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References from Fenofibrate in ophthalmology: therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the right to sight: an analysis for the global burden of disease study
10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30489-7 · 2021 · External reference
Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045: systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.04.027 · 2021 · External reference
Diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiology and treatments
10.3390/ijms19061816 · 2018 · External reference
Age-related macular degeneration--emerging pathogenetic and therapeutic concepts
10.1080/07853890600946724 · 2006 · External reference
Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70145-1 · 2014 · External reference
Mechanistic investigations of diabetic ocular surface diseases
10.3389/fendo.2022.1079541 · 2022 · External reference
Depression, stress, quality of life, and dry eye disease in Korean women: a population-based study
10.1097/ico.0000000000000464 · 2015 · External reference
Evaluating keratoplasty for fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy: a literature review
10.7759/cureus.33639 · 2023 · External reference
Management of corneal neovascularization: current and emerging therapeutic approaches
10.4103/ijo.ijo_3043_23 · 2024 · External reference
Diabetic corneal neuropathy
10.3390/jcm9123956 · 2020 · External reference
The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.08.001 · 2016 · External reference
Mechanisms of age-related macular degeneration
10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.018 · 2012 · External reference
New pharmacologic approaches to treating diabetic retinopathy
10.2146/ajhp070332 · 2007 · External reference
Diabetic retinopathy: current management and experimental therapeutic targets
10.1592/phco.29.2.182 · 2009 · External reference
Early response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and two-year outcomes among eyes with diabetic macular edema in protocol T
10.1016/j.ajo.2018.07.030 · 2018 · External reference
Update on the management of diabetic retinopathy: anti-VEGF agents for the prevention of complications and progression of nonproliferative and proliferative retinopathy
10.3390/life13051098 · 2023 · External reference
Transforming corneal alkali burn treatment: unveiling mechanisms and pioneering therapies from bench to bedside
10.1186/s12967-025-07102-0 · 2025 · External reference
Diabetic corneal neuropathy: clinical perspectives
10.2147/opth.s145266 · 2018 · External reference
Managing dry eye disease and facilitating realistic patient expectations: a review and appraisal of current therapies
10.2147/opth.s228838 · 2020 · External reference
Cell-free biological approach for corneal stromal wound healing
10.3389/fphar.2021.671405 · 2021 · External reference
PPAR control of metabolism and cardiovascular functions
10.1038/s41569-021-00569-6 · 2021 · External reference
The mechanisms of action of PPARs
10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104018 · 2002 · External reference
PPARα activation directly upregulates thrombomodulin in the diabetic retina
10.1038/s41598-020-67579-1 · 2020 · External reference
Neuroprotective effects of PPARα in retinopathy of type 1 diabetes
10.1371/journal.pone.0208399 · 2019 · External reference
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) regulates wound healing and mitochondrial metabolism in the cornea
10.1073/pnas.2217576120 · 2023 · External reference
Therapeutic effects of PPARα agonist on ocular neovascularization in models recapitulating neovascular age-related macular degeneration
10.1167/iovs.17-22091 · 2017 · External reference
Pathogenic role of PPARα downregulation in corneal nerve degeneration and impaired corneal sensitivity in diabetes
10.2337/db19-0898 · 2020 · External reference
Regulation of monocyte activation by PPARα through interaction with the cGAS-STING pathway
10.2337/db22-0654 · 2023 · External reference
Therapeutic effects of PPARα agonists on diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes models
10.2337/db11-0413 · 2013 · External reference
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α protects capillary pericytes in the retina
10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.06.021 · 2014 · External reference
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activation protects retinal ganglion cells in ischemia-reperfusion retinas
10.3389/fmed.2021.788663 · 2021 · External reference
PPARα agonist suppresses inflammation after corneal alkali burn by suppressing proinflammatory cytokines, MCP-1, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB
