Research graph
References from Second Language Learners’ Cognitive Evaluation of GenAI Interactive Learning Experience: Scale Development and Network Analysis. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Exploring EFL students’ perspectives on ChatGPT-assisted autonomous practices in enhancing self-directed learning at Palestinian universities
10.1080/2331186x.2026.2689737 · 2026 · External reference
Operationalizing smart service experience: Guest engagement, value, memories, and behavioral intentions in hotels
10.1016/j.ijhm.2026.104588 · 2026 · External reference
Critical determinants of intentions to revisit smart hotels: An examination of smart service interactional experience, emotions, and technophilia
10.1080/19368623.2025.2464029 · 2025 · External reference
10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149 · External reference
Network analysis of multivariate data in psychological science
10.1038/s43586-021-00055-w · 2021 · External reference
Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance
10.1207/s15328007sem0902_5 · 2002 · External reference
Enhancing linguistic interaction with ChatGPT: An exploratory study of proficiency-matching and ecological validity in less commonly taught languages
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology
10.2307/249008 · 1989 · External reference
The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · 2000 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Exploring social and computer science students’ perceptions of AI integration in (foreign) language instruction
2024 · External reference
Developing a short language classroom engagement scale (LCES) and linking it with needs satisfaction and achievement
10.1016/j.system.2023.103189 · 2024 · External reference
Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper
10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1 · 2018 · External reference
A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks
10.1037/met0000167 · 2018 · External reference
Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research
10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272 · 1999 · External reference
Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error
10.1177/002224378101800104 · 1981 · External reference
Use omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But…
10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629 · 2020 · External reference
Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis
10.1177/1094428104263675 · 2004 · External reference
A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling
10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 · 2015 · External reference
Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
10.1080/10705519909540118 · 1999 · External reference
A latent profile exploratory study on L2 dispositional flow among Chinese EFL undergraduates
10.1007/s44202-026-00719-2 · 2026 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Generative AI (GenAI) in the language classroom: A systematic review
10.1080/10494820.2025.2498537 · 2026 · External reference
Development and validation of the PA-SDA scale: Measuring personal attributes in AI-integrated self-directed language learning
10.1016/j.system.2025.103793 · 2025 · External reference
Music education with GenAI: Exploring the mediating roles of enjoyment between smart service interactional experience and behavioural intention
10.1111/ejed.70423 · 2026 · External reference
Positive emotions, self-regulatory capacity, and EFL performance in the Chinese senior high school context
10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104143 · 2024 · External reference
Applying generative artificial intelligence to task-based language teaching and learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1007/s11528-025-01140-7 · 2026 · External reference
A scoping review of AI-mediated informal language learning: Mapping out the terrain and identifying future directions
10.1017/s0958344025100359 · 2026 · External reference
Untangling the relationship between AI-mediated informal digital learning of English (AI-IDLE), foreign language enjoyment and the ideal L2 self: Evidence from Chinese university EFL students
10.1111/ejed.12846 · 2025 · External reference
Exploring “Flow” in young Chinese EFL learners’ online English learning activities
10.1016/j.system.2020.102425 · 2021 · External reference
Interaction and instructed second language acquisition
10.1017/s0261444818000125 · 2018 · External reference
How social support contributes to self-efficacy and learning achievement: A validation study of secondary EFL learners
10.1016/j.system.2025.103770 · 2025 · External reference
Establishing content validity: Using qualitative and quantitative steps
10.5993/ajhb.23.4.9 · 1999 · External reference
Drivers of intentions towards continued use of digital voice assistants: The moderating role of service experience
10.4018/jgim.387836 · 2025 · External reference
10.1111/0022-4537.00153
10.1111/0022-4537.00153 · External reference
Anniversary article interactional feedback in second language teaching and learning: A synthesis and analysis of current research
10.1177/1362168816644940 · 2016 · External reference
10.1186/s12913-024-11788-1
10.1186/s12913-024-11788-1 · External reference
10.4135/9781412995627
10.4135/9781412995627 · External reference
Effects of GenAI-empowered interactive support on university EFL students’ self-regulated strategy use and engagement in reading
10.1016/j.iheduc.2024.100991 · 2025 · External reference
A conceptual model of service quality and its implication for future research
10.1177/002224298504900403 · 1985 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions
