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References from Comparative in vitro safety assessments of synthetized and plant-derived cannabidiol (CBD), and pharmacokinetics of synthetized CBD: evidence of similar toxicological profiles and accumulation upon repeated oral administration. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
ACNFP advice on the safety of synthetic cannabidiol (CBD)
2025 · External reference
The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity
10.1186/s40001-023-01443-6 · 2024 · External reference
Cannabidiol and Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol induce drug-metabolizing enzymes, but not transporters, in human hepatocytes: implications for predicting complex cannabinoid-drug interactions
10.1016/j.dmd.2025.100037 · 2025 · External reference
Pharmacokinetic profile of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and metabolites in blood following vaporization and oral ingestion of cannabidiol products
10.1093/jat/bkab124 · 2022 · External reference
Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in rat brain tissue after single-dose administration of different formulations
10.3390/molecules30132676 · 2025 · External reference
Food effect on pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol oral capsules in adult patients with refractory epilepsy
10.1111/epi.16093 · 2019 · External reference
Oral lipid-based formulations alter delivery of cannabidiol to different anatomical regions in the brain
10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122651 · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Physicochemical and physiological mechanisms for the effects of food on drug absorption: the role of lipids and pH
10.1021/js960085v · 1997 · External reference
Metabolism and liver toxicity of cannabidiol
10.1080/26896583.2024.2366741 · 2024 · External reference
Cannabidiol (CBD) dosing: plasma pharmacokinetics and effects on accumulation in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue
10.3390/nu14102101 · 2022 · External reference
An evaluation of the genotoxicity and 90-day repeated-dose toxicity of a CBD-rich hemp oil
10.1002/jat.4511 · 2023 · External reference
Analyzing the potential root causes of variability of pharmacokinetics in preclinical species
10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b01118 · 2017 · External reference
Plasma-derived exosomes from NAFLD patients modulate the cannabinoid receptors' expression in cultured HepaRG cells
10.3390/ijms24021739 · 2023 · External reference
Safety assessment on CBD-rich hemp extract in sub-chronic cross-sex study with rats
10.1016/j.taap.2024.117218 · 2025 · External reference
Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarine (CBDV), Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG) in rats and mice following oral and intraperitoneal administration and CBD action on obsessive-compulsive behaviour
10.1007/s00213-011-2415-0 · 2012 · External reference
Safety assessment of a hemp extract using genotoxicity and oral repeat-dose toxicity studies in sprague-dawley rats
10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.014 · 2020 · External reference
Safety of synthetic cannabidiol as a novel food pursant to regulation (EU) 2015/2283
10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9708 · 2025 · External reference
Distribution of free and conjugated cannabinoids in human bile samples
10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.013 · 2012 · External reference
Natural sesame oil is superior to pre-digested lipid formulations and purified triglycerides in promoting the intestinal lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability of cannabidiol
10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.02.013 · External reference
Inclusion of medium-chain triglyceride in lipid-based formulation of cannabidiol facilitates micellar solubilization in vitro,, but in vivo performance remains superior with pure sesame oil vehicle
10.3390/pharmaceutics13091349 · External reference
Vegetable oils composition affects the intestinal lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability of co-administered lipophilic drug cannabidiol
10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121947 · 2022 · External reference
Rapid suppression of neuropathic pain and somatosensory hyperactivity by nano-formulated cannabidiol
10.1016/j.chembiol.2025.10.005 · 2025 · External reference
Cannabis: a multifaceted plant with endless potentials
10.3389/fphar.2023.1200269 · 2023 · External reference
Cannabidiol in the treatment for epilepsy: current evidence and perspectives for further research
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108442 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Cannabidiol promotes apoptosis and downregulation of oncogenic factors
10.1101/2024.11.30.626177 · 2024 · External reference
Liver hypertrophy: a review of adaptive (adverse and non-adverse) changes -conclusions from the 3rd international ESTP expert workshop
10.1177/0192623312448935 · 2012 · External reference
Oral toxicity evaluation of cannabidiol
10.1016/j.fct.2023.113778 · External reference
Genotoxicity evaluation of cannabidiol
10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105425 · External reference
Cannabis, cannabinoids and health: a review of evidence on risks and medical benefits
