Research graph
References from Associations Between Early Screen Exposure and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Children Aged 2–5 Years: A Systematic Review. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Brain Development during the Preschool Years
10.1007/s11065-012-9214-1 · 2012 · External reference
How Young Children Learn Language and Speech: Implications of Theory and Evidence for Clinical Pediatric Practice
10.1542/pir.2017-0325 · 2019 · External reference
Short Playful Interactions Improve Executive Functions in Children
10.1038/s41598-025-07028-z · 2025 · External reference
10.3390/children12101297
10.3390/children12101297 · External reference
Digital Media Use and Screen Time Exposure Among Youths: A Lifestyle-Based Public Health Concern
2025 · External reference
Screen Time and Neurodevelopment in Preschoolers: Addressing a Growing Concern in Pediatric Practice
10.3345/cep.2024.01536 · 2025 · External reference
Analysis of Parental Beliefs and Practices Leading to Excessive Screen Time in Early Childhood
10.1136/bmjpo-2025-003488 · 2025 · External reference
10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923370
10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923370 · External reference
Screen Exposure and Early Childhood Development in Resource-Limited Regions: Findings From a Population-Based Survey Study
10.2196/68009 · 2025 · External reference
Displacement of Peer Play by Screen Time: Associations with Toddler Development
10.1038/s41390-022-02261-y · 2023 · External reference
10.1007/s00787-026-03083-7
10.1007/s00787-026-03083-7 · External reference
10.1371/journal.pone.0314540
10.1371/journal.pone.0314540 · External reference
10.3390/brainsci14010027
10.3390/brainsci14010027 · External reference
Unsupervised Screen Exposure and Poor Language Development: A Scoping Review to Assess Current Evidence and Suggest Priorities for Research
2024 · External reference
Concordance of Child and Parent Reports of Children’s Screen Media Use
10.1016/j.acap.2019.04.002 · 2019 · External reference
Beyond the Bayley: Neurocognitive Assessments of Development during Infancy and Toddlerhood
10.1080/87565641.2018.1564310 · 2019 · External reference
Factors Contributing to Screen Exposure in Preschool Children and Its Associated Outcomes: A Systematic Review
10.1111/cch.70241 · 2026 · External reference
10.3390/jintelligence14040054
10.3390/jintelligence14040054 · External reference
10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_105
10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_105 · External reference
Screen Time Is More than Just the Screen: Indirect Media Exposure Dominates Infants’ Digital Environments
10.1111/infa.70074 · 2026 · External reference
Effects of Excessive Screen Time on Child Development: An Updated Review and Strategies for Management
2023 · External reference
Associations Between Screen Use and Child Language Skills: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0327 · 2020 · External reference
Relation between Executive Functions and Screen Time Exposure in under 6 Year-Olds: A Meta-Analysis
10.1016/j.chb.2023.107739 · 2023 · External reference
Early Childhood Screen Use Contexts and Cognitive and Psychosocial Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.2620 · 2024 · External reference
The Revised JBI Critical Appraisal Tool for the Assessment of Risk of Bias for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies
10.11124/jbies-24-00523 · 2026 · External reference
The Revised JBI Critical Appraisal Tool for the Assessment of Risk of Bias for Cohort Studies
10.11124/jbies-24-00103 · 2025 · External reference
The Revised JBI Critical Appraisal Tool for the Assessment of Risk of Bias for Randomized Controlled Trials
10.11124/jbies-22-00430 · 2023 · External reference
Infants’ and Toddlers’ Television Viewing and Language Outcomes
10.1177/0002764204271505 · 2005 · External reference
Infant and Early Childhood Exposure to Adult-Directed and Child-Directed Television Programming: Relations with Cognitive Skills at Age Four
10.1353/mpq.0.0038 · 2010 · External reference
Association of Screen Time Use and Language Development in Hispanic Toddlers: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
10.1177/0009922813492881 · 2013 · External reference
Association Between Screen Time and Children’s Performance on a Developmental Screening Test
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5056 · 2019 · External reference
Associations Between Screen-Based Media Use and Brain White Matter Integrity in Preschool-Aged Children
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3869 · 2020 · External reference
Screen Media Exposure in the First 2 Years of Life and Preschool Cognitive Development: A Longitudinal Study
10.1038/s41390-020-0831-8 · 2020 · External reference
10.3389/fpsyg.2021.569920
