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References from Large language medicine: defining a new paradigm in human health. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Computer-aided pattern recognition of bone tumor roentgenograms [Japanese]
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Eliminating waste in US health care
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Evaluation of the PAPNET™ Cytologic screening system for quality control of cervical smears
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International evaluation of an AI system for breast cancer screening
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Clinically applicable deep learning for diagnosis and referral in retinal disease
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Dermatologist-level classification of skin cancer with deep neural networks
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Artificial intelligence enables precision diagnosis of cervical cytology grades and cervical cancer
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Three epochs of artificial intelligence in health care
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Diagnostic accuracy of deep learning in medical imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Large language models in medicine
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The future landscape of large language models in medicine
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Multimodal biomedical AI
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The 2021 landscape of FDA-approved artificial intelligence/machine learning-enabled medical devices: an analysis of the characteristics and intended use
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FDA-cleared artificial intelligence and machine learning-based medical devices and their 510(k) predicate networks
10.1016/s2589-7500(23)00126-7 · 2023 · External reference
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10.1016/s2589-7500(22)00030-9 · 2022 · External reference
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10.1038/s41746-020-00324-0 · 2020 · External reference
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10.1002/path.5662 · 2021 · External reference
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10.1111/codi.13882 · 2017 · External reference
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10.1007/s00586-015-4235-0 · 2016 · External reference
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10.1038/s41591-020-1045-7 · 2020 · External reference
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Improving palliative care with deep learning
10.1186/s12911-018-0677-8 · 2018 · External reference
Patient-centered pain care using artificial intelligence and mobile health tools: a randomized comparative effectiveness trial
10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.3178 · 2022 · External reference
Effectiveness of app-delivered, tailored self-management support for adults with lower back pain-related disability: a selfBACK randomized clinical trial
10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4097 · 2021 · External reference
Attention is all you need
2017 · External reference
Large language models encode clinical knowledge
10.1038/s41586-023-06291-2 · 2023 · External reference
Health system-scale language models are all-purpose prediction engines
10.1038/s41586-023-06160-y · 2023 · External reference
Performance of a large language model on the reasoning tasks of a physician
10.1126/science.adz4433 · 2026 · External reference
Visual language model-assisted spectral CT reconstruction by diffusion and low-rank priors from limited-angle measurements
10.1088/1361-6560/ae0974 · 2025 · External reference
Computer-aided diagnosis using the large-scale visual language models in screening of digestive endoscopy
10.1007/s10278-025-01560-0 · 2025 · External reference
Large language model-augmented learning for auto-delineation of treatment targets in head-and-neck cancer radiotherapy
10.1016/j.radonc.2025.110740 · 2025 · External reference
A survey on hallucination in large language models: principles, taxonomy, challenges, and open questions
2023 · External reference
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Evaluating multimodal AI in medical diagnostics
10.1038/s41746-024-01208-3 · 2024 · External reference
Hidden flaws behind expert-level accuracy of multimodal GPT-4 vision in medicine
10.1038/s41746-024-01185-7 · 2024 · External reference
Towards generalist biomedical AI
10.1056/aioa2300138 · 2024 · External reference
Capabilities of Gemini models in medicine
2024 · External reference
Advancing multimodal medical capabilities of Gemini
2024 · External reference
Safety principles for medical summarization using generative AI
10.1038/s41591-024-03313-y · 2024 · External reference
Large language models could make natural language again the universal interface of healthcare
10.1038/s41591-024-03199-w · 2024 · External reference
Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold
10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2 · 2021 · External reference
AlphaFold2 and its applications in the fields of biology and medicine
10.1038/s41392-023-01381-z · 2023 · External reference
Accurate prediction of protein structures and interactions using a three-track neural network