10.1007/s00406-024-01880-2 · 2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Quantitative summary on the human pharmacokinetic properties of cannabidiol to accelerate scientific clinical application of cannabis
10.1007/s00210-024-03185-6 · 2024 · External reference
Cannabidiol promotes apoptosis via regulation of XIAP/smac in gastric cancer
10.1038/s41419-019-2001-7 · 2019 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2019 · External reference
Development and pharmacokinetic evaluation of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for the oral delivery of cannabidiol
10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106058 · 2022 · External reference
Genotoxicity of selected cannabinoids in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells
10.1007/s00204-024-03826-y · 2024 · External reference
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a novel inhibitor for exosome and microvesicle (EMV) release in cancer
10.3389/fphar.2018.00889 · 2018 · External reference
Establishment of a point of departure for CBD hepatotoxicity employing human HepaRG spheroids
10.1016/j.tox.2023.153469 · 2023 · External reference
Cannabidiol-associated hepatotoxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1111/joim.13627 · 2023 · External reference
An assessment of the genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity of a supercritical fluid extract of the aerial parts of hemp
10.1155/2018/8143582 · 2018 · External reference
A systematic review on the pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in humans
10.3389/fphar.2018.01365 · 2018 · External reference
Towards better delivery of cannabidiol (CBD)
10.3390/ph13090219 · 2020 · External reference
Cannabis contaminants limit pharmacological use of cannabidiol
10.3389/fphar.2020.571832 · 2020 · External reference
Molecular targets of the phytocannabinoids: a complex picture
2017 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2018 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2022 · External reference
Cannabinoid metabolites as inhibitors of major hepatic CYP450 enzymes, with implications for cannabis-drug interactions
10.1124/dmd.121.000442 · 2021 · External reference
Strategies to improve cannabidiol bioavailability and drug delivery
10.3390/ph17020244 · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2016 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2020 · External reference
Critical aspects affecting cannabidiol oral bioavailability and metabolic elimination, and related clinical implications
10.1007/s40263-020-00741-5 · 2020 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Cannabinoids, phenolics, terpenes and alkaloids of cannabis
10.3390/molecules26092774 · 2021 · External reference
A high-fat meal significantly impacts the bioavailability and biphasic absorption of cannabidiol (CBD) from a CBD-rich extract in men and women
10.1038/s41598-025-87621-4 · 2025 · External reference
Oral formulations for cannabidiol: improved absolute oral bioavailability of biodegradable cannabidiol self-emulsifying drug delivery systems
10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114879 · 2025 · External reference
Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol in sprague-dawley rats after oral and pulmonary administration
10.1089/can.2022.0121 · 2023 · External reference
Biological response after 14-Day cannabidiol and propylene glycol inhalation in sprague-dawley rats
10.1089/can.2023.0132 · 2025 · External reference
Research and clinical practice involving the use of cannabis products, with emphasis on cannabidiol: a narrative review
10.3390/ph17121644 · 2024 · External reference
Medical Cannabis in the United States: comparing 2017 and 2024 State Qualifying Conditions to the 2017 National Academies of Sciences Report
10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2025.100590 · 2025 · External reference
Exogenous cannabinoids as substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes: a systematic review
10.3109/03602532.2013.849268 · 2014 · External reference
Subchronic oral toxicity assessment of a cannabis extract
10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105496 · 2023 · External reference
Genotoxic assessment of a Cannabis sativa L. extract
10.1080/13880209.2025.2499075 · 2025 · External reference
A phase I, randomized, Double-blind, placebo-Controlled, single ascending dose, multiple dose, and food effect trial of the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of highly purified cannabidiol in healthy subjects
10.1007/s40263-018-0578-5 · 2018 · External reference
Statement on safety of cannabidiol as a novel food: data gaps and uncertainties
10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7322 · 2022 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
The effect of short chain fatty acids on transmural electrical potential across rat small intestine in vivo
10.1016/0005-2736(76)90288-1 · 1976 · External reference
A 13-week oral toxicity and toxicokinetic study of cannabidiol in sprague Dawley rats with a 4-week recovery period
10.1080/01480545.2025.2491544 · 2025 · External reference
Dietary fats and pharmaceutical lipid excipients increase systemic exposure to orally administered cannabis and cannabis-based medicines
2016 · External reference
Oral administration of cannabis with lipids leads to high levels of cannabinoids in the intestinal lymphatic system and prominent immunomodulation
10.1038/s41598-017-15026-z · 2017 · External reference