10.3389/fpsyg.2021.569920 · External reference
Exposure to Screens and Children’s Language Development in the EDEN Mother–Child Cohort
10.1038/s41598-021-90867-3 · 2021 · External reference
10.1186/s12887-021-02545-y
10.1186/s12887-021-02545-y · External reference
Preschoolers’ Engagement with Screen Content and Associations with Sleep and Cognitive Development
10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103762 · 2022 · External reference
Screen Time and Developmental and Behavioral Outcomes for Preschool Children
10.1038/s41390-021-01572-w · 2022 · External reference
10.3390/children9101577
10.3390/children9101577 · External reference
Early Language Outcomes in Argentinean Toddlers: Associations with Home Literacy, Screen Exposure and Joint Media Engagement
10.1111/bjdp.12429 · 2023 · External reference
Does Home Media Use Predict Preschoolers’ Skill Gains? A Time Diary Study
10.1037/tps0000365 · 2023 · External reference
Patterns of Preschool Children’s Screen Time, Parent–Child Interactions, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: A Pilot Study
10.1186/s40814-023-01266-6 · 2023 · External reference
Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group Screen Time and Developmental Performance Among Children at 1-3 Years of Age in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3643 · 2023 · External reference
Association between Maternal and Infant Screen Time with Child Growth and Development: A Longitudinal Study
10.1111/ijpo.13033 · 2023 · External reference
Screen Time at Age 1 Year and Communication and Problem-Solving Developmental Delay at 2 and 4 Years
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3057 · 2023 · External reference
Does Digital Media Use Contribute to Decreased Expressive Language Skills of Pre-School-Aged Children? An Exploratory Study in Portuguese Children
10.1080/08990220.2023.2191702 · 2024 · External reference
Preschooler Screen Time During the Pandemic Is Prospectively Associated With Lower Achievement of Developmental Milestones
10.1097/dbp.0000000000001263 · 2024 · External reference
10.1186/s12889-024-18447-4
10.1186/s12889-024-18447-4 · External reference
Associations of Screen Use with Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: The ELFE Birth Cohort
10.1111/jcpp.13887 · 2024 · External reference
Dyadic Interactions, Communication and Regulation Skills: Associations with Screen Use in Toddlers from Buenos Aires
10.11621/pir.2024.0403 · 2024 · External reference
Longitudinal Associations between Screen Time and Children’s Language, Early Educational Skills, and Peer Social Functioning
10.1037/dev0001907 · 2026 · External reference
The Immediate Impact of Different Types of Television on Young Children’s Executive Function
10.1542/peds.2010-1919 · 2011 · External reference
Associations Between Parenting, Media Use, Cumulative Risk, and Children’s Executive Functioning
10.1097/dbp.0000000000000069 · 2014 · External reference
The Relation between Television Exposure and Executive Function among Preschoolers
10.1037/a0035714 · 2014 · External reference
Further Examination of the Immediate Impact of Television on Children’s Executive Function
10.1037/a0039097 · 2015 · External reference
The Effects of Screen Media Content on Young Children’s Executive Functioning
10.1016/j.jecp.2018.01.006 · 2018 · External reference
Media Exposure in Low-Income Preschool-Aged Children Is Associated with Multiple Measures of Self-Regulatory Behavior
10.1097/dbp.0000000000000560 · 2018 · External reference
10.1371/journal.pone.0213995
10.1371/journal.pone.0213995 · External reference
10.3389/fpsyg.2020.583174
10.3389/fpsyg.2020.583174 · External reference
The Relation between Electronic Game Play and Executive Function among Preschoolers
10.1007/s10826-020-01754-w · 2020 · External reference
Executive Function and Screen-Based Media Use in Preschool Children
10.1002/icd.2173 · 2020 · External reference
10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570392
10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570392 · External reference
Preschool Screen Media Exposure, Executive Functions and Symptoms of Inattention/Hyperactivity
10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101237 · 2021 · External reference
Mobile Use Induces Local Attentional Precedence and Is Associated with Limited Socio-Cognitive Skills in Preschoolers
10.1016/j.chb.2021.106758 · 2021 · External reference
10.3390/ijerph18041608
10.3390/ijerph18041608 · External reference
The Context of Background TV Exposure and Children’s Executive Functioning
10.1038/s41390-021-01916-6 · 2022 · External reference
The Role of Different Screen Media Devices, Child Dysregulation, and Parent Screen Media Use in Children’s Self-Regulation
10.1037/ppm0000412 · 2023 · External reference
Do Pre-Schoolers with High Touchscreen Use Show Executive Function Differences?
