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References from Scutellarin attenuates high glucose-induced edema and inflammation in retinal Müller cells via AQP4/Kir4.1 restoration and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB inhibition. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Toll-like receptor signalling
10.1038/nri1391 · 2004 · External reference
Diabetic retinopathy
10.1056/nejmra1005073 · 2012 · External reference
Scutellarin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits in the rat: insights into underlying mechanisms
10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.033 · 2018 · External reference
Role of toll-like receptor 4 in diabetic retinopathy
10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105960 · 2022 · External reference
Inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels in the retina: living our vision
10.1152/ajpcell.00112.2022 · 2022 · External reference
Müller cells in the healthy and diseased retina
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2006.05.003 · 2006 · External reference
Targeting p75NTR activity alleviates the neurotoxic effect of high glucose on iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons
10.1186/s13287-026-04965-y · 2026 · External reference
Effect of high glucose on secreted proteome in cultured retinal pigmented epithelium cells: its possible relevance to clinical diabetic retinopathy
10.1016/j.jprot.2012.07.014 · 2012 · External reference
AQP4 regulates ferroptosis and oxidative stress of Muller cells in diabetic retinopathy by regulating TRPV4
10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114087 · 2024 · External reference
Erigeron breviscapus: a promising medication for protecting the optic nerve in glaucoma
10.1055/a-2409-2999 · 2024 · External reference
Role of glyoxalase in astrocytes' supportive function under hyperglycemic conditions: Aminoguanidine and Kir4.1 channel recovery
10.3390/brainsci15101075 · 2025 · External reference
Aquaporin-4 participates in the migration of retinal Müller cells by facilitating water transport and cytoskeleton reorganization
10.1016/j.exer.2026.110992 · 2026 · External reference
Connexin43 in retinal injury and disease
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.004 · 2016 · External reference
Diabetic retinopathy: battling the global epidemic
10.1167/iovs.16-21031 · 2016 · External reference
Scutellarin attenuates hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization through bidirectional modulation of the VEGF/Ang/Tie2 pathway
10.3389/fphar.2025.1631316 · 2025 · External reference
RNA sequencing reveals BMP4 as a basis for the dual-target treatment of diabetic retinopathy
10.1007/s00109-020-01995-8 · 2021 · External reference
Suppression of cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling ameliorates retinal injury in diabetic retinopathy
10.1002/kjm2.12722 · 2023 · External reference
K+ channels of müller glial cells in retinal disorders
10.2174/1871527317666180202114233 · 2018 · External reference
Spatial and temporal dissociation of AQP4 and Kir4.1 expression during induction of refractive errors
2010 · External reference
Genetic deletion of laminin isoforms β2 and γ3 induces a reduction in Kir4.1 and aquaporin-4 expression and function in the retina
10.1371/journal.pone.0016106 · 2011 · External reference
Inhibition of TLR4 alleviates the inflammation and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in high glucose
10.1007/s00417-017-3772-0 · 2017 · External reference
Scutellarin protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative damage
10.1186/s13578-019-0276-0 · 2019 · External reference
Scutellarin alleviates type 2 diabetes (HFD/low dose STZ)-induced cardiac injury through modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis in mice
10.1177/09603271211045948 · 2021 · External reference
Toll-like receptor signaling pathways
10.3389/fimmu.2014.00461 · 2014 · External reference
Retinal Muller glia initiate innate response to infectious stimuli via toll-like receptor signaling
10.1371/journal.pone.0029830 · 2012 · External reference
The role of müller cells in diabetic macular edema
10.1167/iovs.64.10.8 · 2023 · External reference
Targeting retinal neuroglial vascular unit damage: novel therapeutic strategies for early-stage diabetic retinopathy
10.1155/jdr/6922946 · 2025 · External reference
Dysfunctional Nurr1 promotes high glucose-induced Müller cell activation by up-regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome axis
10.1016/j.npep.2020.102057 · 2020 · External reference
Qideng Mingmu capsules ameliorates retinal neovascularization by regulating Ang/Tie2 signaling pathway
10.1007/s11655-025-4131-3 · 2026 · External reference
To investigatethe mechanism of Qideng Mingmu capsule in the treatment of diabetic macular edema based on network pharmacology and molecular docking technology
2021 · External reference
Experiment-based interventions to diabetic retinopathy: present and advances
10.3390/ijms23137005 · 2022 · External reference
Ndufa4l2 drives the pathological activation of Müller cells in ischemic retinopathy via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
10.1016/j.prp.2026.156567 · 2026 · External reference
Scutellarin prevents angiogenesis in diabetic retinopathy by downregulating VEGF/ERK/FAK/Src pathway signaling
10.1155/2019/4875421 · 2019 · External reference
Scutellarin alleviates blood-retina-barrier oxidative stress injury initiated by activated microglia cells during the development of diabetic retinopathy
10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.011 · 2019 · External reference
Introducing a porcine inflammatory Ex Vivo retina model for diabetic retinopathy
10.3390/ijms26083919 · 2025 · External reference
