Research graph
References from Clinical Applications and Evidence Landscape of Thymosin Alpha 1 as an Immunomodulatory Adjunct in Cancer Care: A Scoping Review. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Global cancer statistics 2024: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 34 cancers in 186 countries
2026 · External reference
The evolution of cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive review of its history and current perspectives
10.14216/kjco.24009 · 2024 · External reference
Primary, Adaptive, and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy
10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.017 · 2017 · External reference
Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade
10.1056/nejmra1703481 · 2018 · External reference
Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature
10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.67 · 2020 · External reference
Thymosin alpha 1—Reimagine its broader applications in the immuno-oncology era
10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109952 · 2023 · External reference
10.3389/fonc.2019.00873
10.3389/fonc.2019.00873 · External reference
Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications
10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109744 · 2023 · External reference
Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials
2024 · External reference
Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis
10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4260 · 2022 · External reference
A randomized trial to evaluate the immunorestorative properties of synthetic thymosin-alpha 1 in patients with lung cancer
1985 · External reference
Transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization and thymosin alpha1 in postoperative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
2004 · External reference
A randomized controlled trial of thymalfasin plus transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
10.1007/s12072-009-9132-3 · 2009 · External reference
Alpha-1-thymosin and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: A preliminary experience
1998 · External reference
Thymosin α1 therapy subsequent to radical hepatectomy in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective controlled study
10.3892/ol.2016.5121 · 2016 · External reference
Large randomized study of thymosin α 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma
10.1200/jco.2009.25.5208 · 2010 · External reference
10.3389/fonc.2021.659065
10.3389/fonc.2021.659065 · External reference
Impact of thymosin α1 as an immunomodulatory therapy on long-term survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients after R0 resection: A propensity score-matched analysis
10.1097/cm9.0000000000001819 · 2021 · External reference
Thymosin α1 Combined with PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor Plus Chemotherapy in Platinum-Resistant Recurrent Ovarian Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis
10.2147/cmar.s542744 · 2025 · External reference
The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha-1 combined with lenvatinib plus sintilimab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective study
10.1038/s41598-025-97160-7 · 2025 · External reference
A preliminary analysis of integrating thymosin α1 into concurrent chemoradiotherapy and consolidative immunotherapy in unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer
10.21037/tlcr-2025-190 · 2025 · External reference
Hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with a PD-1 inhibitor, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and thymosin-α1 in advanced metastatic solid tumors: A multicenter Phase II clinical trial
10.1007/s00262-024-03934-9 · 2025 · External reference
Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework
10.1080/1364557032000119616 · 2005 · External reference
Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews
10.11124/jbies-20-00167 · 2020 · External reference
PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation
10.7326/m18-0850 · 2018 · External reference
A case report of successful combined intra-arterial immunotherapy and cytokine genetic therapy treatment in a patient with recurrent glioblastoma
10.21037/cco-24-34 · 2024 · External reference
Successful Use of Cytokines in Combined Breast Cancer Treatment: A Case Study
10.17816/onco645358 · 2025 · External reference
Experience of Cytokine Therapy in the Treatment of Recurrent Cervical Cancer
10.15789/1563-0625-eoc-2665 · 2024 · External reference
Thymosin α1 Elevates Lymphocyte Counts and Improves Immunoradiotherapy Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Cancer
10.2147/cmar.s555975 · 2025 · External reference
Diagnosis and treatment experience in one case of refractory oral mucosal ulcer after targeted immunotherapy for HCC
10.1016/j.asjsur.2025.03.287 · 2025 · External reference
Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy Combined with Weekly Chemotherapy in Patients with Unresectable or Recurrent Thymic Epithelial Tumor: A Prospective, Single-Arm Phase 2 Study (GASTO-1042)
10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.05.015 · 2022 · External reference
Long-term follow up of metastatic melanoma patients treated with Thymosin alpha-1: Investigating immune checkpoints synergy
10.1080/14712598.2018.1494717 · 2018 · External reference
Stereotactic body radiation therapy and thymosin alpha-1-induced anti-tumor effects in heavily pretreated, metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients
10.1080/2162402x.2018.1450128 · 2018 · External reference
Thymalfasin, a promising adjuvant therapy in small hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection
10.1097/md.0000000000006606 · 2017 · External reference
Palliative care and Chinese medicine in a centenarian with primary hepatocellular carcinoma and 27-month follow-up: A case report
10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17340 · 2023 · External reference
Stage IV Wilms Tumor Treated by Korean Medicine, Hyperthermia and Thymosin-α1: A Case Report
10.1159/000443724 · 2016 · External reference
A Case Report of a Multisystemic Immune-Related Adverse Event Caused by Sintilimab in Combination with Thymosin Alpha-1
10.1002/ccr3.72025 · 2026 · External reference
Thymosin alpha-1 therapy improves postoperative survival after curative resection for solitary hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity score matching analysis
10.1097/md.0000000000025749 · 2021 · External reference
Efficacy of Thymosin α1 in Management of Radiation Pneumonitis in Patients with Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial (GASTO-1043)
10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.009 · 2022 · External reference
A Prospective and Randomized Control Study on Effects of Thymalfasin for Injection on Perioperative Immune Function and Long-term Prognosis of Patients with Colorectal Cancer
10.1080/02648725.2023.2216972 · 2024 · External reference
Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
10.1515/biol-2022-0793 · 2024 · External reference
Chronic active EBV infection associated with NK cell lymphoma and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a 27-year-old woman: A case report
10.1097/md.0000000000014032 · 2019 · External reference
10.1186/s12916-026-04740-z
10.1186/s12916-026-04740-z · External reference
Novel strategy of sirolimus plus thymalfasin and huaier granule on tumor recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma beyond the UCSF criteria following liver transplantation: A single center experience
2018 · External reference
Methylation cytometric pretreatment blood immune profiles with tumor mutation burden as prognostic indicators for survival outcomes in head and neck cancer patients on anti-PD-1 therapy
10.1038/s41698-024-00759-8 · 2024 · External reference
Prediction of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy efficacy for cancer using routine blood tests and clinical data
10.1038/s41591-024-03398-5 · 2025 · External reference
