Research graph
References from Host Genetic Susceptibility and Antiviral Immunity Shape the Pathogenesis and Outcomes of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis update
10.1097/qco.0000000000000554 · 2019 · External reference
Herpes simplex virus: Global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016
10.2471/blt.19.237149 · 2020 · External reference
Herpes Simplex Virus: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
10.1016/j.cnur.2020.05.004 · 2020 · External reference
10.1017/s0950268823000183
10.1017/s0950268823000183 · External reference
10.1002/rmv.2491
10.1002/rmv.2491 · External reference
10.1128/mbio.02370-22
10.1128/mbio.02370-22 · External reference
10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105526
10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105526 · External reference
10.1128/cmr.00105-19
10.1128/cmr.00105-19 · External reference
Herpesvirus latency
10.1172/jci136225 · 2020 · External reference
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Disease: Updates and Continued Challenges
10.1016/j.clp.2021.03.003 · 2021 · External reference
Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: A prospective observational study and retrospective analysis
10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30244-8 · 2018 · External reference
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis
10.1002/ana.23689 · 2012 · External reference
Neurologic complications in herpes simplex encephalitis: Clinical, immunological and genetic studies
10.1093/brain/awad238 · 2023 · External reference
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in a patient with complete TLR3 deficiency: TLR3 is otherwise redundant in protective immunity
10.1084/jem.20101568 · 2011 · External reference
Human TRAF3 adaptor molecule deficiency leads to impaired Toll-like receptor 3 response and susceptibility to herpes simplex encephalitis
10.1016/j.immuni.2010.08.014 · 2010 · External reference
10.1371/journal.pone.0230870
10.1371/journal.pone.0230870 · External reference
10.1128/mmbr.00099-20
10.1128/mmbr.00099-20 · External reference
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) regulation mechanisms and roles in antiviral innate immune responses
10.1631/jzus.b2000808 · 2021 · External reference
Molecular mechanisms and cellular functions of cGAS-STING signalling
10.1038/s41580-020-0244-x · 2020 · External reference
10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155109
10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155109 · External reference
10.1128/jvi.01783-21
10.1128/jvi.01783-21 · External reference
The host type I interferon response to viral and bacterial infections
10.1038/sj.cr.7290309 · 2005 · External reference
10.3389/fcimb.2020.617578
10.3389/fcimb.2020.617578 · External reference
Bimolecular complementation defines functional regions of Herpes simplex virus gB that are involved with gH/gL as a necessary step leading to cell fusion
10.1128/jvi.02687-09 · 2010 · External reference
Herpesvirus gB: A Finely Tuned Fusion Machine
10.3390/v7122957 · 2015 · External reference
Herpesvirus transport to the nervous system and back again
10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150051 · 2012 · External reference
Directional spread of alphaherpesviruses in the nervous system
10.3390/v5020678 · 2013 · External reference
Herpes simplex virus 1 tegument protein US11 downmodulates the RLR signaling pathway via direct interaction with RIG-I and MDA-5
10.1128/jvi.06713-11 · 2012 · External reference
10.3389/fcimb.2019.00127
10.3389/fcimb.2019.00127 · External reference
10.1038/ncomms13348
10.1038/ncomms13348 · External reference
10.1128/jvi.01311-21
10.1128/jvi.01311-21 · External reference
Synergistically Augmenting Cancer Immunotherapy by Physical Manipulation of Pyroptosis Induction
10.1007/s43657-023-00140-y · 2024 · External reference
Protective effects of Prunella vulgaris polysaccharides against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection through the STING-TBK1-IRF3 pathway
10.1016/j.joim.2025.12.008 · 2026 · External reference
Pathogenesis and virulence of herpes simplex virus
10.1080/21505594.2021.1982373 · 2021 · External reference
Herpesvirus interference with major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted T-cell activation
10.1128/jvi.01525-06 · 2007 · External reference
10.1371/journal.pone.0054586
10.1371/journal.pone.0054586 · External reference
Herpes simplex virus glycoproteins gH/gL and gB bind Toll-like receptor 2, and soluble gH/gL is sufficient to activate NF-κB
10.1128/jvi.00295-12 · 2012 · External reference
10.3389/fimmu.2020.00356
10.3389/fimmu.2020.00356 · External reference
The Type I Interferon Response and Age-Dependent Susceptibility to Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
10.1089/dna.2017.3668 · 2017 · External reference
10.1038/s41419-017-0116-2
10.1038/s41419-017-0116-2 · External reference
10.1371/journal.ppat.1005449
10.1371/journal.ppat.1005449 · External reference
10.3390/v11121165
10.3390/v11121165 · External reference
10.1128/mbio.00115-21
10.1128/mbio.00115-21 · External reference
Genetic defects of brain immunity in childhood herpes simplex encephalitis
10.1038/s41586-024-08119-z · 2024 · External reference
10.1172/jci154016
10.1172/jci154016 · External reference
