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References from Gravitational instability in planet-forming discs. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
The 2014 ALMA long baseline campaign: first results from high angular resolution observations toward the HL Tau Region
10.1088/2041-8205/808/1/l3 · 2015 · External reference
Observations of protoplanetary disk structures
10.1146/annurev-astro-031220-010302 · 2020 · External reference
A submillimeter view of circumstellar dust disks in ρ ophiuchi
10.1086/522885 · 2007 · External reference
Protoplanetary disk structures in ophiuchus
10.1088/0004-637x/700/2/1502 · 2009 · External reference
The disk substructures at high angular resolution project (DSHARP). I. Motivation, sample, calibration, and overview
10.3847/2041-8213/aaf741 · 2018 · External reference
On kinematic measurements of self-gravity in protoplanetary disks
10.3847/1538-4357/ad5285 · 2024 · External reference
Direct Formation of planetary embryos in self-gravitating disks
10.3847/1538-4357/ac7228 · 2022 · External reference
On the gravitational collapse of small dust grains in self-gravitating disk structures
10.3847/1538-4357/ae1a73 · 2025 · External reference
Rapid inward migration of planets formed by gravitational instability
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19172.x · 2011 · External reference
On the diversity and statistical properties of protostellar discs
10.1093/mnras/sty169 · 2018 · External reference
Planet disk interaction and evolution
10.1016/b978-0-443-21439-4.00033-x · 2026 · External reference
An old disk still capable of forming a planetary system
10.1038/nature11805 · 2013 · External reference
Dynamics of galaxies
2000 · External reference
A class of self-gravitating accretion disks
10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9908095 · 1999 · External reference
Global spiral modes in stellar disks containing gas
1988 · External reference
Dust growth and evolution in protoplanetary disks
10.1146/annurev-astro-071221-052705 · 2024 · External reference
Hydromagnetic flows from accretion disks and the production of radio jets
10.1093/mnras/199.4.883 · 1982 · External reference
Possible evidence of ongoing planet formation in AB aurigae. A showcase of the SPHERE/ALMA synergy
10.1051/0004-6361/202038008 · 2020 · External reference
The theory of kinks - I. A semi-analytic model of velocity perturbations due to planet-disc interaction
10.1093/mnras/stab1145 · 2021 · External reference
Collision velocity of dust grains in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs
10.1093/mnras/stw488 · 2016 · External reference
Characterizing gravito-turbulence in 3D: turbulent properties and stability against fragmentation
10.1093/mnras/sty3340 · 2019 · External reference
Giant planet formation by gravitational instability
10.1126/science.276.5320.1836 · 1997 · External reference
Fragmentation favoured in discs around higher mass stars
10.1093/mnras/staa187 · 2020 · External reference
AB Aurigae: possible evidence of planet formation through the gravitational instability
10.1093/mnras/stab905 · 2021 · External reference
Flows of gas through a protoplanetary gap
10.1038/nature11769 · 2013 · External reference
Pseudo-viscous modelling of self-gravitating discs and the formation of low mass ratio binaries
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14774.x · 2009 · External reference
High-resolution Millimeter Imaging of the CI Tau Protoplanetary Disk: a Massive Ensemble of Protoplanets from 0.1 to 100 au
10.3847/2041-8213/aae36b · 2018 · External reference
The coupled physical structure of gas and dust in the IM Lup protoplanetary disk
10.3847/0004-637x/832/2/110 · 2016 · External reference
Characterizing the gravitational instability in cooling accretion discs
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14275.x · 2009 · External reference
exoALMA. IV. Substructures, asymmetries, and the faint outer disk in continuum emission
10.3847/2041-8213/adc438 · 2025 · External reference
Images of embedded Jovian planet formation at a wide separation around AB Aurigae
10.1038/s41550-022-01634-x · 2022 · External reference
Convergence of the critical cooling rate for protoplanetary disk fragmentation achieved: the key role of numerical dissipation of angular momentum
10.3847/1538-4357/aa872b · 2017 · External reference
Dust trapping by spiral arms in gravitationally unstable protostellar discs
10.1093/mnras/stv970 · 2015 · External reference
Observational signatures of planets in protoplanetary disks: spiral arms observed in scattered light imaging can be induced by planets
10.1088/2041-8205/809/1/l5 · External reference
Observational signatures of planets in protoplanetary disks I. Gaps opened by single and multiple young planets in disks
10.1088/0004-637x/809/1/93 · External reference