10.3390/molecules24010114 · 2018 · External reference
Modulation of cGAS-STING signaling by PPARα in a mouse model of ischemia-induced retinopathy
10.1073/pnas.2208934119 · 2022 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Fenofibrate ameliorates ocular surface inflammation in diabetic keratopathy
10.1016/j.jtos.2025.05.010 · 2025 · External reference
Fenofibrate inhibits subretinal fibrosis through suppressing TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling and wnt signaling in neovascular age-related macular degeneration
10.3389/fphar.2020.580884 · 2020 · External reference
Fenofibrate protects against retinal dysfunction in a murine model of common carotid artery occlusion-induced ocular ischemia
10.3390/ph14030223 · 2021 · External reference
Fenofibrate inhibits cytochrome P450 epoxygenase 2C activity to suppress pathological ocular angiogenesis
10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.09.025 · 2016 · External reference
Fenofibric acid prevents retinal pigment epithelium disruption induced by interleukin-1β by suppressing AMP-Activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation
10.1007/s00125-011-2089-5 · 2011 · External reference
Elisaf. Management of dyslipidemias with fibrates, alone and in combination with statins: role of delayed-release fenofibric acid
10.2147/vhrm.s5593 · 2010 · External reference
Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline
10.1210/jc.2011-3213 · 2012 · External reference
The effects of medical management on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in persons with type 2 diabetes: the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) eye study
10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.07.019 · 2014 · External reference
Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes
10.1056/nejmoa1001288 · 2010 · External reference
Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial
10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61607-9 · 2007 · External reference
Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial
10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67667-2 · 2005 · External reference
Effect of fenofibrate on progression of diabetic retinopathy
10.1056/evidoa2400179 · 2024 · External reference
PPARα agonist oral therapy in diabetic retinopathy
10.3390/biomedicines8100433 · 2020 · External reference
Topical and oral peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α agonist ameliorates diabetic corneal neuropathy
10.1038/s41598-024-64451-4 · 2024 · External reference
PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate ameliorates sjögren syndrome-like dacryoadenitis by modulating Th1/Th17 and treg cell responses in NOD mice
10.1167/iovs.63.6.12 · 2022 · External reference
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist suppresses neovascularization by reducing both vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2 in corneal alkali burn
10.1038/s41598-017-18113-3 · 2017 · External reference
Maillard reaction crosslinked alginate-albumin scaffolds for enhanced fenofibrate delivery to the retina: a promising strategy to treat RPE-related dysfunction
10.3390/pharmaceutics15051330 · 2023 · External reference
Fenofibrate for diabetic retinopathy
10.1002/14651858.cd013318.pub2 · 2023 · External reference
Evidence and indications for systemic treatment in diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review
10.1111/aos.14377 · 2020 · External reference
Fenofibrate for the prevention of progression of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy: review, consensus recommendations and guidance for clinical practice
10.18240/ijo.2022.12.16 · 2022 · External reference
Fenofibrate inhibits activation of cGAS-STING pathway by alleviating mitochondrial damage to attenuate inflammatory response in diabetic dry eye
10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2025.05.383 · 2025 · External reference
Proliferator-activated receptor alpha inhibits abnormal extracellular matrix accumulation and maintains energy metabolism in late-onset fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
10.1167/iovs.66.4.36 · 2025 · External reference
PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate suppressed the formation of ocular surface squamous metaplasia induced by topical benzalkonium chloride
10.1167/iovs.61.3.54 · 2020 · External reference
Anatomy and physiology of the cornea
10.1016/j.jcrs.2010.12.037 · 2011 · External reference
Composition, structure and function of the corneal stroma
10.1016/j.exer.2020.108137 · 2020 · External reference
Pharmacological potential of small molecules for treating corneal neovascularization