10.1037/a0029315 · 2012 · External reference
A meta-analysis of generative AI effects on language proficiency and affective–cognitive outcomes in language learning
10.1007/s10791-026-10015-1 · 2026 · External reference
Exploring generative AI as a roleplay interlocutor in L2 task-based pragmatics learning: Comparing ChatGPT-learner and technology-mediated peer interactions
10.1002/tesq.70010 · 2025 · External reference
Efficiency trumps aptitude: Individualizing computer-assisted second language vocabulary learning
10.1017/s095834402400020x · 2025 · External reference
Comparing network structures on three aspects: A permutation test
10.1037/met0000476 · 2023 · External reference
A journey around alpha and omega to estimate internal consistency reliability
10.6018/analesps.33.3.268401 · 2017 · External reference
10.1002/jcal.70244
10.1002/jcal.70244 · External reference
The impact of different conversational generative AI chatbots on EFL learners: An analysis of willingness to communicate, foreign language speaking anxiety, and self-perceived communicative competence
10.1016/j.system.2024.103533 · 2024 · External reference
Development and validation of the perceived interactivity of learner-AI interaction scale
10.1007/s10639-024-12963-x · 2025 · External reference
10.1080/09588221.2026.2645428
10.1080/09588221.2026.2645428 · External reference
EFL teachers’ generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) literacy: A scale development and validation study
10.1016/j.system.2025.103791 · 2025 · External reference
Investigating the interplay of Chinese English as foreign language learners’ growth mindset, enjoyment, adaptability, and engagement in AI-mediated informal digital learning of English
10.1002/jcal.70189 · 2026 · External reference
10.1007/s40299-026-01127-9
10.1007/s40299-026-01127-9 · External reference
Disclosing Chinese college students’ flow experience in GenAI-assisted informal digital learning of english: A self-determination theory perspective
10.1016/j.lmot.2025.102134 · 2025 · External reference
10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1806457
10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1806457 · External reference
Analyzing professional English learning needs and situations of science and language majors in a Chinese university
10.5539/hes.v9n2p141 · 2019 · External reference
The development and validation of a scale on student AI literacy in L2 writing: A domain-specific perspective
10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101227 · 2025 · External reference
10.3390/jintelligence14070120
10.3390/jintelligence14070120 · External reference
10.1080/17501229.2026.2683868
10.1080/17501229.2026.2683868 · External reference
Smart service interactional experience for family travelers: Scale development and validation
10.1177/10963480231226085 · 2025 · External reference
Investigating the interplay of Chinese English as foreign language learners’ growth mindset, enjoyment, adaptability, and engagement in AI-mediated informal digital learning of English
10.1002/jcal.70189 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1002/jcal.70244
10.1002/jcal.70244 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Exploring generative AI as a roleplay interlocutor in L2 task-based pragmatics learning: Comparing ChatGPT-learner and technology-mediated peer interactions
10.1002/tesq.70010 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Development and validation of the perceived interactivity of learner-AI interaction scale
10.1007/s10639-024-12963-x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A meta-analysis of generative AI effects on language proficiency and affective–cognitive outcomes in language learning
10.1007/s10791-026-10015-1 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Applying generative artificial intelligence to task-based language teaching and learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1007/s11528-025-01140-7 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling
10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1007/s40299-026-01127-9
10.1007/s40299-026-01127-9 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A latent profile exploratory study on L2 dispositional flow among Chinese EFL undergraduates
10.1007/s44202-026-00719-2 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Positive emotions, self-regulatory capacity, and EFL performance in the Chinese senior high school context
10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104143 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effects of GenAI-empowered interactive support on university EFL students’ self-regulated strategy use and engagement in reading
10.1016/j.iheduc.2024.100991 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Operationalizing smart service experience: Guest engagement, value, memories, and behavioral intentions in hotels
10.1016/j.ijhm.2026.104588 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The development and validation of a scale on student AI literacy in L2 writing: A domain-specific perspective
10.1016/j.jslw.2025.101227 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Disclosing Chinese college students’ flow experience in GenAI-assisted informal digital learning of english: A self-determination theory perspective
10.1016/j.lmot.2025.102134 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Exploring “Flow” in young Chinese EFL learners’ online English learning activities
10.1016/j.system.2020.102425 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Developing a short language classroom engagement scale (LCES) and linking it with needs satisfaction and achievement