Planet formation theory in the era of ALMA and kepler: from pebbles to exoplanets
10.26624/qiqf3318 · 2023 · External reference
Gravitational instabilities in gaseous protoplanetary disks and implications for giant planet formation
2007 · External reference
The Jeans mass as a fundamental measure of self-gravitating disc fragmentation and initial fragment mass
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19380.x · 2011 · External reference
Towards a population synthesis model of objects formed by self-gravitating disc fragmentation and tidal downsizing
10.1093/mnras/stt672 · 2013 · External reference
Towards a population synthesis model of self-gravitating disc fragmentation and tidal downsizing II: the effect of fragment-fragment interactions
10.1093/mnras/stx2870 · External reference
Are Elias 2-27’s spiral arms driven by self-gravity, or by a companion? A comparative spiral morphology study
10.3847/2041-8213/aac7c9 · External reference
Spiral structure in the circumstellar disk around AB aurigae
10.1086/420699 · 2004 · External reference
exoALMA. V. Gaseous emission surfaces and temperature structures
10.3847/2041-8213/adc437 · 2025 · External reference
Nonlinear outcome of gravitational instability in cooling, gaseous disks
10.1086/320631 · 2001 · External reference
The SPHERE view of the Taurus star-forming region. The full census of planet-forming disks with GTO and DESTINYS programs
10.1051/0004-6361/202347586 · 2024 · External reference
The stickiness of micrometer-sized water-ice particles
10.1088/0004-637x/798/1/34 · 2015 · External reference
The disk substructures at High Angular Resolution Program (DSHARP). VIII. The rich ringed substructures in the AS 209 disk
10.3847/2041-8213/aaedae · 2018 · External reference
Is the spiral morphology of the Elias 2-27 circumstellar disc due to gravitational instability?
10.1093/mnras/sty550 · 2018 · External reference
Predicting the kinematic evidence of gravitational instability
10.3847/1538-4357/abac17 · 2020 · External reference
Massive discs around low-mass stars
10.1093/mnras/staa883 · 2020 · External reference
The disk substructures at high angular resolution Project (DSHARP). II. Characteristics of annular substructures
10.3847/2041-8213/aaf740 · External reference
The disk substructures at high angular resolution Project (DSHARP)
10.3847/2041-8213/aaf7a0 · External reference
The chemistry of protoplanetary fragments formed via gravitational instabilities
10.1093/mnras/stx1966 · 2017 · External reference
An Azimuthal Asymmetry in the LkHα 330 disk
10.1088/0004-637x/775/1/30 · 2013 · External reference
exoALMA. III. Line-intensity modeling and system property extraction from protoplanetary disks
10.3847/2041-8213/adc439 · 2025 · External reference
Two-fluid gravitational instabilities in a galactic disk
10.1086/161597 · 1984 · External reference
Gravitational instabilities in circumstellar disks
10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023307 · 2016 · External reference
Fragmentation of massive protostellar discs
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11103.x · 2006 · External reference
Global models for the evolution of embedded, accreting protostellar disks
10.1086/587543 · 2008 · External reference
On the role of disks in the formation of stellar systems: a numerical parameter study of rapid accretion
10.1088/0004-637x/708/2/1585 · 2010 · External reference
Episodic accretion: the interplay of infall and disc instabilities
10.1093/mnras/sty024 · 2018 · External reference
Misaligned disks induced by infall
10.1051/0004-6361/202039614 · 2021 · External reference
Synthetic populations of protoplanetary disks: impact of magnetic fields and radiative transfer
10.1051/0004-6361/202346558 · 2024 · External reference
Effect of irradiation model on 2D hydrodynamic simulations of self-gravitating protoplanetary discs
10.1093/mnras/staf644 · 2025 · External reference
On the gravitational stability of Gravito-turbulent accretion disks
10.3847/0004-637x/824/2/91 · 2016 · External reference
On the spiral structure of disk galaxies
10.1086/147955 · 1964 · External reference
Resolution requirements for smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of self-gravitating accretion discs
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18344.x · 2011 · External reference
Testing the locality of transport in self-gravitating accretion discs
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07811.x · 2004 · External reference
Testing the locality of transport in self-gravitating accretion discs - II. The massive disc case
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08875.x · 2005 · External reference
The newborn planet population emerging from ring-like structures in discs
10.1093/mnras/stz913 · 2019 · External reference
Dynamical mass measurements of two protoplanetary discs
10.1093/mnras/stac3223 · 2023 · External reference