10.1126/science.abj8754 · 2021 · External reference
Accurate proteome-wide missense variant effect prediction with AlphaMissense
10.1126/science.adg7492 · 2023 · External reference
Highly accurate protein structure prediction for the human proteome
10.1038/s41586-021-03828-1 · 2021 · External reference
Structure of an endogenous mycobacterial MCE lipid transporter
10.1038/s41586-023-06366-0 · 2023 · External reference
Activation mechanism of PINK1
10.1038/s41586-021-04340-2 · 2022 · External reference
Programmable protein delivery with a bacterial contractile injection system
10.1038/s41586-023-05870-7 · 2023 · External reference
How successful are AI-discovered drugs in clinical trials? A first analysis and emerging lessons
10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104009 · 2024 · External reference
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Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3
10.1038/s41586-024-07487-w · 2024 · External reference
Sequence modeling and design from molecular to genome scale with Evo
10.1126/science.ado9336 · 2024 · External reference
The Human Cell Atlas: from a cell census to a unified foundation model
10.1038/s41586-024-08338-4 · 2024 · External reference
A cell atlas foundation model for scalable search of similar human cells
10.1038/s41586-024-08411-y · 2024 · External reference
Active learning framework leveraging transcriptomics identifies modulators of disease phenotypes
10.1126/science.adi8577 · 2025 · External reference
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10.1016/j.psychres.2019.04.025 · 2020 · External reference
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2024 · External reference
Automated design of agentic systems
2024 · External reference
LLM-based agentic systems in medicine and healthcare
10.1038/s42256-024-00944-1 · 2024 · External reference
An introduction to recursive neural networks and kernel methods for cheminformatics
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The graph neural network model
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Graph neural networks
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10.1109/tetci.2022.3141105 · 2022 · External reference
Self-adapting language models
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Darwin Gödel Machine: open-ended evolution of self-improving agents
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10.1038/s41591-021-01595-0 · 2021 · External reference
The value of standards for health datasets in artificial intelligence-based applications
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10.1016/s2589-7500(23)00222-4 · 2024 · External reference
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10.1148/ryai.220266 · 2023 · External reference
The future of digital health with federated learning
10.1038/s41746-020-00323-1 · 2020 · External reference
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2020 · External reference
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10.2196/11254 · 2018 · External reference
Expectations and attitudes towards medical artificial intelligence: A qualitative study in the field of stroke
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10.1093/jamia/ocad224 · 2024 · External reference
Survey of explainable AI techniques in healthcare
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Beware explanations from AI in health care
10.1126/science.abg1834 · 2021 · External reference
The algorithmic explainability “bait and switch”
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A foundation model for clinician-centered drug repurposing
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Causal inference in the medical domain: a survey
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Artificial intelligence in oncology
10.1111/cas.14377 · 2020 · External reference
Artificial intelligence in rare diseases: toward clinical impact
10.1016/j.tips.2025.10.010 · 2025 · External reference
Key challenges for delivering clinical impact with artificial intelligence
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A machine learning approach to leveraging electronic health records for enhanced omics analysis
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Artificial intelligence, data sensors and interconnectivity: future opportunities for heart failure
10.15420/cfr.2019.14 · 2020 · External reference
Artificial intelligence enhanced sensors—enabling technologies to next-generation healthcare and biomedical platform
10.1186/s42234-023-00118-1 · 2023 · External reference
Assessment of sleep patterns in dementia and general population cohorts using passive in-home monitoring technologies
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Digital remote monitoring for screening and early detection of urinary tract infections
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The Virtual Lab: AI agents design new SARS-CoV-2 nanobodies with experimental validation
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Disease prediction with multi-omics and biomarkers empowers case–control genetic discoveries in the UK Biobank
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Learning the natural history of human disease with generative transformers
10.1038/s41586-025-09529-3 · 2025 · External reference
The power of prevention and what it requires
10.1001/jama.299.20.2437 · 2008 · External reference