STING Requires the Adaptor TRIF to Trigger Innate Immune Responses to Microbial Infection
10.1016/j.chom.2016.08.002 · 2016 · External reference
10.1002/eji.202451382
10.1002/eji.202451382 · External reference
10.1126/sciimmunol.abq4531
10.1126/sciimmunol.abq4531 · External reference
Inborn Errors of RNA Lariat Metabolism in Humans with Brainstem Viral Infection
10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.019 · 2018 · External reference
10.1084/jem.20240010
10.1084/jem.20240010 · External reference
Human SNORA31 variations impair cortical neuron-intrinsic immunity to HSV-1 and underlie herpes simplex encephalitis
10.1038/s41591-019-0672-3 · 2019 · External reference
NEMO is a key component of NF-κB- and IRF-3-dependent TLR3-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus
10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.059 · 2011 · External reference
Impaired response to interferon-alpha/beta and lethal viral disease in human STAT1 deficiency
10.1038/ng1097 · 2003 · External reference
Genetic, Immunological, and Clinical Features of 32 Patients with Autosomal Recessive STAT1 Deficiency
10.4049/jimmunol.2001451 · 2021 · External reference
STAT2 deficiency and susceptibility to viral illness in humans
10.1073/pnas.1220098110 · 2013 · External reference
10.1172/jci139980
10.1172/jci139980 · External reference
10.1126/scitranslmed.aac4227
10.1126/scitranslmed.aac4227 · External reference
10.1084/jem.20250064
10.1084/jem.20250064 · External reference
Acyclovir in the Treatment of Herpes Viruses—A Review
10.2174/0929867325666180309105519 · 2020 · External reference
New strategies against drug resistance to herpes simplex virus
10.1038/ijos.2016.3 · 2016 · External reference
Inhibitory effects of baicalein against herpes simplex virus type 1
10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.008 · 2020 · External reference
10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102282
10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102282 · External reference
10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101303
10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101303 · External reference
Targeting herpes simplex virus with CRISPR-Cas9 cures herpetic stromal keratitis in mice
10.1038/s41587-020-00781-8 · 2021 · External reference
In vivo CRISPR gene editing in patients with herpetic stromal keratitis
10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.08.021 · 2023 · External reference
10.1371/journal.ppat.1002071
10.1371/journal.ppat.1002071 · External reference
The case for immunomodulatory approaches in treating HSV encephalitis
10.2217/fvl.12.138 · 2013 · External reference
Safety and efficacy of adjunct dexamethasone in adults with herpes simplex virus encephalitis in the UK (DexEnceph): A multicentre, observer-blind, randomised, phase 3, controlled trial
10.1016/s1474-4422(25)00454-5 · 2026 · External reference
Impaired intrinsic immunity to HSV-1 in human iPSC-derived TLR3-deficient CNS cells
10.1038/nature11583 · 2012 · External reference
Ginsenoside Rg5, a potent agonist of Nrf2, inhibits HSV-1 infection-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting oxidative stress and NF-κB activation
10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.006 · 2024 · External reference
Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: An observational cohort study
10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70310-1 · 2013 · External reference
Intrathecal use of interferon in encephalitis
10.1056/nejm198111193052113 · 1981 · External reference
The STING agonist 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) stimulates an antiviral state and protects mice against herpes simplex virus-induced neurological disease
10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.006 · 2019 · External reference
10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105989
10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105989 · External reference
10.1016/j.smim.2022.101650
10.1016/j.smim.2022.101650 · External reference
10.3390/pathogens12020310
10.3390/pathogens12020310 · External reference
Neuron-intrinsic immunity to viruses in mice and humans
10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.004 · 2021 · External reference
The cell-type-specific roles of Toll-like receptors in herpes simplex virus infection and pathogenesis
10.1080/21505594.2026.2664934 · 2026 · External reference
CNS disease associated with enhanced type I interferon signalling
10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00263-1 · 2024 · External reference
10.1111/jcmm.71173
10.1111/jcmm.71173 · External reference
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis
10.1002/ana.23689 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1002/eji.202451382
10.1002/eji.202451382 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1002/rmv.2491
10.1002/rmv.2491 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Synergistically Augmenting Cancer Immunotherapy by Physical Manipulation of Pyroptosis Induction
10.1007/s43657-023-00140-y · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105989
10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105989 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Inhibitory effects of baicalein against herpes simplex virus type 1