Saturation mechanism and generated viscosity in gravito-turbulent accretion disks
10.1051/0004-6361/202038023 · 2020 · External reference
An efficient radiative cooling approximation for use in hydrodynamic simulations
10.1093/mnras/stu2432 · 2015 · External reference
Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of disks in the taurus star-forming Region
10.3847/1538-4357/aae8e1 · 2018 · External reference
Investigating protoplanetary disk cooling through kinematics: analytical GI wiggle
10.3847/2041-8213/ac2df6 · 2021 · External reference
The role of the drag force in the gravitational stability of dusty planet-forming disc - II. Numerical simulations
10.1093/mnras/stad1400 · External reference
The role of the drag force in the gravitational stability of dusty planet forming disc - I. Analytical theory
10.1093/mnras/stac3653 · External reference
Angular momentum transport via gravitational instability in the Elias 2-27 disc
10.1051/0004-6361/202450187 · 2024 · External reference
exoALMA. XII. Weighing and sizing exoALMA disks with rotation curve modelling
10.3847/2041-8213/adc431 · External reference
Infall-driven gravitational instability in accretion discs
10.1093/mnras/staf1018 · External reference
On the gap-opening criterion of migrating planets in protoplanetary disks
10.1088/0004-637x/802/1/56 · 2015 · External reference
Demographics of young stars and their protoplanetary disks: lessons learned on disk evolution and its connection to planet Formation
10.26624/lpmx4110 · 2023 · External reference
Compact dust concentration in the MWC 758 protoplanetary disk
10.1088/0004-637x/813/1/76 · 2015 · External reference
Direct imaging of multiple planets orbiting the star HR 8799
10.1126/science.1166585 · 2008 · External reference
Rotation curves in protoplanetary disks with thermal stratification. Physical model and observational evidence in MAPS disks
10.1051/0004-6361/202348546 · 2024 · External reference
A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star
10.1038/378355a0 · 1995 · External reference
Exploring the conditions required to form giant planets via gravitational instability in massive protoplanetary discs
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16867.x · 2010 · External reference
Non-convergence of the critical cooling time-scale for fragmentation of self-gravitating discs
10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00978.x · 2011 · External reference
On the convergence of the critical cooling time-scale for the fragmentation of self-gravitating discs
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.22035.x · 2012 · External reference
On the origin of the spiral morphology in the Elias 2-27 circumstellar disk
10.3847/2041-8213/aa6837 · 2017 · External reference
Lupus disks with faint CO isotopologues: low gas/dust or high carbon depletion?
10.1051/0004-6361/201629556 · 2017 · External reference
Setting the stage for planet Formation: measurements and implications of the fundamental disk properties
10.26624/drwv2737 · 2023 · External reference
Growth of aggregates with liquid-like ice shells in protoplanetary discs
10.1093/mnras/stab1963 · 2021 · External reference
Contacts of water ice in protoplanetary Disks—laboratory experiments
10.3847/1538-4357/ab0428 · 2019 · External reference
Formation of planets by tidal downsizing of giant planet embryos
10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00923.x · 2010 · External reference
Disc fragmentation - II. Ejection of low-mass free-floating planets from growing binary systems
10.1093/mnras/stag043 · 2026 · External reference
Early planet Formation in embedded disks (eDisk). I. Overview of the program and first results
10.3847/1538-4357/acd384 · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2023 · External reference
Spiral arms and a massive dust disk with Non-Keplerian kinematics: possible evidence for gravitational instability in the disk of Elias 2-27
10.3847/1538-4357/abf243 · 2021 · External reference
Spiral density waves in a young protoplanetary disk
10.1126/science.aaf8296 · 2016 · External reference
The two-dimensional pressure structure of the HD 163296 protoplanetary disk as probed by multi-molecule kinematics
10.1051/0004-6361/202451307 · 2025 · External reference
Extending dynamical mass measurements: probing GI as a possible origin of mm-dust spirals
10.48550/arxiv.2607.15923 · 2026 · External reference
Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disk
10.1038/s41550-019-0852-6 · 2019 · External reference
Nine localized deviations from Keplerian rotation in the DSHARP circumstellar disks: kinematic evidence for protoplanets carving the gaps
10.3847/2041-8213/ab6dda · 2020 · External reference
Accretion discs in astrophysics
10.1146/annurev.aa.19.090181.001033 · 1981 · External reference
Can giant planets form by direct gravitational instability?