Gene- and immune-targeted therapy combinations using dual-matched biomarkers for patient selection
10.1038/s41698-025-01038-w · 2025 · External reference
A Case Report of a Multisystemic Immune-Related Adverse Event Caused by Sintilimab in Combination with Thymosin Alpha-1
10.1002/ccr3.72025 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with a PD-1 inhibitor, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and thymosin-α1 in advanced metastatic solid tumors: A multicenter Phase II clinical trial
10.1007/s00262-024-03934-9 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A randomized controlled trial of thymalfasin plus transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
10.1007/s12072-009-9132-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Diagnosis and treatment experience in one case of refractory oral mucosal ulcer after targeted immunotherapy for HCC
10.1016/j.asjsur.2025.03.287 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Primary, Adaptive, and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy
10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.017 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Palliative care and Chinese medicine in a centenarian with primary hepatocellular carcinoma and 27-month follow-up: A case report
10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17340 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy Combined with Weekly Chemotherapy in Patients with Unresectable or Recurrent Thymic Epithelial Tumor: A Prospective, Single-Arm Phase 2 Study (GASTO-1042)
10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.05.015 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Efficacy of Thymosin α1 in Management of Radiation Pneumonitis in Patients with Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial (GASTO-1043)
10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.009 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thymosin α-1 in cancer therapy: Immunoregulation and potential applications
10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109744 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thymosin alpha 1—Reimagine its broader applications in the immuno-oncology era
10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109952 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Prediction of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy efficacy for cancer using routine blood tests and clinical data
10.1038/s41591-024-03398-5 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha-1 combined with lenvatinib plus sintilimab in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective study
10.1038/s41598-025-97160-7 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Methylation cytometric pretreatment blood immune profiles with tumor mutation burden as prognostic indicators for survival outcomes in head and neck cancer patients on anti-PD-1 therapy
10.1038/s41698-024-00759-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Gene- and immune-targeted therapy combinations using dual-matched biomarkers for patient selection
10.1038/s41698-025-01038-w · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade
10.1056/nejmra1703481 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A Prospective and Randomized Control Study on Effects of Thymalfasin for Injection on Perioperative Immune Function and Long-term Prognosis of Patients with Colorectal Cancer
10.1080/02648725.2023.2216972 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework
10.1080/1364557032000119616 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Long-term follow up of metastatic melanoma patients treated with Thymosin alpha-1: Investigating immune checkpoints synergy
10.1080/14712598.2018.1494717 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Stereotactic body radiation therapy and thymosin alpha-1-induced anti-tumor effects in heavily pretreated, metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients
10.1080/2162402x.2018.1450128 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Impact of thymosin α1 as an immunomodulatory therapy on long-term survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients after R0 resection: A propensity score-matched analysis
10.1097/cm9.0000000000001819 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thymalfasin, a promising adjuvant therapy in small hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection
10.1097/md.0000000000006606 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Chronic active EBV infection associated with NK cell lymphoma and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a 27-year-old woman: A case report
10.1097/md.0000000000014032 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thymosin alpha-1 therapy improves postoperative survival after curative resection for solitary hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: A propensity score matching analysis
10.1097/md.0000000000025749 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews
10.11124/jbies-20-00167 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thymosin α-1 Reverses M2 Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages during Efferocytosis
10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4260 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Stage IV Wilms Tumor Treated by Korean Medicine, Hyperthermia and Thymosin-α1: A Case Report
10.1159/000443724 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.1186/s12916-026-04740-z
10.1186/s12916-026-04740-z · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Large randomized study of thymosin α 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma
10.1200/jco.2009.25.5208 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The evolution of cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive review of its history and current perspectives
10.14216/kjco.24009 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thymosin α1 combined with XELOX improves immune function and reduces serum tumor markers in colorectal cancer patients after radical surgery
10.1515/biol-2022-0793 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Experience of Cytokine Therapy in the Treatment of Recurrent Cervical Cancer
10.15789/1563-0625-eoc-2665 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Successful Use of Cytokines in Combined Breast Cancer Treatment: A Case Study
10.17816/onco645358 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A case report of successful combined intra-arterial immunotherapy and cytokine genetic therapy treatment in a patient with recurrent glioblastoma
10.21037/cco-24-34 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A preliminary analysis of integrating thymosin α1 into concurrent chemoradiotherapy and consolidative immunotherapy in unresectable locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer
10.21037/tlcr-2025-190 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thymosin α1 Combined with PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor Plus Chemotherapy in Platinum-Resistant Recurrent Ovarian Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis
10.2147/cmar.s542744 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thymosin α1 Elevates Lymphocyte Counts and Improves Immunoradiotherapy Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Cancer
10.2147/cmar.s555975 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fonc.2019.00873
10.3389/fonc.2019.00873 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
10.3389/fonc.2021.659065
10.3389/fonc.2021.659065 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thymosin α1 therapy subsequent to radical hepatectomy in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective controlled study
10.3892/ol.2016.5121 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature
10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.67 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation
10.7326/m18-0850 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