International consensuses and controversies on causes, diagnosis and management of diabetic macular edema (DME)
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101406 · 2025 · External reference
Neurovascular unit in diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological roles and potential therapeutical targets
10.1186/s40662-021-00239-1 · 2021 · External reference
Scutellarin: pharmacological effects and therapeutic mechanisms in chronic diseases
10.3389/fphar.2024.1470879 · 2024 · External reference
Deletion of aquaporin-4 renders retinal glial cells more susceptible to osmotic stress
10.1002/jnr.22437 · 2010 · External reference
Characteristics of whale müller glia in primary and immortalized cultures
10.3389/fnins.2022.854278 · 2022 · External reference
Targeted deletion of β1-syntrophin causes a loss of K(ir) 4.1 from Müller cell endfeet in mouse retina
10.1002/glia.23600 · 2019 · External reference
Glia of the human retina
10.1002/glia.23727 · 2020 · External reference
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR): mechanisms, current therapies, and emerging strategies
10.3390/cells14050376 · 2025 · External reference
Scutellarin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-provoked septic nephrotoxicity via attenuation of inflammatory and oxidative events and mitochondrial dysfunction
10.1080/08923973.2022.2141644 · 2023 · External reference
Brazilin-enriched Caesalpinia sappan heartwood extract mitigates Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity
10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100667 · 2025 · External reference
Scutellarin protects retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma by targeting the Hsp90aa1-MAPK pathway to inhibit apoptosis
10.1167/iovs.66.14.44 · 2025 · External reference
Isolation and culture of primary retinal müller cells from sprague-dawley (SD) rats
10.3791/68129 · 2025 · External reference
Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045: systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.04.027 · 2021 · External reference
NLRs at the intersection of cell death and immunity
10.1038/nri2296 · 2008 · External reference
Updates on the current treatments for diabetic retinopathy and possibility of future oral therapy
10.3390/jcm10204666 · 2021 · External reference
Melatonin inhibits Müller cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production via upregulating the MEG3/miR-204/Sirt1 axis in experimental diabetic retinopathy
10.1002/jcp.29716 · 2020 · External reference
Clinical benefits and pharmacology of scutellarin: a comprehensive review
10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.006 · 2018 · External reference
Scutellarin inhibits high glucose-induced and hypoxia-mimetic agent-induced angiogenic effects in human retinal endothelial cells through reactive oxygen species/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor pathway
10.1097/fjc.0000000000000109 · 2014 · External reference
Association of the TLR4 signaling pathway in the retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
10.1007/s00417-014-2832-y · 2015 · External reference
Enhancement of scutellarin oral delivery efficacy by vitamin B12-modified amphiphilic chitosan derivatives to treat type II diabetes induced-retinopathy
10.1186/s12951-017-0251-z · 2017 · External reference
Anti-VEGF therapy prevents Müller intracellular edema by decreasing VEGF-A in diabetic retinopathy
10.1186/s40662-021-00237-3 · 2021 · External reference
Scutellarin inhibits the glioma cell proliferation by downregulating BIRC5 to promote cell apoptosis
10.1111/jcmm.17788 · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2022 · External reference
Advances in chemical constituents, clinical applications, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of Erigeron breviscapus
10.3389/fphar.2021.656335 · 2021 · External reference
Current advances on the therapeutic potential of scutellarin: an updated review
10.1007/s13659-024-00441-3 · 2024 · External reference
Sanggenol L attenuates inflammation and apoptosis via Nrf2/PI3K/Akt signaling in retinal ganglion cells: an in vitro and in silico study on OGD/R-induced retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury
10.1007/s13205-026-04868-y3 · 2026 · External reference
The role of retinal Müller cells in diabetic retinopathy and related therapeutic advances
10.3389/fcell.2022.1047487 · 2022 · External reference
Scutellarin alleviates diabetic retinopathy via the suppression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 3 inflammasome activation
10.1080/02713683.2023.2273777 · 2024 · External reference
Exploring the potential mechanisms of erigeron breviscapus in the treatment of glaucoma based on network pharmacology and molecular docking
10.1097/md.0000000000043970 · 2025 · External reference
The role of the osmotic pressure of the blood in the pathogenesis of diabetic changes in the retina
2000 · External reference
Aqueous humor biomarkers of retinal glial cell activation in patients with or without age-related cataracts and with different stages of diabetic retinopathy
10.1167/iovs.63.3.8 · 2022 · External reference
Protective effect of evolocumab on Müller cells in the rat retina under hyperglycaemic and hypoxic conditions
10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108593 · 2023 · External reference
Protective effects of erigeron breviscapus Hand.- Mazz. (EBHM) extract in retinal neurodegeneration models
2018 · External reference
Targeted deletion of β1-syntrophin causes a loss of K(ir) 4.1 from Müller cell endfeet in mouse retina
10.1002/glia.23600 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Glia of the human retina