10.1016/j.system.2023.103189 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The impact of different conversational generative AI chatbots on EFL learners: An analysis of willingness to communicate, foreign language speaking anxiety, and self-perceived communicative competence
10.1016/j.system.2024.103533 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
How social support contributes to self-efficacy and learning achievement: A validation study of secondary EFL learners
10.1016/j.system.2025.103770 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
EFL teachers’ generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) literacy: A scale development and validation study
10.1016/j.system.2025.103791 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Development and validation of the PA-SDA scale: Measuring personal attributes in AI-integrated self-directed language learning
10.1016/j.system.2025.103793 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Interaction and instructed second language acquisition
10.1017/s0261444818000125 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Efficiency trumps aptitude: Individualizing computer-assisted second language vocabulary learning
10.1017/s095834402400020x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A scoping review of AI-mediated informal language learning: Mapping out the terrain and identifying future directions
10.1017/s0958344025100359 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research
10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions
10.1037/a0029315 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A tutorial on regularized partial correlation networks
10.1037/met0000167 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Comparing network structures on three aspects: A permutation test
10.1037/met0000476 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Network analysis of multivariate data in psychological science
10.1038/s43586-021-00055-w · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1080/09588221.2026.2645428
10.1080/09588221.2026.2645428 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Generative AI (GenAI) in the language classroom: A systematic review
10.1080/10494820.2025.2498537 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
10.1080/10705519909540118 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1080/17501229.2026.2683868
10.1080/17501229.2026.2683868 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Use omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But…
10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Critical determinants of intentions to revisit smart hotels: An examination of smart service interactional experience, emotions, and technophilia
10.1080/19368623.2025.2464029 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Exploring EFL students’ perspectives on ChatGPT-assisted autonomous practices in enhancing self-directed learning at Palestinian universities
10.1080/2331186x.2026.2689737 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1111/0022-4537.00153
10.1111/0022-4537.00153 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Untangling the relationship between AI-mediated informal digital learning of English (AI-IDLE), foreign language enjoyment and the ideal L2 self: Evidence from Chinese university EFL students
10.1111/ejed.12846 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Music education with GenAI: Exploring the mediating roles of enjoyment between smart service interactional experience and behavioural intention
10.1111/ejed.70423 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A conceptual model of service quality and its implication for future research
10.1177/002224298504900403 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error
10.1177/002224378101800104 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis
10.1177/1094428104263675 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Smart service interactional experience for family travelers: Scale development and validation
10.1177/10963480231226085 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Anniversary article interactional feedback in second language teaching and learning: A synthesis and analysis of current research
10.1177/1362168816644940 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1186/s12913-024-11788-1
10.1186/s12913-024-11788-1 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance
10.1207/s15328007sem0902_5 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology
10.2307/249008 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1806457
10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1806457 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3390/jintelligence14070120
10.3390/jintelligence14070120 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper
10.3758/s13428-017-0862-1 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Drivers of intentions towards continued use of digital voice assistants: The moderating role of service experience
10.4018/jgim.387836 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.4135/9781412995627
10.4135/9781412995627 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Analyzing professional English learning needs and situations of science and language majors in a Chinese university
10.5539/hes.v9n2p141 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Establishing content validity: Using qualitative and quantitative steps
10.5993/ajhb.23.4.9 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A journey around alpha and omega to estimate internal consistency reliability
10.6018/analesps.33.3.268401 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