10.1016/j.chb.2022.107553 · 2023 · External reference
Executive Functions Abilities in Preschool-Age Children Are Negatively Related to Parental EF, Screen-Time and Positively Related to Home Literacy Environment: An EEG Study
10.1080/09297049.2023.2272339 · 2024 · External reference
Associations Between Preschooler Screen Time Trajectories and Executive Function
10.1016/j.acap.2024.102603 · 2025 · External reference
The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
10.1136/bmj.n71 · 2021 · External reference
Association Between Screen Time and Children’s Performance on a Developmental Screening Test
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.5056 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Associations Between Screen-Based Media Use and Brain White Matter Integrity in Preschool-Aged Children
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3869 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Associations Between Screen Use and Child Language Skills: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0327 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Screen Time at Age 1 Year and Communication and Problem-Solving Developmental Delay at 2 and 4 Years
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3057 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group Screen Time and Developmental Performance Among Children at 1-3 Years of Age in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.3643 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Early Childhood Screen Use Contexts and Cognitive and Psychosocial Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.2620 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Executive Function and Screen-Based Media Use in Preschool Children
10.1002/icd.2173 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_105
10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_105 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1007/s00787-026-03083-7
10.1007/s00787-026-03083-7 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The Relation between Electronic Game Play and Executive Function among Preschoolers
10.1007/s10826-020-01754-w · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Brain Development during the Preschool Years
10.1007/s11065-012-9214-1 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Concordance of Child and Parent Reports of Children’s Screen Media Use
10.1016/j.acap.2019.04.002 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Associations Between Preschooler Screen Time Trajectories and Executive Function
10.1016/j.acap.2024.102603 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Preschoolers’ Engagement with Screen Content and Associations with Sleep and Cognitive Development
10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103762 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Preschool Screen Media Exposure, Executive Functions and Symptoms of Inattention/Hyperactivity
10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101237 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Mobile Use Induces Local Attentional Precedence and Is Associated with Limited Socio-Cognitive Skills in Preschoolers
10.1016/j.chb.2021.106758 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Do Pre-Schoolers with High Touchscreen Use Show Executive Function Differences?
10.1016/j.chb.2022.107553 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Relation between Executive Functions and Screen Time Exposure in under 6 Year-Olds: A Meta-Analysis
10.1016/j.chb.2023.107739 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The Effects of Screen Media Content on Young Children’s Executive Functioning
10.1016/j.jecp.2018.01.006 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The Relation between Television Exposure and Executive Function among Preschoolers
10.1037/a0035714 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Further Examination of the Immediate Impact of Television on Children’s Executive Function
10.1037/a0039097 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Longitudinal Associations between Screen Time and Children’s Language, Early Educational Skills, and Peer Social Functioning
10.1037/dev0001907 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The Role of Different Screen Media Devices, Child Dysregulation, and Parent Screen Media Use in Children’s Self-Regulation
10.1037/ppm0000412 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Does Home Media Use Predict Preschoolers’ Skill Gains? A Time Diary Study
10.1037/tps0000365 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Screen Media Exposure in the First 2 Years of Life and Preschool Cognitive Development: A Longitudinal Study
10.1038/s41390-020-0831-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Screen Time and Developmental and Behavioral Outcomes for Preschool Children
10.1038/s41390-021-01572-w · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The Context of Background TV Exposure and Children’s Executive Functioning
10.1038/s41390-021-01916-6 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Displacement of Peer Play by Screen Time: Associations with Toddler Development
10.1038/s41390-022-02261-y · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Exposure to Screens and Children’s Language Development in the EDEN Mother–Child Cohort
10.1038/s41598-021-90867-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Short Playful Interactions Improve Executive Functions in Children
10.1038/s41598-025-07028-z · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Does Digital Media Use Contribute to Decreased Expressive Language Skills of Pre-School-Aged Children? An Exploratory Study in Portuguese Children
