Research graph
References from Bio-Inspired Artificial Intelligence Multimorbidity Score for Human–Machine Clinical Risk Stratification. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: A cross-sectional study
10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60240-2 · 2012 · External reference
Multimorbidity—A defining challenge for health systems
10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30222-1 · 2019 · External reference
Multimorbidity—Older adults need health care that can count past one
10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61596-8 · 2015 · External reference
A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation
10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8 · 1987 · External reference
Updating and validating the Charlson comorbidity index and score for risk adjustment in hospital discharge abstracts using data from 6 countries
10.1093/aje/kwq433 · 2011 · External reference
Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data
10.1097/00005650-199801000-00004 · 1998 · External reference
A modification of the Elixhauser comorbidity measures into a point system for hospital death using administrative data
10.1097/mlr.0b013e31819432e5 · 2009 · External reference
The development of a comorbidity index with physical function as the outcome
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.10.018 · 2005 · External reference
Development and validation of a hospital frailty risk score focusing on older people in acute care settings using electronic hospital records: An observational study
10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30668-8 · 2018 · External reference
Multimorbidity in Medicare beneficiaries: Performance of an ICD-coded multimorbidity-weighted index
10.1111/jgs.16310 · 2020 · External reference
The measurement of multiple chronic diseases—a systematic review on existing multimorbidity indices
10.1093/gerona/glq208 · 2011 · External reference
A new framework to enhance the interpretation of external validation studies of clinical prediction models
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.06.018 · 2015 · External reference
10.1038/s41586-023-05881-4
10.1038/s41586-023-05881-4 · External reference
Foresight—A generative pretrained transformer for modelling of patient timelines using electronic health records: A retrospective modelling study
10.1016/s2589-7500(24)00025-6 · 2024 · External reference
10.1038/s41591-023-02448-8
10.1038/s41591-023-02448-8 · External reference
Clinical risk prediction using language models: Benefits and considerations
10.1093/jamia/ocae030 · 2024 · External reference
Cognitive bias in clinical large language models
10.1038/s41746-025-01790-0 · 2025 · External reference
10.1038/s41591-025-04074-y
10.1038/s41591-025-04074-y · External reference
PROBAST+AI: An updated quality, risk of bias, and applicability assessment tool for prediction models using regression or artificial intelligence methods
10.1136/bmj-2024-082505 · 2025 · External reference
Unraveling cradle-to-grave disease trajectories from multilayer comorbidity networks
10.1038/s41746-024-01015-w · 2024 · External reference
Cox’s regression model for counting processes: A large sample study
10.1214/aos/1176345976 · 1982 · External reference
10.1038/s41591-023-02296-6
10.1038/s41591-023-02296-6 · External reference
Frailty and pre-frailty in middle-aged and older adults and its association with multimorbidity and mortality: A prospective analysis of 493 737 UK biobank participants
10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30091-4 · 2018 · External reference
Association of depression and anxiety with the accumulation of chronic conditions
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.9817 · 2022 · External reference
Plant-based dietary patterns and age-specific risk of multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: A prospective analysis
10.1016/j.lanhl.2025.100742 · 2025 · External reference
Consumption of ultra-processed foods and risk of multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: A multinational cohort study
10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100771 · 2023 · External reference
Association between lifestyle factors and the incidence of multimorbidity in an older English population
2017 · External reference
Socioeconomic inequalities in accumulation of multimorbidity in England from 2019 to 2049: A microsimulation projection study
10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00028-8 · 2024 · External reference
Familial aggregation of multimorbidity in Sweden: National explorative family study
10.1136/bmjmed-2021-000070 · 2023 · External reference
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10.52202/068431-1800
10.52202/068431-1800 · External reference
10.1038/s41591-025-03856-8
10.1038/s41591-025-03856-8 · External reference
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Holistic AI in medicine; improved performance and explainability
10.1038/s41746-025-02298-3 · 2026 · External reference
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Development and testing of compatible diagnosis code lists for the Functional Comorbidity Index: International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification and International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification
10.1097/mlr.0000000000001420 · 2020 · External reference
Modified Hospital Frailty Risk Score (mHFRS) as a tool to identify and predict outcomes for hospitalised older adults at risk of frailty
10.22540/jfsf-09-235 · 2024 · External reference
Development and validation of new multimorbidity-weighted index for ICD-10-coded electronic health record and claims data: An observational study