10.3390/molecules25153468 · 2020 · External reference
Molecular mechanisms underlying the corneal endothelial pump
10.1016/j.exer.2011.06.004 · 2012 · External reference
Corneal endothelial dysfunction: evolving understanding and treatment options
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100904 · 2021 · External reference
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: current perspectives
10.2147/opth.s83467 · 2016 · External reference
Historical review and update of surgical treatment for corneal endothelial diseases
10.1007/s40123-014-0022-y · 2014 · External reference
Corneal transparency: Genesis, maintenance and dysfunction
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.05.019 · 2010 · External reference
Anatomy of the human corneal innervation
10.1016/j.exer.2009.12.010 · 2010 · External reference
The role of substance P in corneal homeostasis
10.3390/biom15050729 · 2025 · External reference
Nerve growth factor promotes corneal epithelial migration by enhancing expression of matrix Metalloprotease-9
10.1167/iovs.12-10816 · 2013 · External reference
Functional architecture of the retina: development and disease
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.06.003 · 2014 · External reference
Detailed vascular anatomy of the human retina by projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography
10.1038/srep42201 · 2017 · External reference
Tight junctions of the outer blood retina barrier
10.3390/ijms21010211 · 2019 · External reference
Oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction in the retina: therapeutic strategies
10.3390/antiox9080761 · 2020 · External reference
Therapeutic effects of fenofibrate on diabetic peripheral neuropathy by improving endothelial and neural survival in Db/db mice
10.1371/journal.pone.0083204 · 2014 · External reference
Oral peroxisome proliferator-activated Receptor-α agonist enhances corneal nerve regeneration in patients with type 2 diabetes
10.2337/db22-0611 · 2023 · External reference
Potential therapeutic effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors on corneal diseases
10.3389/ebm.2024.10142 · 2024 · External reference
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)-induced migration and signal transduction in corneal epithelial cells
2001 · External reference
Neurotrophins and nerve regeneration-associated genes are expressed in the cornea after lamellar flap surgery
10.1097/ico.0b013e318247b60e · 2012 · External reference
Regulation of NF-κB by TNF family cytokines
10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.004 · 2014 · External reference
N-3 PUFA supplementation triggers PPAR-α activation and PPAR-α/NF-κB interaction: anti-inflammatory implications in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury
10.1371/journal.pone.0028502 · 2011 · External reference
Mitochondrial DNA-activated cGAS-STING signaling in environmental dry eye
10.1167/iovs.65.4.33 · 2024 · External reference
TFOS DEWS II definition and classification report
10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.008 · 2017 · External reference
Epidemiology and risk factors of dry eye disease: considerations for clinical management
10.3390/medicina60091458 · 2024 · External reference
Sleep deprivation induces dry eye through inhibition of PPARα expression in corneal epithelium
10.1167/iovs.18-24504 · 2018 · External reference
Dry eye: an inflammatory ocular disease
2014 · External reference
Obstructive sleep apnea affects lacrimal gland function
10.1167/iovs.63.3.3 · 2022 · External reference
Corneal neovascularization: updates on pathophysiology, investigations & management
10.22336/rjo.2019.4 · 2019 · External reference
Corneal injury: clinical and molecular aspects
10.1016/j.exer.2019.107709 · 2019 · External reference
Epidemiology, economic and humanistic burdens of ocular surface chemical injury: a narrative review
10.1016/j.jtos.2021.02.006 · 2021 · External reference
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α affects corneal epithelial wound healing
2024 · External reference
Keratocytes promote corneal neovascularization through VEGFr3 induced by PPARα-inhibition
10.1016/j.exer.2020.107982 · 2020 · External reference
Combination of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma agonists prevents corneal inflammation and neovascularization in a rat alkali burn model
10.3390/ijms21145093 · 2020 · External reference
Effects of selective peroxisome proliferator activated receptor agonists on corneal epithelial wound healing
10.3390/ph14020088 · 2021 · External reference
Fenofibrate suppresses corneal neovascularization by regulating lipid metabolism through PPARα signaling pathway