10.1002/glia.23727 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Melatonin inhibits Müller cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production via upregulating the MEG3/miR-204/Sirt1 axis in experimental diabetic retinopathy
10.1002/jcp.29716 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Deletion of aquaporin-4 renders retinal glial cells more susceptible to osmotic stress
10.1002/jnr.22437 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Suppression of cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling ameliorates retinal injury in diabetic retinopathy
10.1002/kjm2.12722 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
RNA sequencing reveals BMP4 as a basis for the dual-target treatment of diabetic retinopathy
10.1007/s00109-020-01995-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Association of the TLR4 signaling pathway in the retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
10.1007/s00417-014-2832-y · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Inhibition of TLR4 alleviates the inflammation and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells in high glucose
10.1007/s00417-017-3772-0 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Qideng Mingmu capsules ameliorates retinal neovascularization by regulating Ang/Tie2 signaling pathway
10.1007/s11655-025-4131-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Sanggenol L attenuates inflammation and apoptosis via Nrf2/PI3K/Akt signaling in retinal ganglion cells: an in vitro and in silico study on OGD/R-induced retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury
10.1007/s13205-026-04868-y3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Current advances on the therapeutic potential of scutellarin: an updated review
10.1007/s13659-024-00441-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scutellarin alleviates blood-retina-barrier oxidative stress injury initiated by activated microglia cells during the development of diabetic retinopathy
10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.011 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Aquaporin-4 participates in the migration of retinal Müller cells by facilitating water transport and cytoskeleton reorganization
10.1016/j.exer.2026.110992 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scutellarin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive deficits in the rat: insights into underlying mechanisms
10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.033 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Protective effect of evolocumab on Müller cells in the rat retina under hyperglycaemic and hypoxic conditions
10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108593 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effect of high glucose on secreted proteome in cultured retinal pigmented epithelium cells: its possible relevance to clinical diabetic retinopathy
10.1016/j.jprot.2012.07.014 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Dysfunctional Nurr1 promotes high glucose-induced Müller cell activation by up-regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome axis
10.1016/j.npep.2020.102057 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045: systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.04.027 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Clinical benefits and pharmacology of scutellarin: a comprehensive review
10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.006 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Role of toll-like receptor 4 in diabetic retinopathy
10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105960 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Müller cells in the healthy and diseased retina
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2006.05.003 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Connexin43 in retinal injury and disease
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.004 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
International consensuses and controversies on causes, diagnosis and management of diabetic macular edema (DME)
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2025.101406 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Brazilin-enriched Caesalpinia sappan heartwood extract mitigates Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity
10.1016/j.prmcm.2025.100667 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Ndufa4l2 drives the pathological activation of Müller cells in ischemic retinopathy via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
10.1016/j.prp.2026.156567 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
AQP4 regulates ferroptosis and oxidative stress of Muller cells in diabetic retinopathy by regulating TRPV4
10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114087 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Toll-like receptor signalling
10.1038/nri1391 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
NLRs at the intersection of cell death and immunity
10.1038/nri2296 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Erigeron breviscapus: a promising medication for protecting the optic nerve in glaucoma
10.1055/a-2409-2999 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Diabetic retinopathy
10.1056/nejmra1005073 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scutellarin alleviates diabetic retinopathy via the suppression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain containing protein 3 inflammasome activation
10.1080/02713683.2023.2273777 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scutellarin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-provoked septic nephrotoxicity via attenuation of inflammatory and oxidative events and mitochondrial dysfunction