10.1016/j.apsb.2020.06.008 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Inborn Errors of RNA Lariat Metabolism in Humans with Brainstem Viral Infection
10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.019 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
STING Requires the Adaptor TRIF to Trigger Innate Immune Responses to Microbial Infection
10.1016/j.chom.2016.08.002 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Disease: Updates and Continued Challenges
10.1016/j.clp.2021.03.003 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Herpes Simplex Virus: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
10.1016/j.cnur.2020.05.004 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Neuron-intrinsic immunity to viruses in mice and humans
10.1016/j.coi.2021.07.004 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155109
10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155109 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Human TRAF3 adaptor molecule deficiency leads to impaired Toll-like receptor 3 response and susceptibility to herpes simplex encephalitis
10.1016/j.immuni.2010.08.014 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
NEMO is a key component of NF-κB- and IRF-3-dependent TLR3-mediated immunity to herpes simplex virus
10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.059 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105526
10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105526 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Ginsenoside Rg5, a potent agonist of Nrf2, inhibits HSV-1 infection-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting oxidative stress and NF-κB activation
10.1016/j.jgr.2024.01.006 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Protective effects of Prunella vulgaris polysaccharides against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection through the STING-TBK1-IRF3 pathway
10.1016/j.joim.2025.12.008 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101303
10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101303 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102282
10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102282 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1016/j.smim.2022.101650
10.1016/j.smim.2022.101650 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The STING agonist 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) stimulates an antiviral state and protects mice against herpes simplex virus-induced neurological disease
10.1016/j.virol.2019.01.006 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
In vivo CRISPR gene editing in patients with herpetic stromal keratitis
10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.08.021 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: An observational cohort study
10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70310-1 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: A prospective observational study and retrospective analysis
10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30244-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
CNS disease associated with enhanced type I interferon signalling
10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00263-1 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Safety and efficacy of adjunct dexamethasone in adults with herpes simplex virus encephalitis in the UK (DexEnceph): A multicentre, observer-blind, randomised, phase 3, controlled trial
10.1016/s1474-4422(25)00454-5 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1017/s0950268823000183
10.1017/s0950268823000183 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
New strategies against drug resistance to herpes simplex virus
10.1038/ijos.2016.3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Impaired intrinsic immunity to HSV-1 in human iPSC-derived TLR3-deficient CNS cells
10.1038/nature11583 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1038/ncomms13348
10.1038/ncomms13348 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Impaired response to interferon-alpha/beta and lethal viral disease in human STAT1 deficiency
10.1038/ng1097 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1038/s41419-017-0116-2
10.1038/s41419-017-0116-2 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Molecular mechanisms and cellular functions of cGAS-STING signalling
10.1038/s41580-020-0244-x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Genetic defects of brain immunity in childhood herpes simplex encephalitis
10.1038/s41586-024-08119-z · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Targeting herpes simplex virus with CRISPR-Cas9 cures herpetic stromal keratitis in mice
10.1038/s41587-020-00781-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Human SNORA31 variations impair cortical neuron-intrinsic immunity to HSV-1 and underlie herpes simplex encephalitis
10.1038/s41591-019-0672-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The host type I interferon response to viral and bacterial infections
10.1038/sj.cr.7290309 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Intrathecal use of interferon in encephalitis
10.1056/nejm198111193052113 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