10.1086/428899 · 2005 · External reference
The effect of cooling on the global stability of self-gravitating protoplanetary discs
10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06253.x · 2003 · External reference
Accelerated planetesimal growth in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08339.x · 2004 · External reference
Investigating fragmentation conditions in self-gravitating accretion discs
10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00105.x · 2005 · External reference
Planetesimal formation via fragmentation in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs
10.1111/j.1745-3933.2006.00215.x · 2006 · External reference
Stability of self-gravitating discs under irradiation
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19586.x · 2011 · External reference
Dust density enhancements and the direct formation of planetary cores in gravitationally unstable discs
10.1093/mnras/staf714 · 2025 · External reference
Dust dynamics and vertical settling in gravitoturbulent protoplanetary discs
10.1093/mnras/staa567 · 2020 · External reference
Planet migration in self-gravitating discs: survival of planets
10.1093/mnras/staa1590 · 2020 · External reference
Hiding signatures of gravitational instability in protoplanetary disks with planets
10.3847/2041-8213/abc704 · 2020 · External reference
Warping away gravitational instabilities in protoplanetary discs
10.3847/1538-4357/ac3975 · 2022 · External reference
Continuing to hide signatures of gravitational instability in protoplanetary discs with planets
10.1093/mnras/stac3106 · 2023 · External reference
The role of drag and gravity on dust concentration in a gravitationally unstable disc
10.1093/mnras/stae167 · 2024 · External reference
On the gravitational instability in flattened systems with axial symmetry and non-uniform rotation
1960 · External reference
DIPSY: a new disc instability population SYnthesis: II. The populations of companions formed through disc instability
10.1051/0004-6361/202556261 · 2025 · External reference
Four annular structures in a protostellar disk less than 500,000 years old
10.1038/s41586-020-2779-6 · 2020 · External reference
Multiple gaps in the disk of the class I protostar GY 91
10.3847/1538-4357/aaae65 · 2018 · External reference
Gravitational instability in a planet-forming disk
10.1038/s41586-024-07877-0 · 2024 · External reference
Mapping the merging Zone of late infall in the AB Aur planet-forming system
10.3847/2041-8213/adb7d5 · 2025 · External reference
Radiative transfer and the energy equation in SPH simulations of star formation
10.1051/0004-6361:20077373 · 2007 · External reference
Constraining the gas mass of Herbig disks using CO isotopologues
10.1051/0004-6361/202347271 · 2024 · External reference
Planet formation in AB aurigae: imaging of the inner gaseous spirals observed inside the dust cavity
10.3847/1538-4357/aa6af7 · 2017 · External reference
Constraining protoplanetary disc mass using the GI wiggle
10.1093/mnras/stab3513 · 2022 · External reference
The VLA/ALMA nascent disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) survey of orion protostars. II. A statistical characterization of class 0 and class I protostellar disks
10.3847/1538-4357/ab6f64 · 2020 · External reference
On the gravitational stability of a disk of stars
10.1086/147861 · 1964 · External reference
WIde separation planets in time (WISPIT): a gap-clearing planet in a multi-ringed disk around the young solar-type star WISPIT 2
10.3847/2041-8213/adf721 · 2025 · External reference
Setting the stage: planet Formation and volatile delivery
10.1007/s11214-020-00700-y · 2020 · External reference
A dynamical measurement of the disk mass in Elias 227
10.3847/2041-8213/abfe6a · 2021 · External reference
Weighing protoplanetary discs with kinematics: physical model, method, and benchmark
10.1051/0004-6361/202348237 · 2024 · External reference
Kinematic evidence for an embedded planet in the IM Lupi disk
10.3847/2041-8213/ac7f44 · 2022 · External reference
The effect of non-isothermality on the gravitational collapse of spherical clouds and the evolution of protostellar accretion
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09528.x · External reference
The origin of episodic accretion bursts in the early stages of star Formation
10.1086/498303 · External reference
Self-regulated gravitational accretion in protostellar discs
10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12321.x · 2007 · External reference
Growth efficiency of dust aggregates through collisions with high mass ratios
10.1051/0004-6361/201322259 · 2013 · External reference
The evolution of planetesimal swarms in self-gravitating protoplanetary discs
10.1093/mnras/stt314 · 2013 · External reference
Global simulations of gravitational instability in protostellar disks with full radiation transport. I. Stochastic fragmentation with optical-depth-dependent rate and universal fragment mass
10.3847/1538-4357/add14a · External reference
Global simulations of gravitational instability in protostellar disks with full radiation transport. II. Locality of gravitoturbulence, clumpy spirals, and implications for observable substructure
10.3847/1538-4357/add14b · External reference
Winding motion of spirals in a gravitationally unstable protoplanetary disk
10.1038/s41550-025-02639-y · 2025 · External reference
Introducing two improved methods for approximating radiative cooling in hydrodynamical simulations of accretion discs
10.1093/mnras/stae1249 · 2024 · External reference
Challenges in forming planets by gravitational instability: disk irradiation and clump migration, accretion, and tidal destruction
10.1088/0004-637x/746/1/110 · 2012 · External reference