10.1080/08990220.2023.2191702 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Executive Functions Abilities in Preschool-Age Children Are Negatively Related to Parental EF, Screen-Time and Positively Related to Home Literacy Environment: An EEG Study
10.1080/09297049.2023.2272339 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Beyond the Bayley: Neurocognitive Assessments of Development during Infancy and Toddlerhood
10.1080/87565641.2018.1564310 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Associations Between Parenting, Media Use, Cumulative Risk, and Children’s Executive Functioning
10.1097/dbp.0000000000000069 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Media Exposure in Low-Income Preschool-Aged Children Is Associated with Multiple Measures of Self-Regulatory Behavior
10.1097/dbp.0000000000000560 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Preschooler Screen Time During the Pandemic Is Prospectively Associated With Lower Achievement of Developmental Milestones
10.1097/dbp.0000000000001263 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Early Language Outcomes in Argentinean Toddlers: Associations with Home Literacy, Screen Exposure and Joint Media Engagement
10.1111/bjdp.12429 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Factors Contributing to Screen Exposure in Preschool Children and Its Associated Outcomes: A Systematic Review
10.1111/cch.70241 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Association between Maternal and Infant Screen Time with Child Growth and Development: A Longitudinal Study
10.1111/ijpo.13033 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Screen Time Is More than Just the Screen: Indirect Media Exposure Dominates Infants’ Digital Environments
10.1111/infa.70074 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Associations of Screen Use with Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: The ELFE Birth Cohort
10.1111/jcpp.13887 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The Revised JBI Critical Appraisal Tool for the Assessment of Risk of Bias for Randomized Controlled Trials
10.11124/jbies-22-00430 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The Revised JBI Critical Appraisal Tool for the Assessment of Risk of Bias for Cohort Studies
10.11124/jbies-24-00103 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The Revised JBI Critical Appraisal Tool for the Assessment of Risk of Bias for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies
10.11124/jbies-24-00523 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
10.1136/bmj.n71 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Analysis of Parental Beliefs and Practices Leading to Excessive Screen Time in Early Childhood
10.1136/bmjpo-2025-003488 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Dyadic Interactions, Communication and Regulation Skills: Associations with Screen Use in Toddlers from Buenos Aires
10.11621/pir.2024.0403 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Infants’ and Toddlers’ Television Viewing and Language Outcomes
10.1177/0002764204271505 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Association of Screen Time Use and Language Development in Hispanic Toddlers: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study
10.1177/0009922813492881 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1186/s12887-021-02545-y
10.1186/s12887-021-02545-y · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1186/s12889-024-18447-4
10.1186/s12889-024-18447-4 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Patterns of Preschool Children’s Screen Time, Parent–Child Interactions, and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood: A Pilot Study
10.1186/s40814-023-01266-6 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Infant and Early Childhood Exposure to Adult-Directed and Child-Directed Television Programming: Relations with Cognitive Skills at Age Four
10.1353/mpq.0.0038 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1371/journal.pone.0213995
10.1371/journal.pone.0213995 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1371/journal.pone.0314540
10.1371/journal.pone.0314540 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The Immediate Impact of Different Types of Television on Young Children’s Executive Function
10.1542/peds.2010-1919 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
How Young Children Learn Language and Speech: Implications of Theory and Evidence for Clinical Pediatric Practice
10.1542/pir.2017-0325 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Screen Exposure and Early Childhood Development in Resource-Limited Regions: Findings From a Population-Based Survey Study
10.2196/68009 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Screen Time and Neurodevelopment in Preschoolers: Addressing a Growing Concern in Pediatric Practice
10.3345/cep.2024.01536 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570392
10.3389/fpsyg.2020.570392 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fpsyg.2020.583174
10.3389/fpsyg.2020.583174 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fpsyg.2021.569920
10.3389/fpsyg.2021.569920 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923370
10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923370 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3390/brainsci14010027
10.3390/brainsci14010027 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3390/children12101297
10.3390/children12101297 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3390/children9101577
10.3390/children9101577 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3390/ijerph18041608
10.3390/ijerph18041608 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3390/jintelligence14040054
10.3390/jintelligence14040054 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