10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074390 · 2024 · External reference
10.1038/s41591-024-03425-5
10.1038/s41591-024-03425-5 · External reference
Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00933-4 · 2024 · External reference
10.1038/s41591-024-03097-1
10.1038/s41591-024-03097-1 · External reference
SurvBenchmark: Comprehensive benchmarking study of survival analysis methods using both omics data and clinical data
10.1093/gigascience/giac071 · 2022 · External reference
10.1145/2939672.2939785
10.1145/2939672.2939785 · External reference
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Internal validation of predictive models: Efficiency of some procedures for logistic regression analysis
10.1016/s0895-4356(01)00341-9 · 2001 · External reference
Internal and external validation of predictive models: A simulation study of bias and precision in small samples
10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00047-7 · 2003 · External reference
Multivariable prognostic models: Issues in developing models, evaluating assumptions and adequacy, and measuring and reducing errors
10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19960229)15:4<361::aid-sim168>3.0.co;2-4 · 1996 · External reference
Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and elaboration
10.1097/ede.0b013e3181577511 · 2007 · External reference
A calibration hierarchy for risk models was defined: From utopia to empirical data
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.12.005 · 2016 · External reference
Verification of forecasts expressed in terms of probability
1950 · External reference
Decision curve analysis: A novel method for evaluating prediction models
10.1177/0272989x06295361 · 2006 · External reference
Extensions to decision curve analysis, a novel method for evaluating diagnostic tests, prediction models and molecular markers
10.1186/1472-6947-8-53 · 2008 · External reference
On the C-statistics for evaluating overall adequacy of risk prediction procedures with censored survival data
10.1002/sim.4154 · 2011 · External reference
Severe hypoglycemia risk with long-acting insulin analogs vs neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin
10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.9176 · 2021 · External reference
Vericiguat in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction
10.1056/nejmoa1915928 · 2020 · External reference
Prevention and attenuation of Covid-19 with the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines
10.1056/nejmoa2107058 · 2021 · External reference
Weighted likelihood for semiparametric models and two-phase stratified samples, with application to Cox regression
10.1111/j.1467-9469.2006.00523.x · 2007 · External reference
Socioeconomic status and multimorbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1111/1753-6405.12762 · 2018 · External reference
Diverse cumulative impact of chronic diseases on physical health-related quality of life: Implications for a measure of multimorbidity
10.1093/aje/kwv456 · 2016 · External reference
How to measure comorbidity. A critical review of available methods
10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00585-1 · 2003 · External reference
Calibration: The Achilles heel of predictive analytics
10.1186/s12916-019-1466-7 · 2019 · External reference
10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7
10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7 · External reference
10.1126/science.aax2342
10.1126/science.aax2342 · External reference
Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): The TRIPOD statement
10.1136/bmj.g7594 · 2015 · External reference
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Growth differentiation factor-15 in immunity and aging
10.3389/fragi.2022.837575 · 2022 · External reference
Growth-differentiation factor-15 is a robust, independent predictor of 11-year mortality risk in community-dwelling older adults: The Rancho Bernardo study
10.1161/circulationaha.110.979740 · 2011 · External reference
Predicting the probability of death using proteomics
10.1038/s42003-021-02289-6 · 2021 · External reference
WFDC2 (HE4): A potential role in the innate immunity of the oral cavity and respiratory tract and the development of adenocarcinomas of the lung
10.1186/1465-9921-7-61 · 2006 · External reference
HE4 serum levels are associated with heart failure severity in patients with chronic heart failure
10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.05.002 · 2017 · External reference
10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00066-2
10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00066-2 · External reference
Simple biologically informed inflammatory index of two serum cytokines predicts 10 year all-cause mortality in older adults
10.1093/gerona/glt023 · 2014 · External reference
Keratins: Biomarkers and modulators of apoptotic and necrotic cell death in the liver
10.1002/hep.28493 · 2016 · External reference
Identification of new immune target and signaling for cancer immunotherapy
10.1016/j.cancergen.2025.03.004 · 2025 · External reference
10.1016/j.cancergen.2025.09.006
10.1016/j.cancergen.2025.09.006 · External reference
10.1002/ijc.35241
10.1002/ijc.35241 · External reference
10.1016/j.cancergen.2024.12.006
10.1016/j.cancergen.2024.12.006 · External reference
10.1016/j.cancergen.2025.08.010
10.1016/j.cancergen.2025.08.010 · External reference
Causability and explainability of artificial intelligence in medicine
10.1002/widm.1312 · 2019 · External reference
Explaining by removing: A unified framework for model explanation
2021 · External reference