10.3389/fphar.2022.1000254 · 2022 · External reference
Corneal myofibroblasts and fibrosis
10.1016/j.exer.2020.108272 · 2020 · External reference
High-efficiency antioxidant ROS-Responsive thermosensitive hydrogel encapsulated fenofibrate for the treatment of corneal neovascularization
10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.113650 · 2025 · External reference
Fenofibrate microemulsion eyedrops for treating nitrogen mustard induced corneal injury
10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.114656 · 2026 · External reference
Genetic screen of African Americans with fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy
2013 · External reference
Emerging innovations in the treatment of fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: a narrative review
10.3390/medsci13040238 · 2025 · External reference
Global survey of corneal transplantation and eye banking
10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.4776 · 2016 · External reference
Diabetic macular edema pathophysiology: vasogenic versus inflammatory
10.1155/2016/2156273 · 2016 · External reference
Interconnections between diabetic corneal neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy: diagnostic and therapeutic implications
10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00509 · 2025 · External reference
A protective effect of PPARα in endothelial progenitor cells through regulating metabolism
10.2337/db18-1278 · 2019 · External reference
Effect of fenofibrate on diabetic retinopathy in rats via SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway
10.26355/eurrev_201910_19180 · 2019 · External reference
Fenofibrate suppresses cellular metabolic memory of high glucose in diabetic retinopathy via a sirtuin 1-dependent signalling pathway
10.3892/mmr.2015.4164 · 2015 · External reference
Effects of fenofibrate on inflammatory cytokines in diabetic retinopathy patients
10.1097/md.0000000000007671 · 2017 · External reference
Fenofibrate ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by modulating Nrf2 signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation
10.1007/s11010-017-3256-x · 2018 · External reference
Salutary effect of fenofibrate on type 1 diabetic retinopathy via inhibiting oxidative stress-mediated Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation
10.1007/s00441-018-2974-z · 2019 · External reference
Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives
10.1038/s41392-025-02249-0 · 2025 · External reference
Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in hypoxia and inflammation
10.1007/s11481-014-9531-7 · 2014 · External reference
Fenofibrate prevents the disruption of the outer blood retinal barrier through downregulation of NF-κB activity
10.1007/s00592-015-0759-3 · 2016 · External reference
Effects of modified low-density lipoproteins and fenofibrate on an outer blood-retina barrier model: implications for diabetic retinopathy
10.1089/jop.2020.0068 · 2020 · External reference
Beneficial effects of fenofibric acid on overexpression of extracellular matrix components, COX-2, and impairment of endothelial permeability associated with diabetic retinopathy
10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.010 · 2015 · External reference
Fenofibric acid reduces fibronectin and collagen type IV overexpression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells grown in conditions mimicking the diabetic milieu: functional implications in retinal permeability
10.1167/iovs.11-7282 · 2011 · External reference
The MAPK signaling pathway mediates the GPR91-dependent release of VEGF from RGC-5 cells
10.3892/ijmm.2015.2195 · 2015 · External reference
Beneficial effects of fenofibrate in retinal pigment epithelium by the modulation of stress and survival signaling under diabetic conditions
10.1002/jcp.22970 · 2012 · External reference
The protective role of microglial PPARα in diabetic retinal neurodegeneration and neurovascular dysfunction
10.3390/cells11233869 · 2022 · External reference
Fenofibrate-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles for the treatment of experimental diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration
10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01319 · 2020 · External reference
Long-acting fenofibrate-loaded microparticles for treating retinal disorders
10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126503 · 2026 · External reference
Persistent effects of intensive glycemic control on retinopathy in type 2 diabetes in the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) Follow-On study
10.2337/dc16-0024 · 2016 · External reference
