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References from Human Health Risks Attributable to Tyre-Derived Crumb Rubber—A Literature Review on Artificial Turfs and Playgrounds. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
10.3390/jox15050159
10.3390/jox15050159 · External reference
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10.3390/nu15030617
10.3390/nu15030617 · External reference
Comparing the definitions of microplastics based on size range: Scientific and policy implications
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116907 · 2024 · External reference
Microplastic emissions and degradation mechanisms, in artificial turf systems—Analytical detection and future directions
10.1039/d5va00416k · 2026 · External reference
10.3390/ijerph14091050
10.3390/ijerph14091050 · External reference
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Granulated rubber in playgrounds and sports fields: A potential source of atmospheric plastic-related contaminants and plastic additives after runoff events
10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135697 · 2024 · External reference
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In vitro endocrine and cardiometabolic toxicity associated with artificial turf materials
10.1016/j.etap.2024.104562 · 2024 · External reference
Emerging Health Risks of Crumb Rubber: Inhalation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals via Saliva During Artificial Turf Activities
10.1021/acs.est.3c03278 · 2023 · External reference
Recycled tire rubber materials in the spotlight. Determination of hazardous and lethal substances
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172674 · 2024 · External reference
10.1007/978-94-010-0481-7_9
10.1007/978-94-010-0481-7_9 · External reference
Artificial Turf Football Fields: Environmental and Mutagenicity Assessment
2013 · External reference
Risk assessment: A neglected tool for health, safety, and environment management
10.4103/0019-5278.107064 · 2012 · External reference
Children’s Exposure To Persistent Organic Pollutants in Playground Dust: A Comparative Study of Artificial and Natural Playground
10.1007/s11270-025-08254-x · 2025 · External reference
Incidence of malignant lymphoma in adolescents and young adults in the 58 counties of California with varying synthetic turf field density
10.1016/j.canep.2018.01.010 · 2018 · External reference
Occurrence and Human Exposure Assessment of Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Dusts from Plastic Sports Courts and Synthetic Turf in Beijing, China
10.1021/acs.est.8b04323 · 2019 · External reference
Human Health Risk Assessment of Synthetic Turf Fields Based Upon Investigation of Five Fields in Connecticut
10.1080/15287394.2011.586942 · 2011 · External reference
Presence of metals and metalloids in crumb rubber used as infill of worldwide synthetic turf pitches: Exposure and risk assessment
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134379 · 2022 · External reference
Health Risk Assessment of Lead Ingestion Exposure by Particle Sizes in Crumb Rubber on Artificial Turf Considering Bioavailability
10.5620/eht.2012.27.e2012005 · 2012 · External reference
Health Risk Assessment for Artificial Turf Playgrounds in School Athletic Facilities: Multi-route Exposure Estimation for Use Patterns
10.5572/ajae.2012.6.3.206 · 2012 · External reference
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in settled dust of playgrounds in Thessaloniki, Greece: Concentration levels and implications for childhood cancer risk
10.1016/j.envres.2025.121300 · 2025 · External reference
Release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals from rubber crumb in synthetic turf fields: Preliminary hazard assessment for athletes
2015 · External reference
Artificial-turf playing fields: Contents of metals, PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs, inhalation exposure to PAHs and related preliminary risk assessment
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.042 · 2011 · External reference
Hazard assessment study on organic compounds and heavy metals from using artificial turf
10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14928 · 2023 · External reference
Bioaccessibility and Risk of Exposure to Metals and SVOCs in Artificial Turf Field Fill Materials and Fibers
10.1111/risa.12081 · 2014 · External reference
Comprehensive multipathway risk assessment of chemicals associated with recycled (“crumb”) rubber in synthetic turf fields
10.1016/j.envres.2017.09.019 · 2018 · External reference
Synthetic turf pitches with rubber granulate infill: Are there health risks for people playing sports on such pitches?
10.1038/s41370-018-0106-1 · 2020 · External reference
Environmental–sanitary risk analysis procedure applied to artificial turf sports fields
10.1007/s11356-012-1390-2 · 2013 · External reference
ERASSTRI—European risk assessment study on synthetic turf rubber infill—Part 3: Exposure and risk characterisation
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137721 · 2020 · External reference
Profiling and potential cancer risk assessment on children exposed to PAHs in playground dust/soil: A comparative study on poured rubber surfaced and classical soil playgrounds in Seoul
10.1007/s10653-019-00334-2 · 2020 · External reference
Comprehensive Multidimensional Analysis of Metal(loid)-Containing Dust in Plastic Sports Facilities: Insights into the Potential Sources and Health Risks
10.1021/acs.est.4c11896 · 2024 · External reference
Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Some Trace Elements in Runoff from Different Types of Athletic Fields
10.1155/2021/5587057 · 2021 · External reference
Occurrence and risk assessment of PAHs from athletic fields under typical rainfall events
10.2166/wst.2023.092 · 2023 · External reference
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The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
10.1136/bmj.n71 · 2021 · External reference
Update of the Blood Lead Reference Value—United States, 2021
10.15585/mmwr.mm7043a4 · 2021 · External reference
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The pandemic of physical inactivity: Global action for public health
10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60898-8 · 2012 · External reference
Evaluation of potential carcinogenicity of organic chemicals in synthetic turf crumb rubber
10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.018 · 2019 · External reference
Physico-chemical characterization of playground sand dust, inhalable and bioaccessible fractions
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.101 · 2018 · External reference
Soil contamination in Colombian playgrounds: Effects of vehicles, construction, and traffic
10.1007/s11356-020-09965-w · 2021 · External reference
Sources and a Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Dust at Children’s Playgrounds with Artificial Surfaces: A Case Study in Belgrade
10.1007/s00244-019-00702-0 · 2020 · External reference
Hazardous chemicals in synthetic turf materials and their bioaccessibility in digestive fluids
10.1038/jes.2008.55 · 2008 · External reference
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Assessment of the bioaccessibility of PAHs and other hazardous compounds present in recycled tire rubber employed in synthetic football fields
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159485 · 2023 · External reference
Toxicological Evaluation for the Hazard Assessment of Tire Crumb for Use in Public Playgrounds
10.1080/10473289.2003.10466221 · 2003 · External reference
