Research graph
References from A critical narrative synthesis of psychological correlates, measurement, and reported findings on conversational AI engagement and dependence-related constructs. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
The mediating role of academic stress, critical thinking and performance expectations in the influence of academic self-efficacy on AI dependence: case study in college students
10.1016/j.caeai.2025.100381 · 2025 · External reference
Developing and validating an artificial intelligence dependence questionnaire (AIDQ) for undergraduate students
10.38140/ijspsy.v5i3.2106 · 2025 · External reference
Emotional AI and the rise of pseudo-intimacy: are we trading authenticity for algorithmic affection?
10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1679324 · 2025 · External reference
Deletion, departure, death: experiences of AI companion loss
10.1177/02654075241269688 · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
1969 · External reference
“It’s not only attention we need”: systematic review of large language models in mental health care
10.2196/78410 · 2025 · External reference
Social companionship with artificial intelligence: recent trends and future avenues
10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122634 · 2023 · External reference
Will users fall in love with ChatGPT? A perspective from the triangular theory of love
10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114982 · 2025 · External reference
Development and validation of the conversational AI dependence scale for Chinese college students
10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1621540 · 2025 · External reference
People are not becoming "AIholic": questioning the "ChatGPT addiction" construct
10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108325 · 2025 · External reference
AI companions reduce loneliness
10.1093/jcr/ucaf040 · 2026 · External reference
A survey of AI reliance
10.1145/3776528 · 2026 · External reference
Development and validation of artificial intelligence addiction scale for researchers: a methodological study
10.1155/jonm/8458533 · 2025 · External reference
On seeing human: a three-factor theory of anthropomorphism
10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.864 · 2007 · External reference
Generative artificial intelligence dependency: scale development, validation, and its motivational, behavioral, and psychological correlates
10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100845 · 2025 · External reference
A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies
10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x · 2009 · External reference
Dimensions of mind perception
10.1126/science.1134475 · 2007 · External reference
A “components” model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework
10.1080/14659890500114359 · 2005 · External reference
Large language models for mental health applications: systematic review
10.2196/57400 · 2024 · External reference
Attachment anxiety and problematic use of conversational artificial intelligence: mediation of emotional attachment and moderation of anthropomorphic tendencies
10.2147/prbm.s531805 · 2025 · External reference
Are lonely youngsters turning to chatbots for companionship? The relationship between chatbot usage and social connectedness in Danish high-school students
10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103409 · 2025 · External reference
Mass communication and Para-social interaction: observations on intimacy at a distance
10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049 · 1956 · External reference
What makes you attached to social companion AI? A two-stage exploratory mixed-method study
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2025.102890 · 2025 · External reference
How social anxiety leads to problematic use of conversational AI: the roles of loneliness, rumination, and mind perception
10.1016/j.chb.2023.107760 · 2023 · External reference
A scoping review of large language models for generative tasks in mental health care
10.1038/s41746-025-01611-4 · 2025 · External reference
The chain mediating effect of academic anxiety and performance expectations between academic self-efficacy and generative AI reliance
10.1016/j.caeo.2025.100275 · 2025 · External reference
The applications of large language models in mental health: scoping review
10.2196/69284 · 2025 · External reference
A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: towards a model of compensatory internet use
10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059 · 2014 · External reference
Attachment to artificial intelligence: development of the AI attachment scale, construct validation, and the psychological mechanisms of human-AI attachment
10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100912 · 2026 · External reference
Therapeutic potential of social chatbots in alleviating loneliness and social anxiety: quasi-experimental mixed methods study
10.2196/65589 · 2025 · External reference
Too human and not human enough: a grounded theory analysis of mental health harms from emotional dependence on the social chatbot Replika
10.1177/14614448221142007 · 2024 · External reference
Depression and the use of conversational AI for companionship among college students: the mediating role of loneliness and the moderating effects of gender and mind perception
10.3389/fpubh.2025.1580826 · 2025 · External reference
The opportunities and risks of large language models in mental health
10.2196/59479 · 2024 · External reference
Trust in automation: designing for appropriate reliance
10.1518/hfes.46.1.50_30392 · 2004 · External reference
Development and validation of the conversational AI dependence scale (CAID): a dual-dimensional measure of instrumental and emotional dependence
10.1080/10447318.2026.2618563 · 2026 · External reference
Pathways of long-term AI virtual companion app use on users' attachment emotions: a case study of Chinese users
10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1687686 · 2026 · External reference
Problematic ChatGPT use scale: AI-human collaboration or unraveling the dark side of ChatGPT
10.1007/s11469-025-01509-y · 2026 · External reference
Artificial intelligence chatbots as a source of virtual social support: implications for loneliness and anxiety management
10.1111/nyas.15400 · 2025 · External reference
Development and validation of a scale for dependence on artificial intelligence in university students
10.3389/feduc.2024.1323898 · 2024 · External reference
Machines and mindlessness: social responses to computers
10.1111/0022-4537.00153 · 2000 · External reference
Trust in AI chatbots: a systematic review
10.1016/j.tele.2025.102240 · 2025 · External reference
Exploring relationship development with social chatbots: a mixed-method study of Replika
10.1016/j.chb.2022.107600 · 2023 · External reference
An assistant or a friend? The role of parasocial relationship of human-computer interaction
10.1016/j.chb.2025.108625 · 2025 · External reference
The human side of human-chatbot interaction: a systematic literature review of ten years of research on text-based chatbots
10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102630 · 2021 · External reference
Techno-emotional projection in human-GenAI relationships: a psychological and ethical conceptual perspective
10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1662206 · 2025 · External reference
Can generative AI chatbots emulate human connection? A relationship science perspective
10.1177/17456916251351306 · 2025 · External reference
Learners' AI dependence and critical thinking: the psychological mechanism of fatigue and the social buffering role of AI literacy
10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105725 · 2025 · External reference
Artificial intelligence dependency among educators: a scale development and validation study
10.1007/s10639-025-13862-5 · 2026 · External reference
Trusting emotional support from generative artificial intelligence: a conceptual review
10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100195 · 2025 · External reference
Development and validation of the AI dependence scale for Chinese undergraduates and a preliminary exploration
10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1725393 · 2026 · External reference
Attachment theory as a framework to understand relationships with social chatbots: a case study of Replika
10.24251/hicss.2022.258 · 2022 · External reference
Friend, mentor, lover: does chatbot engagement lead to psychological dependence?
10.1108/josm-02-2022-0072 · 2023 · External reference
Using attachment theory to conceptualize and measure the experiences in human-AI relationships
10.1007/s12144-025-07917-6 · 2025 · External reference
Understanding attachment to social chatbots: the roles of loneliness, self-disclosure, and empathy
10.1002/cb.70077 · 2026 · External reference
Connecting self-esteem to problematic AI chatbot use: the multiple mediating roles of positive and negative psychological states
10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1453072 · 2025 · External reference
Development and validation the problematic ChatGPT use scale: a preliminary report
10.1007/s12144-024-06259-z · 2024 · External reference
The effects of over-reliance on AI dialogue systems on students' cognitive abilities: a systematic review
10.1186/s40561-024-00316-7 · 2024 · External reference
The development and validation of an artificial intelligence chatbot dependence scale
10.1089/cyber.2024.0240 · 2025 · External reference
Do you have AI dependency? The roles of academic self-efficacy, academic stress, and performance expectations on problematic AI usage behavior
10.1186/s41239-024-00467-0 · 2024 · External reference
Examining generative AI user addiction from a C-A-C perspective
10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102653 · 2024 · External reference