STAT2 deficiency and susceptibility to viral illness in humans
10.1073/pnas.1220098110 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Pathogenesis and virulence of herpes simplex virus
10.1080/21505594.2021.1982373 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The cell-type-specific roles of Toll-like receptors in herpes simplex virus infection and pathogenesis
10.1080/21505594.2026.2664934 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis in a patient with complete TLR3 deficiency: TLR3 is otherwise redundant in protective immunity
10.1084/jem.20101568 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1084/jem.20240010
10.1084/jem.20240010 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1084/jem.20250064
10.1084/jem.20250064 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The Type I Interferon Response and Age-Dependent Susceptibility to Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
10.1089/dna.2017.3668 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Neurologic complications in herpes simplex encephalitis: Clinical, immunological and genetic studies
10.1093/brain/awad238 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis update
10.1097/qco.0000000000000554 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1111/jcmm.71173
10.1111/jcmm.71173 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1126/sciimmunol.abq4531
10.1126/sciimmunol.abq4531 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1126/scitranslmed.aac4227
10.1126/scitranslmed.aac4227 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1128/cmr.00105-19
10.1128/cmr.00105-19 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Herpes simplex virus glycoproteins gH/gL and gB bind Toll-like receptor 2, and soluble gH/gL is sufficient to activate NF-κB
10.1128/jvi.00295-12 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1128/jvi.01311-21
10.1128/jvi.01311-21 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Herpesvirus interference with major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted T-cell activation
10.1128/jvi.01525-06 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1128/jvi.01783-21
10.1128/jvi.01783-21 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Bimolecular complementation defines functional regions of Herpes simplex virus gB that are involved with gH/gL as a necessary step leading to cell fusion
10.1128/jvi.02687-09 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Herpes simplex virus 1 tegument protein US11 downmodulates the RLR signaling pathway via direct interaction with RIG-I and MDA-5
10.1128/jvi.06713-11 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1128/mbio.00115-21
10.1128/mbio.00115-21 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1128/mbio.02370-22
10.1128/mbio.02370-22 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1128/mmbr.00099-20
10.1128/mmbr.00099-20 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Herpesvirus transport to the nervous system and back again
10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150051 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Herpesvirus latency
10.1172/jci136225 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1172/jci139980
10.1172/jci139980 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1172/jci154016
10.1172/jci154016 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1371/journal.pone.0054586
10.1371/journal.pone.0054586 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1371/journal.pone.0230870
10.1371/journal.pone.0230870 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1371/journal.ppat.1002071
10.1371/journal.ppat.1002071 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1371/journal.ppat.1005449
10.1371/journal.ppat.1005449 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) regulation mechanisms and roles in antiviral innate immune responses
10.1631/jzus.b2000808 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Acyclovir in the Treatment of Herpes Viruses—A Review
10.2174/0929867325666180309105519 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The case for immunomodulatory approaches in treating HSV encephalitis
10.2217/fvl.12.138 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Herpes simplex virus: Global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016
10.2471/blt.19.237149 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fcimb.2019.00127
10.3389/fcimb.2019.00127 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fcimb.2020.617578
10.3389/fcimb.2020.617578 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fimmu.2020.00356
10.3389/fimmu.2020.00356 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3390/pathogens12020310
10.3390/pathogens12020310 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3390/v11121165
10.3390/v11121165 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Directional spread of alphaherpesviruses in the nervous system
10.3390/v5020678 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Herpesvirus gB: A Finely Tuned Fusion Machine
10.3390/v7122957 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Genetic, Immunological, and Clinical Features of 32 Patients with Autosomal Recessive STAT1 Deficiency
10.4049/jimmunol.2001451 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
