-scale characterization of tumor-draining lymph nodes in resectable lung cancer treated with neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors
10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104265 · 2022 · External reference
STING-dependent cytosolic DNA sensing mediates innate immune recognition of immunogenic tumors
10.1016/j.immuni.2014.10.017 · 2014 · External reference
In situ stimulation of CD40 and Toll-like receptor 3 transforms ovarian cancer-infiltrating dendritic cells from immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory cells
10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0835 · 2009 · External reference
DNA exonuclease Trex1 regulates radiotherapy-induced tumour immunogenicity
10.1038/ncomms15618 · 2017 · External reference
Effect of pembrolizumab after stereotactic body radiotherapy vs pembrolizumab alone on tumor response in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Results of the PEMBRO-RT phase 2 randomized clinical trial
10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1478 · 2019 · External reference
Randomized phase II trial of nivolumab with stereotactic body radiotherapy versus nivolumab alone in metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
10.1200/jco.20.00290 · 2021 · External reference
Blockade of immune checkpoints in lymph nodes through locoregional delivery augments cancer immunotherapy
10.1126/scitranslmed.aay3575 · 2020 · External reference
Tumor-draining lymph node is important for a robust abscopal effect stimulated by radiotherapy
10.1136/jitc-2020-000867 · 2020 · External reference
T-cell invigoration to tumour burden ratio associated with anti-PD-1 response
10.1038/nature22079 · 2017 · External reference
Systemic short chain fatty acids limit antitumor effect of CTLA-4 blockade in hosts with cancer
10.1038/s41467-020-16079-x · 2020 · External reference
Association of short-chain fatty acids in the gut microbiome with clinical response to treatment with nivolumab or pembrolizumab in patients with solid cancer tumors
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2895 · 2020 · External reference
Paradoxical effects of obesity on T cell function during tumor progression and PD-1 checkpoint blockade
10.1038/s41591-018-0221-5 · 2019 · External reference
Association of body-mass index and outcomes in patients with metastatic melanoma treated with targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or chemotherapy: a retrospective, multicohort analysis
10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30078-0 · 2018 · External reference
Impact of sarcopenia and inflammation on patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NCSCL) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): a prospective study
10.3390/cancers13246355 · 2021 · External reference
A prospective cohort study on the safety of checkpoint inhibitors in older cancer patients - the ELDERS study
10.1016/j.esmoop.2020.100042 · 2021 · External reference
The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide
10.1126/science.1240537 · 2013 · External reference
The systemic response to surgery triggers the outgrowth of distant immune-controlled tumors in mouse models of dormancy
10.1126/scitranslmed.aan3464 · 2018 · External reference
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG induces cGAS/STING- dependent type I interferon and improves response to immune checkpoint blockade
10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323426 · 2022 · External reference
Motixafortide and pembrolizumab combined to nanoliposomal irinotecan, fluorouracil, and folinic acid in metastatic pancreatic cancer: the COMBAT/KEYNOTE-202 trial
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0929 · 2021 · External reference
Defactinib, pembrolizumab, and gemcitabine in patients with advanced treatment refractory pancreatic cancer: a phase I dose escalation and expansion study
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0308 · 2022 · External reference
Efficacy of pembrolizumab in patients with noncolorectal high microsatellite instability/mismatch repair-deficient cancer: results from the phase II KEYNOTE-158 study
10.1200/jco.19.02105 · 2020 · External reference
Neoadjuvant-adjuvant or adjuvant-only pembrolizumab in advanced melanoma
10.1056/nejmoa2211437 · 2023 · External reference
Neoadjuvant nivolumab and ipilimumab in resectable stage III melanoma
10.1056/nejmoa2402604 · 2024 · External reference
Perioperative pembrolizumab for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer
10.1056/nejmoa2302983 · 2023 · External reference
Perioperative durvalumab for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer
10.1056/nejmoa2304875 · 2023 · External reference
Perioperative nivolumab in resectable lung cancer
10.1056/nejmoa2311926 · 2024 · External reference
Nivolumab plus chemotherapy in epidermal growth factor receptor-mutated metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer after disease progression on epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: final results of CheckMate 722
10.1200/jco.23.01017 · 2024 · External reference
Updated data from IMbrave050: adjuvant atezolizumab plus bevacizumab for high-risk hepatocellular carcinoma
10.1016/j.jhep.2026.01.006 · 2026 · External reference
NASH limits anti-tumour surveillance in immunotherapy-treated HCC
10.1038/s41586-021-03362-0 · 2021 · External reference
Regorafenib, ipilimumab, and nivolumab for patients with microsatellite stable colorectal cancer and disease progression with prior chemotherapy: a phase 1 nonrandomized clinical trial
10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.7845 · 2023 · External reference
Pembrolizumab plus docetaxel versus docetaxel for previously treated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: the randomized, double-blind, phase III KEYNOTE-921 trial
10.1200/jco-24-01283 · 2025 · External reference
Regorafenib plus nivolumab in patients with mismatch repair-proficient/microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer: a single-arm, open-label, multicentre phase 2 study
10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101917 · 2023 · External reference
TGFβ drives immune evasion in genetically reconstituted colon cancer metastasis
10.1038/nature25492 · 2018 · External reference
Pembrolizumab for treatment-refractory metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: multicohort, open-label phase II KEYNOTE-199 study
10.1200/jco.19.01638 · 2020 · External reference
Overall survival with neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in lung cancer
10.1056/nejmoa2502931 · 2025 · External reference
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, global phase III trial of talimogene laherparepvec combined with pembrolizumab for advanced melanoma
10.1200/jco.22.00343 · 2023 · External reference
Randomized, open-label, phase III study of tilsotolimod in combination with ipilimumab versus ipilimumab alone in patients with advanced refractory melanoma (ILLUMINATE-301)
10.1200/jco.24.00727 · 2025 · External reference
Lymph-node-targeted, mKRAS-specific amphiphile vaccine in pancreatic and colorectal cancer: the phase 1 AMPLIFY-201 trial
10.1038/s41591-023-02760-3 · 2024 · External reference
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Dietary fiber and probiotics influence the gut microbiome and melanoma immunotherapy response
10.1126/science.aaz7015 · 2021 · External reference
Microbiome-derived inosine modulates response to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy
10.1126/science.abc3421 · 2020 · External reference
Age-related divergence of circulating immune responses in patients with solid tumors treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors
10.1038/s41467-025-58512-z · 2025 · External reference
Corticosteroids for immune-related adverse events and checkpoint inhibitor efficacy: analysis of six clinical trials
10.1200/jco.24.00191 · 2024 · External reference
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Fecal microbiota transplant promotes response in immunotherapy-refractory melanoma patients
10.1126/science.abb5920 · 2021 · External reference