Addition of fenofibrate to statins is associated with risk reduction of diabetic retinopathy progression in patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: a propensity-matched cohort study
10.1016/j.diabet.2023.101428 · 2023 · External reference
Association of fenofibrate use and the risk of progression to vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy
10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.0633 · 2022 · External reference
Relationship of haptoglobin phenotype and levels with sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: a fenofibrate intervention and event lowering in diabetes (FIELD) substudy
10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112080 · 2025 · External reference
Fenofibrate, which reduces risk of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes, is associated with early narrowing of retinal venules: a FIELD trial substudy
10.1111/imj.15733 · 2022 · External reference
Fenofibrate increases circulating haematopoietic stem cells in people with diabetic retinopathy: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
10.1007/s00125-021-05532-1 · 2021 · External reference
Association of fenofibrate and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Taiwan
10.3390/medicina56080385 · 2020 · External reference
Efficiency of fenofibrate in facilitating the reduction of central macular thickness in diabetic macular edema
10.4103/ijo.ijo_566_17 · 2018 · External reference
Effects of fenofibric acid on diabetic macular edema: the MacuFen study
10.3109/09286586.2014.949783 · 2014 · External reference
Therapeutic effects of fenofibrate nano-emulsion eye drops on retinal vascular leakage and neovascularization
10.3390/biology10121328 · 2021 · External reference
RAGE plays key role in diabetic retinopathy: a review
10.1186/s12938-023-01194-9 · 2023 · External reference
The impact of NF-κB on inflammatory and angiogenic processes in age-related macular degeneration
10.1016/j.exer.2024.110111 · 2024 · External reference
Treatment options for central retinal artery occlusion
10.1007/s11940-012-0202-9 · 2013 · External reference
Central retinal artery occlusion - rethinking retinal survival time
10.1186/s12886-018-0768-4 · 2018 · External reference
Hypoxia upregulates activity and expression of the glucose transporter GLUT1 in alveolar epithelial cells
10.1165/ajrcmb.21.6.3751 · 1999 · External reference
FGF21 alleviates neuroinflammation following ischemic stroke by modulating the temporal and spatial dynamics of microglia/macrophages
10.1186/s12974-020-01921-2 · 2020 · External reference
Fibroblast growth factor 21 protects photoreceptor function in type 1 diabetic mice
10.2337/db17-0830 · 2018 · External reference
Fenofibrate alleviates NAFLD by enhancing the PPARα/PGC-1α signaling pathway coupling mitochondrial function
10.1186/s40360-023-00730-6 · 2024 · External reference
Disrupted mitochondrial dynamics impair corneal epithelial healing in neurotrophic keratopathy
10.3390/ijms26031290 · 2025 · External reference
Hydrogen and N-acetyl-L-cysteine rescue oxidative stress-induced angiogenesis in a mouse corneal alkali-burn model
10.1167/iovs.10-6167 · 2011 · External reference
Oxidative stress in angiogenesis and vascular disease
10.1182/blood-2013-09-512749 · 2014 · External reference
NF-κB in oxidative stress
10.1016/j.cotox.2017.11.002 · 2018 · External reference
Oxidative stress response elicited by mitochondrial dysfunction: implication in the pathophysiology of aging
10.1177/1535370213493069 · 2013 · External reference
Nrf2 as a regulator of mitochondrial function: energy metabolism and beyond
10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.013 · 2022 · External reference
Nrf2 suppresses macrophage inflammatory response by blocking proinflammatory cytokine transcription
10.1038/ncomms11624 · 2016 · External reference
Targeted AAV5-Smad7 gene therapy inhibits corneal scarring in vivo
10.1371/journal.pone.0172928 · 2017 · External reference
TGF-β signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics
10.1038/s41392-024-01764-w · 2024 · External reference
Effects of fenofibrate on renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the fenofibrate intervention and event lowering in diabetes (FIELD) study
10.1007/s00125-010-1951-1 · 2011 · External reference
Efficacy and safety of fenofibrate-statin combination therapy in patients with inadequately controlled triglyceride levels despite previous statin monotherapy: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, phase IV study
10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.08.005 · 2021 · External reference
Fibrates in combination with statins in the management of dyslipidemia
10.1111/j.1524-6175.2005.05278.x · 2006 · External reference