Scaffolding protein functional sites using deep learning
10.1126/science.abn2100 · 2022 · External reference
De novo design of protein structure and function with RFdiffusion
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CEO of Google's DeepMind says we could be ‘just a few years’ from A.I. that has human-level intelligence
2023 · External reference
The METRIC-framework for assessing data quality for trustworthy AI in medicine: a systematic review
10.1038/s41746-024-01196-4 · 2024 · External reference
The illusion of thinking: understanding the strengths and limitations of reasoning models via the lens of problem complexity
10.70777/si.v2i6.15919 · 2025 · External reference
Investigating data contamination for pre-training language models
2024 · External reference
Potemkin understanding in large language models
2025 · External reference
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The EU Artificial Intelligence Act, (2024): implications for healthcare
10.1016/j.healthpol.2024.105152 · 2024 · External reference
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Legal and ethical consideration in artificial intelligence in healthcare: who takes responsibility
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Moral exemplars for the virtuous machine: the clinician’s role in ethical artificial intelligence for healthcare
10.1007/s43681-021-00089-6 · 2022 · External reference
Generative artificial intelligence and ethical considerations in health care: a scoping review and ethics checklist
10.1016/s2589-7500(24)00143-2 · 2024 · External reference
Engineering a social contract: Rawlsian distributive justice through algorithmic game theory and artificial intelligence
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The limits of fair medical imaging AI in real-world generalization
10.1038/s41591-024-03113-4 · 2024 · External reference
Reporting guidelines for clinical trial reports for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the CONSORT-AI extension
10.1038/s41591-020-1034-x · 2020 · External reference
Guidelines for clinical trial protocols for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the SPIRIT-AI extension
10.1136/bmj.m3210 · 2020 · External reference
The STARD-AI reporting guideline for diagnostic accuracy studies using artificial intelligence
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TRIPOD+AI statement: updated guidance for reporting clinical prediction models that use regression or machine learning methods
10.1136/bmj-2023-078378 · 2024 · External reference
Reporting guideline for the early stage clinical evaluation of decision support systems driven by artificial intelligence: DECIDE-AI
10.1136/bmj-2022-070904 · 2022 · External reference
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10.2196/58202 · 2024 · External reference
Protocol for development of a reporting guideline (TRIPOD-AI) and risk of bias tool (PROBAST-AI) for diagnostic and prognostic prediction model studies based on artificial intelligence
10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048008 · 2021 · External reference
The next generation of evidence synthesis for diagnostic accuracy studies in artificial intelligence
10.1016/s2589-7500(24)00115-8 · 2024 · External reference
Tackling algorithmic bias and promoting transparency in health datasets: the STANDING Together consensus recommendations
10.1016/s2589-7500(24)00224-3 · 2025 · External reference
A general framework for governing marketed AI/ML medical devices
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How AI challenges the medical device regulation: patient safety, benefits, and intended uses
10.1093/jlb/lsae007 · 2024 · External reference
A scoping review of silent trials for medical artificial intelligence
10.1038/s44360-025-00048-z · 2026 · External reference
A nationwide network of health AI assurance laboratories
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Cobra AI: exploring some unintended consequences of our most powerful technology
10.7551/mitpress/12186.003.0011 · 2021 · External reference
Reimagining medical education in the age of AI
10.1001/amajethics.2019.146 · 2019 · External reference
What do medical students actually need to know about artificial intelligence
10.1038/s41746-020-0294-7 · 2020 · External reference
Machine learning in medical systems: toward a sociological agenda
2023 · External reference
AI’s social sciences deficit
10.1038/s42256-019-0084-6 · 2019 · External reference
A novel modification of the Turing test for artificial intelligence and robotics in healthcare
10.1002/rcs.1570 · 2015 · External reference
Potential liability for physicians using artificial intelligence
10.1001/jama.2019.15064 · 2019 · External reference
Understanding liability risk from using health care artificial intelligence tools
10.1056/nejmhle2308901 · 2024 · External reference
Locating liability for medical AI
2023 · External reference
AI armageddon and the three laws of robotics
10.1007/s10676-007-9138-2 · 2007 · External reference
AIonAI: a humanitarian law of artificial intelligence and robotics
10.1007/s11948-013-9513-9 · 2015 · External reference
Intelligent robots must uphold human rights
10.1038/519391a · 2015 · External reference
Trustworthy artificial intelligence and organisational trust: a scoping review using socio-technical systems analysis
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