10.1080/08923973.2022.2141644 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scutellarin inhibits high glucose-induced and hypoxia-mimetic agent-induced angiogenic effects in human retinal endothelial cells through reactive oxygen species/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor pathway
10.1097/fjc.0000000000000109 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Exploring the potential mechanisms of erigeron breviscapus in the treatment of glaucoma based on network pharmacology and molecular docking
10.1097/md.0000000000043970 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scutellarin inhibits the glioma cell proliferation by downregulating BIRC5 to promote cell apoptosis
10.1111/jcmm.17788 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channels in the retina: living our vision
10.1152/ajpcell.00112.2022 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scutellarin prevents angiogenesis in diabetic retinopathy by downregulating VEGF/ERK/FAK/Src pathway signaling
10.1155/2019/4875421 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Targeting retinal neuroglial vascular unit damage: novel therapeutic strategies for early-stage diabetic retinopathy
10.1155/jdr/6922946 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Diabetic retinopathy: battling the global epidemic
10.1167/iovs.16-21031 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Aqueous humor biomarkers of retinal glial cell activation in patients with or without age-related cataracts and with different stages of diabetic retinopathy
10.1167/iovs.63.3.8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The role of müller cells in diabetic macular edema
10.1167/iovs.64.10.8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scutellarin protects retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma by targeting the Hsp90aa1-MAPK pathway to inhibit apoptosis
10.1167/iovs.66.14.44 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scutellarin alleviates type 2 diabetes (HFD/low dose STZ)-induced cardiac injury through modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis in mice
10.1177/09603271211045948 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Enhancement of scutellarin oral delivery efficacy by vitamin B12-modified amphiphilic chitosan derivatives to treat type II diabetes induced-retinopathy
10.1186/s12951-017-0251-z · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Targeting p75NTR activity alleviates the neurotoxic effect of high glucose on iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons
10.1186/s13287-026-04965-y · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scutellarin protects human retinal pigment epithelial cells against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative damage
10.1186/s13578-019-0276-0 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Anti-VEGF therapy prevents Müller intracellular edema by decreasing VEGF-A in diabetic retinopathy
10.1186/s40662-021-00237-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Neurovascular unit in diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiological roles and potential therapeutical targets
10.1186/s40662-021-00239-1 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Genetic deletion of laminin isoforms β2 and γ3 induces a reduction in Kir4.1 and aquaporin-4 expression and function in the retina
10.1371/journal.pone.0016106 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Retinal Muller glia initiate innate response to infectious stimuli via toll-like receptor signaling
10.1371/journal.pone.0029830 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
K+ channels of müller glial cells in retinal disorders
10.2174/1871527317666180202114233 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The role of retinal Müller cells in diabetic retinopathy and related therapeutic advances
10.3389/fcell.2022.1047487 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Toll-like receptor signaling pathways
10.3389/fimmu.2014.00461 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Characteristics of whale müller glia in primary and immortalized cultures
10.3389/fnins.2022.854278 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Advances in chemical constituents, clinical applications, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of Erigeron breviscapus
10.3389/fphar.2021.656335 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scutellarin: pharmacological effects and therapeutic mechanisms in chronic diseases
10.3389/fphar.2024.1470879 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scutellarin attenuates hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization through bidirectional modulation of the VEGF/Ang/Tie2 pathway
10.3389/fphar.2025.1631316 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Role of glyoxalase in astrocytes' supportive function under hyperglycemic conditions: Aminoguanidine and Kir4.1 channel recovery
10.3390/brainsci15101075 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR): mechanisms, current therapies, and emerging strategies
10.3390/cells14050376 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Experiment-based interventions to diabetic retinopathy: present and advances
10.3390/ijms23137005 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Introducing a porcine inflammatory Ex Vivo retina model for diabetic retinopathy
10.3390/ijms26083919 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Updates on the current treatments for diabetic retinopathy and possibility of future oral therapy
10.3390/jcm10204666 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Isolation and culture of primary retinal müller cells from sprague-dawley (SD) rats
10.3791/68129 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
